The credit risk control method includes ()

I. Credit risk control methods include ()

A

Second, the credit risk control plan?

The risk management of small loans mentioned in the practical guide of national training institutions, Effective Risk Control, is a loan management activity that analyzes, predicts and controls many factors that form the risk of small loans and their possibility and harmfulness, so as to achieve the purpose of effective low risk and self-safety. In order to achieve this goal, microfinance institutions should establish a complete credit asset risk management system.

1. Establish an effective loan risk prevention system.

Loans should adhere to the principle of issuance, recovery, good efficiency and no interest.

Loan risk = loan mode coefficient and enterprise credit rating coefficient

Risk degree of loan assets = loan risk degree loan form coefficient

2. Establish a handling system to resist loan risks.

The loan risk treatment system includes transfer system, risk dispersion system and risk compensation system;

3. Establish a loan guarantee system with clear responsibilities.

(1) loan asset management should be institutionalized.

(2) Improve the credit asset management rules and regulations.

Third, how can banks improve risk prevention and compliance management?

Under the background of rapid economic growth, the high profit and high profit growth of banks can digest many management problems and risks. However, in the complex economic environment, when banks enter the stage of low profit, the process control of management is not only the need of risk control, but also the need of cost control, which is the inevitable choice for banks to effectively survive the relative crisis environment. The bank's business is based on business risks, and the lack of process control will mean that business risks cannot be effectively controlled. The traditional core business of banks is a typical risky business, and every link of loan issuance needs to be controlled. A little improper control may lead to credit risk. Even in the operation of deposit business, there are risks such as forgery of certificates, counterfeit banknotes and wrong counting of banknotes; Traditionally, it is considered that the risk of intermediary business is very low, and some people even think that there is almost no risk in intermediary business, but recently there have been some consumer complaints or group prevention incidents in agency insurance (assured insurance), agency fund and wealth management business; The internal financial management of banks may also have the risk of violation. Especially in the large banking system, the management distance between the headquarters and the grass-roots branches is far away. In order to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of grass-roots institutions, some banks fully authorize their branches, which makes the process control of management difficult to implement or neglected. Therefore, violations of regulations by grass-roots organizations occur from time to time, and even bring huge losses to the reputation and economy of the whole bank. The increasingly severe bank behavior risk situation calls for management's process control. Behavioral risks, which are different from traditional asset risks, are increasingly penetrating into all fields of bank management, especially with the increasing scale and complexity of bank assets and organizational management system, the increasingly sound and complex banking supervision system, the increasingly prominent problems of appropriateness and compliance of internal and external behaviors of banks, and the substantial increase of off-balance sheet property rights of banks. These risks that cannot be reflected on the balance sheet are often closely related to the sales, performance of duties and service behaviors of banks. Behavioral risk can not be directly expressed by digital model, but needs to be controlled by bank behavior. In fact, all kinds of sales misconduct inside and outside the counter can not only be reflected on the balance sheet, but also be difficult to be effectively monitored by e-banks. Some wealth management products are not fully disclosed in terms of product characteristics or risks, major changes that are required to be disclosed after sale by agreement or law are not disclosed in time, and some product contracts lack complete signing procedures or omit important terms of the contracts, which may lead to huge reputation risks and even economic losses. Banks are facing the challenges brought about by the out-of-control management process, especially after the event that senior executives illegally issued loans and the amount was huge. In the era of big data, the process of bank management is more transparent. The relationship between customers and banks, and the relationship between internal employees and customers may be carried by electronic media. If a certain management link lacks control, these problems will spread rapidly at home and abroad through the media such as internet and paper, which will bring serious challenges to the reputation of banks. This will not only attract the attention of domestic banking regulators, but also the attention of listed companies, especially banks that are listed or have business abroad, and will also be concerned, supervised and punished by relevant overseas regulators. The listing of a bank may directly lead to a sharp drop in the bank's share price and even trigger a class action lawsuit of shareholders. Such examples often occur in the international banking market.

Fourth, credit risk control methods.

Credit business is the core business and traditional business of commercial banks, and credit risk is the main risk faced by commercial banks all over the world. Next, please enjoy the credit risk control methods I collected for you online.

Credit risk control methods are mainly divided into three parts: credit big data mining, credit big data processing and big data risk control application.

Credit big data mining:

Data related to risk control in massive big data of big data Internet.

E-commerce big data is risk-controlled. After all the information is summarized, the numerical value is input into the network behavior scoring model for credit rating; The big data of credit card websites is also very valuable for the risk control of Internet finance. The year of application for credit card, whether it is approved, credit line and card type; Credit card repayment amount and attention to preferential information can be used as reference data for credit rating; Use social network relationship data and mutual trust between friends to aggregate popularity. Borrowers are divided into several credit grades, but there is no need to publish credit records; Coupled with Taobao's water, electricity and coal payment information, credit card repayment information, payment and transaction information, it has become a data all-around player; The credit big data accumulated by small loan websites include credit lines and default records; The payment direction, monthly payment amount and purchased product brand of the third-party payment platform can be used as important reference data for credit rating; The big data of life service websites such as water, electricity, gas, cable TV, telephone, internet fee and property fee payment platform objectively and truly reflect the basic information of individuals and are important data types in credit rating.

Credit big data processing:

Preparation stage: business understanding, data understanding and data preparation;

Data raw materials: personal basic information, bank account information, bank flow data, and risk control related Internet big data;

Data factory: based on different risk control models, data mining is used for processing;

Data products: credit rating, credit report, identity verification, fraud monitoring.

Big data risk control application:

Obtain fresh big data sources and automated decision scorecards, quantify risk control decisions, connect with large-scale e-commerce platforms, and obtain innovative financial products under vertical credit scenarios. At present, China's big data risk control platform has integrated comprehensive credit data and has done a good job in big data risk control and scene docking.

Countermeasures of credit risk. Revise and improve various credit management systems, ensure coordination, cooperation and restriction among various systems, and ensure the implementation of various credit management systems. First of all, improve the credit file management from the system. As soon as possible, formulate and implement the implementation measures for the management of credit files, clarify the collection, transfer and inspection of credit files, designate a special person to be responsible, and regularly check and assess the implementation. For the problem of false financial information of enterprises, we can consider establishing "four-conformity audit" and "liability compensation system for inaccurate financial statement audit" Specifically, on the one hand, the bank itself checks the general ledger, subsidiary ledger, original vouchers and important physical objects of the borrowing enterprise to achieve "four conformity"; On the other hand, you can sign a contract with an accounting firm to entrust the firm to audit the financial statements of the bank loan applicant and issue an audit report as the basis for the bank to approve the loan. At the same time, it is stipulated in the contract that if the loan loss is caused by its false report, the CPA himself and his firm are responsible for fully compensating the losses suffered by the bank.

Secondly, further improve the risk control systems such as credit authorization, separation of loan review, grading approval, collective approval and loan "three checks" with loan risk management as the core. Including: when handling credit business, strictly follow the business process, post authority and conditions for exercising authority, strengthen mutual supervision and restriction between different posts and departments, implement risk control throughout the business process, and prevent all kinds of violations; Formulate the methods and implementation details of pre-loan investigation, in-loan inspection and post-loan inspection, and stipulate the contents, investigation methods and verification means to avoid becoming a mere formality. At the same time, establish and improve the post responsibility system, implement the credit management responsibility to every department, every post and everyone, and conduct strict assessment to prevent violations.

Two, establish and improve the specialized credit management institutions, prevent excessive concentration of credit power, and implement democratic and scientific credit decision-making. First of all, it is necessary to truly implement the loan approval separation system, allocate the loan approval authority to different functional departments as soon as possible, clarify the work scope, responsibilities and objectives of the loan examination department, and standardize the work system, approval content, approval authority, approval procedures and responsibilities of the loan examination department.

Secondly, for large loans and difficult loans, it is necessary to set up a special loan management Committee to be responsible for the decision-making of loan approval. The Committee may be a non-permanent institution, but it should be composed of administrative leaders and business experts, and be responsible for providing basic information of loan applicants, loan risk analysis reports and expert opinions, and making democratic decisions on loan approval.

Third, the loan risk assessment will be implemented in functional departments independent of the credit business department. Term loan risk assessment is a concrete work to monitor loan risk. It is necessary to make an independent, scientific and objective quantitative assessment of the risk status of each loan during its life cycle. If the loan reaches a certain risk level, relevant departments need to take effective measures to resolve and transfer the risk. Therefore, in order to ensure the objectivity, scientificity and timeliness of loan risk assessment, this work needs to be completed independently by another department independent of the credit business department. The purpose of setting up a special credit management institution is to prevent excessive concentration of credit power and establish a "firewall" in the distribution of credit power by making use of the relative independence of the institution. However, in order to ensure the liquidity of information and ensure that all departments can fully possess and * * * enjoy the collected borrower's credit information, the information circulation system of relevant departments should also be established to prevent the public information from being privately possessed by one department.

Third, establish a borrower's credit information sharing system. The above two measures are aimed at solving the credit management problems of individual branches of commercial banks. However, because the business scope of a single branch is limited to a certain area, it is impossible to fully grasp the credit status of existing borrowers, especially future borrowers. Therefore, commercial banks should also establish a borrower's credit information system in their system, so that all their credit business departments can fully grasp the borrower's credit status, local economic operation, national economic operation and macro or micro economic policies of the central and local governments. The borrower's credit information system can collect the information of borrowers who have no money to repay, are unable to repay due debts, or have poor business conditions and high loan risks. Through the "blacklist of bad borrowers" in the exchange system, its branches are prohibited from issuing new loans to bad borrowers, and effective measures are taken to recover old loans in time.

Principles and Connotation of Credit Risk Management (1) Risk management should go forward as far as possible, and risk control should start with selecting customers. Banks should support profitable customers and avoid "venture capital" loans. The risk-reward models of the two are completely different. Because the cost of managing "problem customers" is high, banks should try to avoid it. "The best way to prevent being cheated is not to deal with liars."

(2) Pay attention to the source of the first repayment (that is, the borrower itself), rather than the mortgage and guarantee (that is, the so-called "brick" culture of western commercial banks). I would rather provide unsecured loans to good enterprises than fully guaranteed loans to poor enterprises. Guarantee is only a guarantee, but it is definitely not the main source of repayment. Cash flow is the main basis for judging whether a loan can be made.

(3) The interest spread obtained by loans is not a simple deposit-loan interest spread or profit, but only as compensation for the corresponding risks incurred by banks in granting loans to relevant borrowers. Based on this understanding, western banks must find quantitative data and models that can directly measure the risks they bear, including the borrower's default probability (PD), expected default risk (EAD) and default loss (LGD). Naturally, quantitative credit risk management has become a very important task for advanced western banks in the past 65,438+05 years, so that consulting service companies with quantitative credit risk management models and data as their core business came into being. For example, by the end of 2003, Moody's credit-measurement customers had spread all over the world in more than 50 countries and regions, with more than 2,000 customers. The global banking industry has a strong demand for quantitative credit risk management.

(4) There is an upper limit for loan income and no lower limit for principal loss. From the actual situation, the biggest advantage of the loan is to recover the principal and interest on schedule according to the interest rate stipulated in the loan contract signed with the borrower. But if the borrower defaults, the losses involved will not be limited to the loan principal itself. Based on the above understanding, advanced western banks have gradually established and improved a set of capital allocation system and loan pricing model in the past 15 years. Its core elements include: in order to ensure sustainable long-term development and have the ability to bear the risks of risky assets, banks must extract enough provision for doubtful debts from the income earned every year to offset the expected losses; It is necessary to keep enough common equity capital at any time to deal with unexpected losses; Through reasonable credit pricing, it is guaranteed that the income obtained from customers is enough to make up for bad debts and bad debts, and the corresponding return on capital is guaranteed.

(5) loan concentration can't bring extra income like stock investment concentration, on the contrary, it will cause extra losses. Because unexpected credit loss or loss fluctuation depends not only on the borrower's default probability and the loss of a given default fluctuation, but also on the internal relationship of the bank's credit asset portfolio. Therefore, developed western banks usually monitor and measure the internal relationship of credit portfolio loss from the following four levels, including risk rating, industry, region and the risk of a single big borrower (group), and reduce the probability of credit portfolio loss through diversified management of credit assets, so as to control the negative impact of sudden credit loss within a certain limit. Based on the above understanding, western banks will set up special departments to manage credit portfolios after loan issuance, and constantly optimize asset portfolios through different financial markets, thus reducing portfolio risks and improving portfolio returns.