Understand the historical evolution of Japanese gardens

1, The Book of Pre-Han contains "There are Japanese people in the Sea of Le Lang, divided into hundreds of countries, and they came to see the Xuan at the age of six". This is the oldest and most reliable Japanese archipelago record in China.

2. In the 8th century, from the scattered records of ancient Japanese legends, myths and royal sacrifices, the names of kings and palaces (written in 1 12) and Japanese ministers (written in 720), we can get a general understanding of ancient Japanese gardens.

(1) In the 3rd and 4th centuries, Japanese Emperor Xiao Zhao built the Nogo Akashi Palace and Emperor Shenchong built the Panji Ruili Palace.

These palaces are surrounded by ditches or earthen cities, with shrubs planted in rows and fences made of plant materials. There is a fun pool spring in the palace.

(2) "Japanese Minister" was published for seven years, and "the carp was stocked in the pond in the palace"; Volume seven years "from the garden through the city, holding cattle, good hunting, running dogs try horses, from time to time"; "Japanese Secret" volume fifteen years "Tang Xianzong jumps to imitate Hanshan songs water banquet" (that is, qu shui flows in a cup)

In a word, it's like the Lingchi and Lingshi of Zhou Dynasty in China.

Second, the courtyards in Nara era (645-780 AD)

After Japan's cultural innovation, the form of imperial state in ancient Japan has been formed. Establish a centralized country with the emperor as the center. From cultural innovation to the end of Nara era (Nara era because the capital is in Pingchengjing), a relatively developed culture emerged, which was called Nara era in history. In its heyday, the title changed to "Tian Ping Culture (729-780 AD)". Japanese art history is usually divided into "Asuka era", "Whitestorm era" and "Whitestorm era". It is equivalent to the years of Kaiyuan, Tianbao and Shengde in China Tang Dynasty.

In this stage, under the influence of Buddhism, in the period of Tuigu Emperor (AD 593-6 18), stone buildings and Xumishan Mountain were arranged in the riverside of the palace, Chi Pan and temples as the main parts of the garden.

From Nara era to heian period, Japan was deeply influenced by the culture of Han and Tang dynasties, and liked to write Chinese poems and Chinese. The immortal realm of "one pool and three mountains" in Han dynasty also influenced the field of Japanese literature and gardening. Learn about Emperor Shengwu's favorite natural scenery in the late Nara era from historical books, and the beauty of many spring stones, Xichi Palace, Songyuan and Pingcheng Palace in Nanyuan. At the same time, affected by the ocean landscape, the island piles in the pool rise, and the performance of waterfalls and streams. Garden architecture has developed, such as the "waterfront platform/waterfront building" located by the lake as the prototype of the "fishing pond" building in later generations.

Iii. Secret Biography of Gardens and Palace Buildings in Heian Period (794- 1 192).

1 year, moved the capital to Beijing in 794 AD. According to records, during the Wu Heng period, the main buildings were modeled after the Tang Dynasty, and the gardens mostly used natural lakes and marshes and undulating terrain, including the "Xinsen Garden" which was modeled after the "Ganquan Garden" in the forest gardens of the Han Dynasty. Its ruins still exist.

2. In the early period of Heian period, the management of rocks and vegetation in the garden was attached great importance, and the nature was required, and the style of "water stone pavilion" with the theme of pool and island was gradually formed.

3. During this period, the writing of the oldest secret book of court-making law in Japan appeared, named "vestibule secret book"/"court record".

Ju Jungang (1028- 1094) is the author of Zuo Tingji, which is a book about early Japanese gardening techniques. Write in Chinese style. This book is divided into two volumes. The main contents are as follows: The first volume first discusses the courtyard shape, the method of building the courtyard stone, and the performance of natural landscape reduction. The theme is the natural landscape of oceans, waterfalls and streams, and the design of haichi and Heshan Island Waterfalls is discussed. The second volume is mainly about the biography of standing stone, the taboo of standing stone, a tree matter, a spring matter, a chore and so on. There are also sleeping temples and round wheels.

Four. Gardens in Kamakura Period (A.D. 1 192)

1.1At the end of the 2nd century, after the establishment of the Kamakura shogunate, Japan entered the feudal era and the samurai culture developed significantly. Because samurai mostly come from the lower classes and are closely related to real life, in terms of architecture, the form of building houses by samurai is different from that of nobles, which is simple and practical. It also affects the appreciation of the garden. In the late Kamakura period, the Zen thought introduced from Dasong had a far-reaching influence on the garden style. During this period, the garden has developed from a symbolic form to a "shrinking garden" with the earth scenery in a small garden.

Five, Yoshino-Muramachi era garden and palace architecture book

1. In the early days of Yoshino era, the most famous Dream Window Temple in the history of Japanese gardens was established. He designed many famous Japanese gardens, including Xihe Temple (Tai Temple), Tianlong Temple, Yongbao Temple, Xijiang Temple, Ruiquan Temple and Huilin Temple in Kyoto. The garden he created is characterized by a huge pool with a tortuous coastline. In the aspect of setting stones, he developed the techniques of stone groups and the structure of waterfalls, just like the style of "residual water in the mountains" in the Southern Song Dynasty landscape painting. Later, this style developed into a "dry landscape garden".

(1) Dream of breaking into Buddhism/dream of breaking into Buddhism (1275 ~ 135 1), also known as "Buddhist monk" and "dream of breaking into Buddhism". Isebito, whose common surname is Yuan, is named Dream Window. At the end of the Japanese Kamakura era, Lin Ji, a famous Buddhist monk, was known as the "Master of the Seven Dynasties", and his jurisprudence formed the "Dream School". He was the most famous gardener at that time and one of the pioneers of Japanese dry landscape gardens.

(2) Saihe Temple/Moss Temple in Kyoto: Because the moss here is the best, it is also called "Moss Temple". Taiting is located on the banks of Taisi River, at the foot of Lanshan Mountain and Song Wei Mountain, and the terrain is naturally varied. Except for the withered mountains and rivers, all the other gardens are Chiquan gardens, with the heart-shaped "Golden Pool" as the center, stone paths, small bridges and bamboo forests. No matter the dry landscape or the pool spring, it is not in the thick moss. According to the cloud, there are more than forty kinds of moss in the moss temple. Since the 6th century, these mosses of different shapes and colors have been naturally derived. Therefore, regardless of the pond, above the terraced fields, beside the bridge, between the paths, or on the rocks and branches, moss is spreading, dense, like a carpet. Moss Temple is famous for its lush moss. Because the court has a long history, the garden is rich in ancient trees and flowers, so the four seasons are considerable. Especially in autumn, maple leaves turn red, and in winter, the scenery is the most pleasing to the eye, which is the season with the most tourists.

2. Muromachi era is the most distinctive era of Japanese gardens in terms of craftsmen. Gardening technology is developed, and famous gardeners come forth in large numbers.

Under the influence of Mengchuang Buddhism, Renzhong monks also built many famous gardens. He also created a new garden form, namely tea pavilion (prevailing in Taoshan era). As early as the Southern Song Dynasty, Japanese Zen monk Rong came to China again for four years, bringing back tea and learning fashion, which laid the foundation for the tea ceremony and tea court in Muromachi period (Ming Dynasty).

3. The gardening works in this period include Landscape in Wild Map and Cragginess Flowing (a school of gardening at that time).

"Cragginess Flow" Court: There is a heart-shaped pool in the center, with a guard stone in the front and back, a guest island on the left side in front of the pool, a main island on the right side in front of the pool, a middle island in the center of the pool, and a worship stone and a beach in front of the pool.

4. Famous examples of gardening in this period include the Golden Pavilion Garden of Luokong Temple and the Yin Ge Garden of Cizhao Temple;

(1) rokuonji Jingu Temple Garden: It is called Jingu Temple because it is a very famous relic temple made of gold foil. Jingu Temple is a villa built by ashikaga yoshimitsu, the third generation general of the Ashikaga family, in 1397. After ashikaga yoshimitsu's death, it was changed to Bodaiji. It is said that the garden centered on the Golden Pavilion represents the pure land of bliss.

5. The representative works of Ganjing Garden include the South Abbot of Long 'an Temple and the North Abbot of Daxian Academy.

(1) Ganshanshui Garden, south of Longan Temple.

Ganjing Garden originated from the miniature garden landscape in Japan, which is more common in small, quiet and profound Zen temples. As the name implies, dry landscape has no water, but dry courtyard landscape. In some places, the dry landscape courtyard does not even include vegetation. Its main feature is that rocks and white sand are the main body, symbolizing various landscapes in nature. For example, white sand can represent rivers, oceans and even clouds, while stones can imply mountains, waterfalls and so on. In its unique environmental atmosphere, several stone groups paved and stacked with fine harrow white sandstone can exert magical power on people's mood. Like music, painting and literature, it can express profound philosophies, many of which come from Zen morality.

Nanting, the abbot of Long 'an Temple in Kyoto, was built in the15th century and is the most famous garden boutique in Ganjing Garden in Japan. Covering an area of only 330 square meters, the plane shape is rectangular and the landscape is flat. It consists of 15 stones of different sizes and gray pebbles. Stones are divided into two, three and five groups, and * * * is divided into five groups (it is said that the stone groups are arranged according to 5-2-3-2-3, but no matter from which angle, there is always one piece that cannot be seen, suggesting that life is imperfect). The edge of the stone group is moss, and the outward is concentric ripples made of rakes. Concentric ripples can be used to describe rain splashing into a pool or fish coming out of the water. It looks like white sand, green moss and brown stone, but they are not solid colors. From the color change of this object, we can find the harmony between this object and another object. However, the fineness of sand and gravel and the roughness of the main stone, the "softness" of plants and the "hardness" of stones, and the different forms of lying stones and standing stones often echo each other in comparison. Because it belongs to the garden overlooking, no one can enter the garden except those who rake fine stones. Tourists from all walks of life will sit in the dark corridor next to the garden-sometimes for hours at a time, thinking about the profound meaning of the preacher in Long 'an Temple beyond the form of sand and stone.

6. Taoshan-Edo Times Garden

1 and16th century, chayuan flourished. The tea hall conforms to nature, with a small area, and is set up separately or separated from other parts of the park. Surrounded by bamboo fences, there are courtyards and paths leading to the most important building, that is, the teahouse for tea soup ceremony. Although the teahouse is small in area, to show natural fragments, it is necessary to have a beautiful artistic conception of deep mountains and wild valleys, to be in harmony with the spirit of tea, and to make people ponder. Once in the teahouse, it seems to be far away from the hubbub. Evergreen trees are mainly planted in the courtyard, and cleanliness is the first priority. Moss should grow on the yard and stones, so that chayuan can form a "silent" atmosphere. Avoid using flowers and trees, on the one hand, because of the imitation of ink painting, on the other hand, it also has the positive significance of expressing quiet and quaint feelings with colorless. The arrangement of stone lamps and water bowls in the tea room, especially flying stones, has been further developed.

Tea kiosks are also called open fields or open roads. It is a garden style that combines tea ceremony etiquette with garden.

Teahouse refers to all kinds of landscapes arranged in a space before entering the teahouse. The typical layout is divided into outer court and inner court with the middle door as the boundary. The garden atmosphere is the "harmony, quietness, purity and quietness" of tea ceremony.

Symbolism: the middle gate symbolizes isolation from the world; The stepping stone symbolizes the mountain road; Pine leaves symbolize the forest; Squat symbolizes the mountain spring; Fences and stone lanterns symbolize the silence of the temple.

Tea ceremony originated in China. In the Tang Dynasty, Liu also clearly stated in "Ten Virtues of Drinking Tea": "Tea is feasible and tea is Kaya's ambition." At least before or during the Tang Dynasty, people in China first regarded tea as a way to cultivate one's morality. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, people were very particular about the environment, etiquette and operation of drinking tea, and there were some established rules and ceremonies. At that time, tea banquets were very popular in society, and guests and friends enjoyed tea and scenery in civilized and elegant social activities. In the monasteries of the Tang Dynasty, monks chanted sutras and meditated, all drinking tea, clearing their hearts and nourishing their spirits.

In the second year of Shaoxi in the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 19 1), Japanese monk Rong Xi brought tea varieties back to Japan for the first time from China, and then tea was planted all over Japan. At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1259), Zen Master Zhaoming from Nanpu, Japan, came to Jingshan Temple in Yuhang County, Zhejiang Province, China, where he studied tea ceremony, introduced China's tea ceremony to Japan for the first time, and became the earliest disseminator of China's tea ceremony in Japan.

2. A famous gardener in this period was Xiao Dui Yuanzhou (1579— 1647), which was later called "Yuanzhou School".

Gao Tai Temple: Located at the foot of Lingshan Mountain in Dongshan, Kyoto. After the death of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, a famous Japanese soldier in the Warring States Period, Toyotomi Hideyoshi's wife Beichen became a nun. In memory of her husband, Gao Tai Temple was built at 1606. The courtyard of Gao Tai Temple is a masterpiece handed down from ancient times by Xiao Duizhou, a famous Japanese gardener. It uses the technique of borrowing scenery, overlapping mountains and rivers, and the gardening architectural style of Penglai, China, which is unique. The main buildings in the temple, such as Kaishantang, Lingwu, Wolong Gallery and Moon Observation Platform, are all imitations of the Tang Dynasty. Unlike the temple buildings in China, they are not on the same central axis, but scattered like chess.

The official name of the Umbrella Pavilion is Anxian Cave, a teahouse built by Morino Risuke, the ancestor of Japanese tea ceremony. It was originally built in the former residence of Toyotomi Hideyoshi-Fuji Castle in Taoshan, and then moved to Gao Tai Temple. The bamboo umbrella-shaped structure at the top of the pavilion looks like an umbrella, so it is called an umbrella pavilion. Shiyu Pavilion is the only two-story teahouse in Japan, which is parallel to the umbrella pavilion and less than 10 meter apart.

For hundreds of years, there have been many fires in the temple, and most of the Buddha statues and buildings in the temple have been burned down, leaving only the Kaiguang Hall, the mourning hall, the umbrella pavilion and the rain pavilion in the teahouse. You can also catch a glimpse of the architectural beauty of Gao Tai Temple when it was first built.

3. During the period of17 ~19th century, Japanese gardens completed their own unique national forms and established themselves in the early Edo period. The most famous masterpiece is Guilin Palace.

Guilin Palace Garden: The center of the garden is a pool with three islands in the middle, which are connected by bridges. The main garden road around the swimming pool garden leads to Chating Depression and Tingxuan Courtyard. The main building of the park is a combination of ancient academy, middle academy and new academy. Chi Pan has twists and turns, small bridges, stone lanterns, squatting clothes and so on. Court stones and plant materials are rich in variety and harmonious.

In order to make full use of the topographical features and have the characteristics of literati interest, the school, together with Guilin Palace, is called the double gem in the early Edo period.

At this time, gardens are not only concentrated in several big cities, but also spread all over the country. There are Penglai Garden, Koishikawa Houyuan Garden, Jizhou Gongxi Garden/Akasaka Palace, Okubo Houleshou Garden/Zhili Palace Yubin Hall, etc.

4. The works related to the palace architecture include The Biography of Building a Landscape Pavilion written by Akimi in the middle period of Edo. The biggest feature of this book is that it discusses the arrangement of rocks and trees. It not only lists tree species, actual excavation technology and field experience during transplantation, but also discusses the sample setting of stone lanterns, washing bowls and flying stones. , and a variety of methods to create a tea farm.

After Meiji Restoration, Japanese gardens began to be Europeanized. However, the influence of Europe is limited to urban parks and some "foreign-style" residential gardens, and private gardens are still dominated by traditional styles. Moreover, Japanese gardens, as a unique style, spread to Europe and America.

Generally speaking, Japanese gardeners copy nature. Because the country is surrounded by sea water, they especially like to copy coastal landscapes, waterfalls and streams, and place stones.

The main forms of Japanese gardens: building a mountain courtyard (true mountains and true waters; Dry landscape), Pingting, Tea Court. There are three modes of gardening technology: real construction, walking construction and grass construction. The main difference between the three is the exquisite degree of landscape treatment. "Real architecture" needs the strictest and richest treatment; "Building while walking" is relatively simple; "Grass architecture" is the simplest.

The main forms of water management in Japanese gardens are waterfalls, streams, springs, lakes and swamps. Ancient gardens used to pile up islands, which were divided into main island, guest island and middle island. Laying stones pays attention to location, morphological characteristics and arrangement.

One of the outstanding characteristics of Japanese garden plants is that there are not many varieties of plants in the same garden, and one or two plants are often used as the main landscape plants, and one or two other plants are selected as the point landscape plants, which have distinct layers and simple shapes, but are very beautiful. The selection of materials is mainly evergreen trees with few flowers, which have many special meanings, such as pine trees representing longevity, perfect cherry blossoms, pure iris and so on.

The above is what Bian Xiao shared for you about understanding the historical evolution of Japanese gardens. More information can focus on the construction industry and share more dry goods.