Production and consumption of mining industry and main mineral products

First, the basic situation of mining industry

Mining economy plays an important role in American economy. According to the data of US Geological Survey in 2006, the value of mineral materials (copper mine, iron ore, sandstone, building materials, etc.) in 2005. ) The United States mined $51600 million from domestic mines, accounting for about 0.4% of the US GDP. In 2005, the value of processed mineral raw materials (aluminum, brick, cement, copper, fertilizer, steel, etc.). ) reached $478 billion, accounting for 3.8% of GDP. In 2005, the added value of major industries based on processing mineral raw materials to GDP was $2140 billion. The economic contribution of non-fuel mineral industry to the United States in 2005 is shown in Figure 2-4.

Figure 2-4 The role of non-fuel minerals in American economy (2005)

At present, the main metal minerals mined in the United States are gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, zinc, molybdenum and platinum group metals, and the developed metal mines are mainly located in the western region (iron mines are mainly in Minnesota and Michigan). The non-metallic mineral products mined mainly include stone, limestone, phosphate, kaolin, salt, soda ash, bentonite, potash mine, boron mine, diatomite, gypsum and precious stones. The main mining areas are mostly located in the eastern and western regions, and there are relatively few in the central region. Judging from the industrial output value, the industrial output value of non-metallic minerals is greater than that of metallic minerals.

In terms of output value, the largest mining state in the United States is Arizona, followed by Nevada. In 2005, the value of non-fuel mineral products produced by 19 states in the United States exceeded10 billion dollars. They are Arizona, Nevada, California, Utah, Texas, Florida, Minnesota, Georgia, Colorado, Michigan, Missouri, Pennsylvania, Alaska, Wyoming, Illinois, New Mexico, New York, Ohio and Alabama. The value of non-fuel mineral products produced by these States accounts for more than 74% of the United States. There are about 1965 non-fuel mines being developed in the United States (excluding 8 uranium mines). The main mining companies are Alcoa, Newmont, phelps Dodge, Kenneth Cotto Copper, Assaco, and American Steel.

In terms of fossil energy, the United States is a big producer and consumer of fossil energy. Energy plays an important role in the American economy. In 2005, the output value of American oil and gas exploration industry accounted for about 1. 1% of its GDP, which greatly exceeded the comprehensive output value of metal and nonmetal exploration industry. (In 2004 and 2005, the mining output value of the United States accounted for 1.5% of its GDP, of which 0.4% was metal and nonmetal mining, and about 1. 1% was oil and gas mining).

The oil and gas producing areas in the United States are mainly concentrated in the Gulf of Mexico, Texas (land), Alaska, California, Oklahoma, Wyoming and other States. The main oil-producing states are: Texas, Louisiana, California, Wyoming, Florida, Nebraska, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, etc. There are 42 states in the United States that produce oil and natural gas. In 2004, Texas, Alaska, California, Louisiana and New Mexico ranked among the top five oil-producing states. By the end of 2004, there were 565,438+100,000 oil wells, and the main oil and gas production companies were ExxonMobil, Chevron Texaco, Phillips, Western Oil Company, Area Energy LLC, Kerr-McGee Company, Apache Company, Anadarko Oil Company, Ameriada Hess Company, Unocal Company and Marathon Company.

Coal production in the United States is mainly concentrated in Wyoming, Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, Pennsylvania and Texas. The largest coal-producing state is Wyoming, which produces more than 320 million tons of coal every year, followed by West Virginia, which produces more than 654.38+300 million tons of coal every year. There are 14 15 state-owned coal production mines in the United States (2005 figures). Famous coal companies include Peabody Coal Company, kennecott Energy Coal Company and Archie Coal Company. The 10 coal mines with the highest output in 2005 are: Heilei, North Antelope Rochelle Complex, Cordero Mine Jacobs Ranchmine, Caballo Mine, Antelope Coal Mine, Eagle Butte Mine, Buckskin Mine, Belle Ayrmeine and Freedom Mine. The distribution of major coal mines in the United States is shown in Figure 2-5.

Figure 2-5 Distribution of Major Coal Mines in the United States (according to the US Geological Survey)

According to the data of the US Department of Labor, in 2004, American extractive industries included oil and gas extractive industries, coal extractive industries, metal mineral extractive industries and non-metal mineral extractive industries, with 523,200 employees and 654,380+093,000 auxiliary support personnel related to mining. Among the 523,200 employees in the extractive industry, there are1230,000 employees in the oil and gas extractive industry and 7170,000 employees in the coal extractive industry; There are 27,300 people in the metal mining industry and 0/08,000 people in the non-metal mining industry. Taking the downstream employees into account, in 2004, there were1/kloc-0,280 employees in the petroleum and coal products manufacturing industry, 239,400 employees in the original metal manufacturing industry (including only the production and processing of alumina and aluminum products, non-ferrous metal production and processing, steel mills and ferroalloy manufacturing) and 504,800 employees in the non-metallic mineral products manufacturing industry.

According to the data of the US Geological Survey, in 2005, the number of employed people in the non-fuel mineral industry in the United States was estimated to be 654,380+03,700, including 22,000 in the metal mining industry, 86,000 in the industrial mining property (excluding fuel), 565,438+04,000 in the chemical industry and related products industry, 385,000 in the sand, clay and glass products industry, and 363,000 in the primary metal industry. In the past five years, the number of people employed in the American mining industry (excluding coal) is shown in Table 2-3.

Table 2-3 Employment of Non-fuel Mineral Industry in the United States in Recent 5 Years (10,000)

Second, the production of major mineral products

1. Fossil energy industry

The United States is an important producer of fossil energy in the world, and its output of oil, natural gas and coal has always occupied an important position in the world. In 1990s, the average annual output of oil, natural gas and coal and their proportion in the world total output are shown in Table 2-4. As can be seen from Table 2-4, from 1990 to 1999, the coal output of the United States varies between 8.57.5 ~1kloc-0/3.6 million tons, with an average annual coal output of 943.8 million tons, accounting for about 20.6% of the world's total coal output. Oil production ranges from 773 1 to 9076 kilobarrels per day, with an average daily oil production of 8445.6 kilobarrels, accounting for 12% of the world's total oil production. Natural gas production ranges from 176980 to1902.4 billion cubic feet, with an average annual natural gas production of 184475 billion cubic feet, accounting for about 23.5% of the world's total natural gas production.

Table 2-4 American fossil energy output and its proportion in the world since 1990s.

In 2 1 century, compared with the 1990s, the oil production of the United States declined steadily, from 7.733 million barrels per day in 2000 to 5 1.265438 million barrels per day in 2005, with an average annual decline rate of 8%, and the proportion of American oil production in the world also showed a continuous downward trend, such as On the whole, from 2000 to 2005, the average daily output of the United States was 6.839 million barrels, which was 19% lower than the average daily output in the 1990s. From 2000 to 2005, the natural gas production in the United States increased significantly compared with that in the 1990s. In the past six years, the average annual natural gas production was 65,438+0,895,654,380 billion cubic feet, which was 2.7% higher than the average production level in the 1990s. However, due to the limited growth rate, the proportion of natural gas produced worldwide is decreasing day by day, from 2 1.7% in 2000 to 18.6% in 2005. From 2000 to 2005, the coal output in the United States was roughly the same as that in the 1990s. However, due to the continuous growth of the world's total coal output, the proportion of coal produced by the United States in the world is declining.

Table 2-5 US fossil energy output in recent 6 years

2. non-energy industries

(1) Output of major metal and mineral products

Historically, since 1900, the United States has been an important producer of metal minerals in the world, such as copper, lead, zinc, iron, bauxite, magnesium and molybdenum. In the 1990s, except bauxite, the main metal minerals produced in the United States, such as copper, lead, zinc, iron, magnesium and molybdenum, still occupied an important position in the world, accounting for 14.9% ~ 19.4%(Cu) and 9.5% ~ 13.8% respectively.

Table 2-61output of major metals and mineral products in the United States in the 1990s (10,000 tons) and its share in the world.

2 1 century, due to the economic depression in the United States, the output of many metals and mineral products in the United States decreased except bauxite and alumina, as shown in Table 2-7. Among them, refined aluminum decreased from 3.668 million tons in 2000 to 2.48 million tons in 2005, with an average annual decrease of 7.5%; The mine copper output decreased from 6.5438+0.45 million tons in 2000 to 6.5438+0.10.59 million tons in 2005, with an average annual decrease of 4.4%. The refined copper decreased from 1.79 million tons in 2000 to1.21.00 million tons in 2005, with an average annual decrease of 7.5%. The output of gold decreased from 337.7 tons in 2000 to 262.4 tons in 2005, with an average annual decrease of 4.9%. The output of silver decreased from 20 17 tons in 2000 to 1 178.8 tons in 2005, with an average annual decrease of 10.2%. The mine lead output decreased from 468,000 tons in 2000 to 449,000 tons in 2005, with an average annual decrease of 0.8%. The output of refined lead decreased from 654.38 472 million tons in 2000 to 654.38 380 million tons in 2005, with an average annual decrease of 654.38 0.3%. The output of zinc in mines decreased from 829,000 tons in 2000 to 740,000 tons in 2005, with an average annual decrease of 2.2%. The output of refined zinc decreased from 3,765,438+ten thousand tons in 2000 to 259,000 tons in 2005, with an average annual decrease of 6.9%. Accordingly, the output of major metals and minerals in the world, such as mining copper, refined copper, gold, silver, mining lead, refined lead, mining zinc and refined zinc, also shows a downward trend, as shown in Table 2-8.

Table 2-7 Output unit of major metals and mineral products in the United States in recent 6 years: 10,000 tons

Table 2-8 Proportion of the output of major metals and mineral products in the United States in the world Unit:%

(2) Output of major nonmetallic mineral products

The United States is also an important producer of nonmetallic minerals in the world. Its output of diatomite, bentonite, kaolin, gypsum and phosphate has always occupied an important position in the world. See Table 2-9 for the main nonmetallic mineral resources in 1990s and their proportion in world output. Among them, the output of sulfur, phosphate, gypsum, kaolin and diatomite ranks first in the world. Taking1mid-95 as an example, the output of diatomite in195 was 720,000 tons, accounting for 36.6% of the world's total output; The output of kaolin is 9.48 million tons, accounting for 23.9% of the world's total output; The output of gypsum is18.9 million tons, accounting for19.2% of the world total output; Sulfur output 1 1.8 million tons, accounting for 21.9% of the world's total output; The output of phosphate is 43.5 million tons, accounting for 33.5% of the world total output. 2 1 century, the output of many non-metallic mineral products in the United States, such as diatomite, kaolin, gypsum, phosphate, barite, sulfur and boron, decreased compared with the end of the 20th century (1999). For example, 200 1, the output of diatomite in the United States is only 644,000 tons. The output of kaolin is only 8 1 10000 tons; The output of gypsum is16.3 million tons; The output of phosphate is 310.9 million tons; Barite production is 400,000 tons; Sulfur production is 9.45 million tons; The output of boron (B2O3) is 536,000 tons. However, with the recovery or improvement of American economy at the end of 2003, the output of some non-metallic mineral products in the United States in 2004, including boron, bentonite, phosphate, gypsum and diatomite, showed a certain growth momentum compared with the previous year (2003), as shown in Table 2- 10, but some mineral products, such as phosphate, diatomite and gypsum, seemed to be unable to compare with the output in the late 1990s.

Third, the consumption of mineral products

1. Fossil energy

America is an important consumer of fossil energy in the world. In 1990s, with the recovery and development of American economy, its fossil energy consumption increased steadily. Oil consumption increased from 16988 barrels per day in 1990 to 195 19 barrels per day, with an average annual growth rate of 1.6%. Coal consumption increased from 820.4 million tons in 1990 to 942 million tons in 1999, with an average annual increase of1.5%; Natural gas consumption increased from19174 billion cubic feet to 1999, with an average annual growth rate of 1.7%, as shown in Table 2- 1 1. 2 1 century, due to the slowdown or stagnation of American economy, its oil and coal consumption showed a slow growth trend. From 2000 to 2005, the average annual growth rate of coal consumption was only 0.8%, oil consumption was only 1.0%, and natural gas consumption was negative, as shown in Table 2- 1 1.

Table 2-Output (10,000 tons) of major non-metallic mineral products in the United States in 1990s and its proportion in the world total output.

Table 2- 10 Output unit of major nonmetallic mineral products in the United States in recent 6 years: 10,000 tons.

Table 2-11American fossil energy consumption since 1990s

2. Consumption of non-energy mineral products

(1) metal minerals

After World War II, the United States has been one of the major consumers of metal and mineral products in the world. Take 1980 as an example, its copper consumption is 2 18000 tons, accounting for 30.3% of the world's total output; Lead consumption is 906,000 tons, accounting for 25.7% of the world's total output; The consumption of zinc is 8 1. 1 ten thousand tons, accounting for13.4% of the world's total output; The consumption of nickel is 6.5438+0.87 million tons, accounting for 24% of the world output; The consumption of tin is 65,000 tons, accounting for 26.5% of the world's total output; Tungsten consumption is 9900 tons, accounting for19.0% of the world's total output; The consumption of molybdenum is 25,000 tons, accounting for 22.5% of the world total output. (1The total world consumption of copper, lead, zinc, nickel, tin, tungsten, molybdenum and other metals in the 1980s is unknown. )

In 1990s, with the inauguration of President Clinton and the recovery of American economy at the end of192, the consumption of major metals and mineral products in the United States increased rapidly, and the consumption of copper rose from 2 17000 tons in 1990 to 3 13000 tons in 1999. The consumption of lead increased from 654.38+0.30 million tons in 0.990 to 654.38+0.76 million tons in 0.999, with an average annual consumption growth rate of 3.4%. Zinc increased from 99 1000 tons in 1990 to 1340 tons in 1999, with an average consumption growth rate of 3.4%. Molybdenum consumption increased from 20,000 tons in 1990 to 33,000 tons in 1999, with an average annual consumption growth rate of 5.7%. Nickel consumption increased from185,000 tons in 1990 to 2165,438+0,000 tons in 1999, with an average annual consumption growth rate of 1.5%. Tin consumption increased from 45.9 kilotons in 1990 to 59.7 kilotons in 1999, with an average annual consumption growth rate of 3.0%. Tungsten consumption increased from 8.4 kilotons in 1990 to 12.9 kilotons in 1999, with an average increase of 4.9%. Aluminum consumption increased from 5.26 million tons in 1990 to 7.77 million tons in 1999, with an average growth rate of 4.4%, as shown in Table 2- 12. 2 1 century, the economic growth of the United States slowed down or stagnated, and the consumption of almost all metal minerals such as aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, tin, tungsten and molybdenum showed negative growth or zero growth, as shown in Table 2- 13.

Table 2-12 Consumption unit of major metal minerals in the United States in 1990s: 10,000 tons

sequential

Table 2- 13 Consumption unit of major mineral products in the United States in recent 6 years: 10,000 tons

(2) nonmetallic minerals

The United States is a big consumer of metal minerals and non-metal minerals in the world. In the 1990s, the consumption of non-metallic mineral products such as diatomite, kaolin, barite, natural graphite, potash feldspar and talc always ranked first in the world. Diatomite consumption accounts for 28.6% ~ 32.8% of the world total output in the same period; Barite consumption accounts for 20% ~ 44% of the world's total output in the same period; Gypsum consumption accounts for 265,438+0% ~ 34% of the world total output in the same period; Sulfur consumption accounts for 22.7% ~ 26.5% of the world total output in the same period; The consumption of talc (including pyrophyllite) accounts for10% ~12% of the world total output in the same period; Fluorite consumption accounts for11%~17% of the world total output in the same period; The consumption of graphite accounts for 1.8% ~ 6.4% of the world total output in the same period, as shown in Table 2- 14. (There is no total world consumption of non-metallic mineral products such as diatomite, kaolin, barite, natural graphite, potash ore and talc. )

Table 2-14 Consumption of major non-metallic mineral products in the United States in 1990s (10,000 tons) and its proportion in the world total output in the same period.

In 200 1 year, the consumption of sulfur, potassium rock and gypsum in the United States fell into a trough. After falling into a trough in 2002, the consumption of natural graphite and fluorite began to rise in 2003, while the consumption of non-metallic mineral products such as kaolin, diatomite and talc continued to decline, as shown in Table 2- 15.

Table 2- 15 Consumption unit of major nonmetallic mineral products in the United States in recent 6 years: 10,000 tons.

Four. Consumption structure of major mineral products

1. Fossil energy

(1) natural gas

The composition of natural gas consumption in the United States can be divided into five parts: residents, commerce, industry, transportation and electricity. See table 2- 16 for the natural gas consumption of different departments in the United States in the 1990s. In 2 1 century, the consumption of natural gas increased obviously in the power sector, but did not change obviously in other sectors, as shown in Table 2- 16 and Figure 2-6.

Table 2- 16 US natural gas consumption unit: billion cubic feet

sequential

Figure 2-6 Changes of Natural Gas Consumption Structure in the United States

(2) Oil

Oil consumption in the United States can be divided into five parts: residents, commerce, industry, transportation and electricity. See table 2- 17 for the composition of oil consumption by departments since 1990s. In the 20th century, 265,438+0, the consumption of residential oil and transportation oil increased obviously, while the consumption of commercial oil decreased, the consumption of industrial oil increased slightly, and the consumption of electric oil fluctuated, as shown in Table 2-65,438+07, Figure 2-7 and Figure 2-8.

Table 2- 17 US oil consumption unit: 1000 barrels per day

Figure 2-7 Changes in the composition of oil consumption in the United States (residential, commercial and power industries)

Figure 2-8 Changes in the Composition of Oil Consumption in the United States (Industry and Transportation)

(3) Coal

Coal consumption in the United States can be divided into four parts: residents, commerce, industry and electricity. See table 2- 18 for the coal consumption of each department. As can be seen from Table 2- 18, the coal used by residents, businesses and industries in the United States is decreasing, while the coal used for electricity is increasing steadily. See Figure 2-9 and Figure 2- 10.

Table 2- 18 US coal consumption unit: million tons

Figure 2-9 Changes in Coal Consumption Composition of American Residents and Commercial Industries

Figure 2- 10 Changes in coal consumption composition of American industry and power industry

2. Metal minerals

According to the data of the United States Federal Geological Survey, the consumption structure of major metal minerals in the United States in 2005 is as follows:

Copper construction industry 49%; Electrical and electronic products 21%; Transportation equipment11%; Industrial machinery and equipment 9%; Daily necessities 10%.

Lead-acid battery industry 85%; Ammunition and so on. 10%; Another 5%.

Galvanize 55%; Zinc alloy 21%; Brass and bronze16%; The remaining 8%.

Aluminum construction industry17.7%; Transport 30%; Mechanical equipment manufacturing industry 8.4%; 8.6% in electronics industry; Can accounts for12.2%; Other packaging industries 5.3%; Durable consumer goods 5.9%; Other 1 1.9%.

59% magnesium castings and forgings; 28% aluminum alloy; Steel desulfurization 7%; Another 6%.

Tin cans and containers 27%; Electrical appliances 23%; Building10%; Transportation10%; Another 30%.

Antimony flame retardant 55%; Transport battery18%; Chemical products10%; 7% for ceramics and glass; Other 10%.

Rare earth metal automotive catalytic converter 32%; Metallurgical additives and alloys16%; Glass polishing and ceramics12%; Rare earth phosphor15% for lighting, television, computer monitor, radar and X-ray enhanced film; Permanent magnet 4%; 4% of petroleum refining catalyst; Other 17%.

44% of cobalt superalloys; Aircraft jet turbine 9%; Cemented carbide 21%; Various chemical uses 26%.

Nickel nonferrous metal alloy and super alloys 45%; Stainless steel and alloy steel 36%; Electroplating14; Another 5%. The final consumption is as follows: transportation 33%; Chemical industry13%; Electrical equipment11%; Construction 9%; 7% of metal products; Household appliances 6%; Mechanical 6%; 6% in the oil industry; The remaining 9%.

3. Non-metallic minerals

According to the data of the United States Federal Geological Survey, the consumption structure of major nonmetallic minerals in the United States in 2005 is as follows:

Diatomite filter aid 68%; 13% adsorbent; 13% filler; Cement production and insulation 6%.

33% of talc ceramics; Paint coating 20%; Papermaking16%; Roof material 6%; Plastic 4%; Rubber 2%; Cosmetics1%; Other 18%.

Kaolin papermaking 66%; Another 34%.

Bentonite foundry industry 24%; Absorbability 23%; Drilling mud 21%; Iron ore pellets15%; Other 17%.

Asbestos roof panel 30%; 30% of fire retardant coatings and composite materials; Other uses 40%.

26% of graphite refractory; 21%of battery, casting and lubricant; Brake lining12%; Others use 4 1%.

Sulfur 90% of sulfur in the United States is consumed in the form of sulfuric acid, and agricultural chemicals (mainly fertilizers) account for 62%; Petroleum refining 29%; Metal mining industry 3%; Another 6%.

Gypsum gypsum wallboard and gypsum products 88%; 8% cement products; Agriculture 3%, others 1%.

Fluorite hydrofluoric acid manufacturing and aluminum fluoride 87%; Another 13% is used as flux for steelmaking, cast steel, primary aluminum production, glass manufacturing, enamel, covered electrode coating, cement production and other purposes.

Boron in 2004, the consumption composition of boron compounds in the United States was as follows: glass and ceramics accounted for 70%; 5% soap and detergent; 4% of flame retardant; Agriculture 2%; Other 19%.