Natural ecological environment in Qingdao

1. Geographical location

Qingdao is located in the southeast of Shandong Peninsula, east longitude119 30' 24 "~120 57' 36", north latitude 35 34'12 "~ 37 09' 00". It borders the Yellow Sea in the east and south, Yantai in the northeast, Weifang in the west and Rizhao in the southwest. The total area of the city is 10654km2, of which the urban area (including Shinan, Shibei, Sifang, Licang, Laoshan, Chengyang and Huangdao) is 1 102km2, and the five cities under its jurisdiction are 9552km2.

Step 2: zone

Qingdao is a coastal hilly city, with high terrain in the east and low terrain in the west, rising on the north and south sides and low depression in the middle, in which mountains account for about 15.5% of the city's total area, hills account for 25. 1%, plains account for 37.8%, and depressions account for 2 1.7%. The coast of this city can be divided into three basic types: headland rocky coast, mountain harbor muddy coast and bedrock sandy coast. In shallow water, there are underwater shoals, modern underwater deltas and marine erosion plains.

3. Hydrology

There are 224 large and small rivers in Qingdao, and there are 33 large rivers with a drainage area exceeding 100km2, among which there are 5 rivers with a drainage area exceeding 500km2, namely Dagu River, Beijiaolai River, Nanjiaolai River, Xiaogu River and Zehe River. Dagu River is the largest river in the city, which originates from Fushan, Zhaoyuan City, flows through Laixi, Pingdu, Jimo and Chengyang Districts, and enters the sea in the south of Matou Village, Fang Ying Town, jiaozhou city, with a drainage area of 6 1, 3 1.3 km2 and a total length of 179.9km, and a drainage area of 4850.7km2 in Qingdao. It is the main water source for pumping runoff water and groundwater in urban areas at present.

Up to 2002, Qingdao has 3 large reservoirs, 2 medium-sized reservoirs1,73 small (I) reservoirs, 397 small (II) reservoirs, 376 ponds and dams, 67 large and small sluices1,72,000 electromechanical wells, and the total ground storage capacity1.

Second, the ecological environment

1. Soil environment

Qingdao has a complex terrain and a wide variety of soils, but there are mainly five categories, namely brown soil, black soil in Jiang Sha, fluvo-aquic soil, cinnamon soil and saline soil. The total soil area in Qingdao is 82.55× 104hm2, accounting for 74.35% of the total land area.

In 2000, the total area of soil erosion in Qingdao was 40.64× 104hm2, accounting for 36.6% of the total land area, of which the area of moderate hydraulic erosion accounted for 44.2% and the area of moderate hydraulic erosion accounted for 10.83%. The total soil erosion area of cultivated land is 22.92× 104hm2, accounting for 56.4% of the total soil erosion area. The moderate hydraulic erosion area of cultivated land is 9.65× 104hm2, accounting for 23.8% of the total soil erosion area and 42. 1% of the total soil erosion area of cultivated land. The area of grassland soil erosion is 880hm2, accounting for 0.22% of the total area of soil erosion.

In 2000, the total area of salinized land in Qingdao was 3885hm2, accounting for 0.35% of the total land area, which was 4607hm2 lower than that of 1.986, but the salinized area of cultivated land increased to 2085hm2, accounting for 53.7% of the total salinized land area. In recent 10 years, due to the continuous drought and control, the black soil of Qingdao Jiang Sha, such as Jiaolai Valley Plain, Northwest Depression of Jimo and Jison Depression of Laixi, has basically got rid of the waterlogging hazard. At present, the salinized land is mainly distributed in the coastal low-lying areas such as Lancun, Wangcun, Wenquan, Laoshan Wanggezhuang, Liuting and Jiaozhou barracks in the lower reaches of Dagu River, and the direct cause of land salinization is seawater (salinity).

In 2000, the total area of desertification land in Qingdao was 7 1.4 hm2, accounting for 0.06% of the total land area. It is mainly distributed near the riverbeds of Sunshou, Jiaohe and Baima rivers in Laixi City and near Zhaili Beach in Jiaonan, with little overall harm.

2. Wetland status

According to the survey data, the total wetland area in Qingdao is 17.76× 104 hm2, accounting for 16% of the total wetland area in Qingdao. Coastal areas are rich in wetland resources, and the largest wetland is Jiaozhou Bay. The wetlands in Qingdao can be divided into five categories: ① coastal wetlands, including Qingdao Bay, Golden Beach, Jimo Dingzi Bay, Shazikou Bay and Lingshan Bay; (2) estuaries and bays, including the estuaries of Jiaozhou Bay; ③ River wetlands, including Dagu River, Xiaogu River and Yanghe River; (4) Lakes, mainly including Laoshan Reservoir, Zhi Zhi Reservoir and other large and small reservoirs and ponds; ⑤ Marsh wetlands, mainly distributed in Jihongtan in Chengyang District and Yinghai in Jiaozhou, are characterized by reeds.

3. Forest conditions

The total forested area in Qingdao is 36,065,438+022.1hm2, including 247404hm2, 3773.9hm2, 2550.6hm2, uncultivated woodland 18368.3hm2, nursery land 6864.7hm2 and forested land 303. In addition, the total forest volume of 55200.9hm2 potential forest land is 556.03×104m3; The forest coverage rate (tree greening rate) is 3 1.37%.

Step 4 plant

There are few natural vegetation in Qingdao, and most of them are arbor, shrub and grass vegetation resources formed by artificial cultivation or closing hillsides for afforestation. The main crops are wheat, corn, peanuts, sweet potatoes and vegetables. The main fruit trees are apples, pears, peaches and grapes. The main Qiao Lin are pine, locust, poplar and willow. Shrubbery is dominated by Sophora japonica and Lespedeza, and there are many herbs.

Third, the quality of urban environment.

As far as the discharge of three wastes is concerned, the general trend is to increase year by year. From 2000 to 2004, the total discharge of industrial wastewater increased by 20.27× 104t, with an average annual increase of 5.07× 104t. The total discharge of industrial waste gas increased by 4924259× 104m3, with an average annual increase of1231064.75×104m3; The output of industrial solid waste increased by 145.49× 104t, with an average annual increase of 29. 1× 104t. The increase of "three wastes" has increased the load of ecological environment, but the discharge situation in each district is not consistent.

According to the zoning data, the situation in Huangdao District is serious, and the GDP emissions per unit of each index basically rank first in the city, so it is necessary to strengthen key management and governance.

As far as urban sewage treatment plants are concerned, the situation is quite different. The amount of sewage treated by each treatment plant varies greatly in a year, and their respective loads are also different. Tuandao Sewage Treatment Plant and He Haibo Sewage Treatment Plant are under the greatest pressure, and their capacity utilization rate in 2004 was above 87%. According to the latest data, the treatment capacity of He Haibo Sewage Treatment Plant can no longer meet the requirements of sewage treatment, and measures must be taken to solve it.

As far as air quality is concerned, the situation is also very different. The air quality in suburbs and cities is obviously better than that in the four districts of the city.