Four famous pigs in China?

The four famous pigs in China include Ningxiang pig, Jinhua pig, Taihu pig and Neijiang pig.

ningxiang pigs

Ningxiang pig is produced in Liushahe and Cao Chong areas of Ningxiang County, Changsha, Hunan Province, also known as Cao Chong pig and Liushahe pig, and is one of the four famous pig breeds in Hunan Province. It has a history of 1000 years. All provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions except Tibet and Taiwan Province Province have introduced Ningxiang pigs, which are found almost everywhere in the province, especially Yiyang, Taojiang, Anhua, Lianyuan, Xiangxiang, Qianyang and Shaoyang. It has the characteristics of high reproductive rate, early maturity, easy fattening and loose meat quality, and is gentle and adaptable in the feeding process. In the long feeding process, it has formed a unique character: tender and delicious meat, which is called the national important livestock gene bank. In 1970s, it was listed as a recommended variety by FAO.

I. Variety characteristics

Ningxiang pig has a medium build and a medium head, with wrinkles of different shapes across its forehead, small ears, drooping, thick and short neck, drooping meat, wide back and waist, concave back line, arched ribs, drooping abdomen, short and thick limbs, short thighs, multi-lying system and spread hooves. People call it "monkey's foot", and its fur is black and white. According to different coat colors, there are three kinds: black clouds covered with snow, big black flowers and rotten the cloth flower. According to the different head types, it can be divided into three types: lion head, blessing head and castrated chicken head.

Second, the production performance

Ningxiang pig is a kind of fat pig, which has the characteristics of early maturity, easy fattening, long and fat sides, strong fat storage, tender meat, delicious taste, mild temperament, strong adaptability, deep and short body and loose constitution. The daily gain of Ningxiang pig during fattening period is 368 grams, and the feed utilization rate is high. It is suitable for slaughter when the weight is 75 ~ 80 kg. Slaughter rate was 70%, fat was 4.6 cm, eye muscle area 18.42 cm, and lean meat rate was 34.7%. Ningxiang pig has 10 piglets with more than three births.

Third, variety utilization.

Ningxiang pigs are raised in North China, Northeast China, Northwest China, South China and other places, and have strong adaptability. When crossing with foreign pigs, the heterosis is is obvious, and the highest heterosis rate is 19. 12%. 198 1 year, the National Bureau of Standards approved and promulgated the "Ningxiang Pig Standard", which officially confirmed that Ningxiang Pig was one of the three excellent local breeds in China. After entering the late 1980s, farmers in Ningxiang basically achieved hybridization in raising pigs. The relevant departments of provinces and cities take the farmers in Cao Chong, the origin of Ningxiang pig, as the foundation, and the county breeding pig farm as the core to protect the varieties of Ningxiang pig. Since then, Ningxiang pigs have entered the stage of conservation and breeding.

Jinhua pig, a local breed in China.

Jinhua pig is a local breed of China pig, also called Ertouwu. Produced in Yiwu, Dongyang and Jinhua counties in Jinhua, Zhejiang. Now it has been extended to more than 20 cities, counties and some areas outside Zhejiang Province. There are more than 50,000 breeding pigs in three counties. Jinhua pig has the characteristics of thin skin, fine bone and good meat fat quality. Jinhua ham made of its hind legs is delicious and beautiful, and enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad.

I. Appearance characteristics

Jinhua pig is small and medium-sized, and its coat color is white except for the black head, neck and buttocks, so it is called "black at both ends". There is a "halo" of black skin and white hair at the junction of black and white. Ears of medium size, drooping, wrinkled forehead, thick and short neck, slightly concave back, large and slightly drooping abdomen, sloping hips, short limbs, firm hooves and thin skin and hair. There are 7 ~ 8 pairs of nipples.

Jinhua pigs can be divided into "skinny head" and "mouse head" according to their head types. "Skinny-headed" pigs are distributed in Jinhua and Yiwu, with large individuals, fast growth, short heads, thick and deep forehead wrinkles, slightly wide backs and stout limbs. "Rat-headed" pigs are distributed in Dongyang and other places, with small individuals, long heads, shallow or no wrinkles on the forehead, narrow backs and thin limbs.

Second, the production performance

Jinhua pig is famous for its good meat quality and is suitable for curing ham and bacon. Its fresh legs weigh 6-7 kg, with thin skin and tender meat, thin bones, appropriate fat-thin ratio, fat in the middle and obvious streaks. Jinhua ham made from this raw material is a famous traditional smoked wax product in China and the top grade of ham. Huang Liang's skin color is red and meat is like fire, with rich and mellow fragrance, salty and palatable, good color, fragrance, taste and shape, and easy to carry and store, which sells well at home and abroad. Jinhua pig has the excellent characteristics of early sexual maturity, mild temperament, good motherhood and many litters. The litter size of multiparous sows is14.22 0.31head, and the reproductive rate of piglets is high (94.0%). The average feeding period is 17 ~ 76 days under the nutritional conditions that the digestibility per kilogram of compound feed is 65438+425g MJ, the crude protein is 14% and the ratio of concentrate to green feed is 1: 1.

Third, use

Binary hybridization with Jinhua pig as female parent can obviously improve the weight gain speed of finishing pigs and reduce feed consumption. In particular, the increasing number of hybrid offspring of Yorkshire× Jinhua pig, Hampshire× Jinhua pig, Duroc× Jinhua pig and Landrace× Jinhua pig increased by 25.7% ~ 38.25%, feed consumption decreased by 65,438+00.30% ~ 65,438+03.06%, and lean meat rate increased by 5.93%. Landrace × Soviet White Pig? Jinhua pig, Yorkshire × Soviet white pig? The effect of Jinhua pig's ternary hybrid pig is better than that of binary hybrid pig. The daily gain reached 6 14g and 698g respectively, and the lean meat rate was 5% ~ 9% higher than that of pure Jinhua pig.

Taihu pig

Taihu pig

Taihu pig is the pig breed with the largest litter size in the world and enjoys the reputation of "national treasure". Suzhou area is the key producing area of Taihu pig. Taihu pig is a kind of jianghai pig, which is produced in Taihu basin of Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces. It is a famous local pig breed in China, with strong reproductive ability and large litter size. Taihu pig is medium-sized, with sparse fur, black or bluish gray, white limbs and nose, purple abdomen, wide head, deep wrinkles on forehead and back drive, drooping ears, and looks like flue-cured tobacco leaves. The limbs are stout, the abdomen is drooping, the buttocks are slightly higher, and the nipples are 8-9 pairs, reaching 12.5 pairs. According to the origin, it can be divided into Erhualian, Meishan, Fengjing, Jiaxing Black and Hengjing.

One of the characteristics of Taihu pig is its high reproductive performance. Taihu pig is famous for its high yield. It is one of the excellent breeds with the strongest fecundity and the largest number of piglets in China and even in the world, especially Erhualian pig and Meishan pig. The average primiparity 12, the average multiparous sow 16 or more, and more than three births, each litter can produce 20 pigs. The litter size of excellent sows reached 26, with the highest record of 42. Taihu pig has early sexual maturity, and the sperm quality of 4-5 months old boars reaches the level of adult pigs. Sows are in heat when they are two months old. It is reported that 75-day-old sows can get pregnant and give birth to normal piglets. Taihu pig has a strong ability to nurse and milk, so lying down carefully can reduce the pressure on piglets. The feed intake rate and feeding rate of piglets are high.

The second characteristic is strong heterosis. The genetic performance of Taihu pig is stable, and the hybrid advantage of combining with lean pig breeds is strong. It is most suitable as a hybrid parent. At present, Taihu pig is often used as Changtai female parent (the first generation sow crossed by Landrace and Taihu pig) for ternary hybridization. Practice has proved that the three-way cross combination types such as Du Changtai or Yue Changtai keep the characteristics of more litter size, high lean meat rate and fast growth of parents in the process of hybridization. Because of the high fertility of Taihu pig, many countries in the world have introduced Taihu pig to cross with their own pig breeds in order to improve the fertility of their own pig breeds.

The third feature is delicious and unique meat. Taihu pig is precocious and fattening, with lean meat rate of 38.8% ~ 45%, muscle pH value of 6.55 and meat color score close to 3. The protein content in muscle is about 23%, and the amino acid content of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine, methionine and threonine is higher than that of other varieties. The intramuscular fat content is about 65438 0.37%, and the muscle marble score is 3.

In order to protect and develop this precious resource, Taihu Pig Breeding Center was established in Suzhou in May 2005, 1984. In the past 20 years, the Breeding Center has built a "National Key Livestock and Poultry Farm" and bred a new national pig breed, Tai Su Pig. Twenty years later, the breeding center plans to establish a live Taihu pig gene bank in order to further preserve some original Taihu pig breeds that have become less and less. At present, the high-yield Erhualian pig and the most representative Meishan pig have entered the gene bank in advance for isolation breeding. In the next decade, the gene bank will effectively develop and utilize Taihu pigs and strive to cultivate new pig breeds while preserving species.

It is produced in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and along the coast and Taihu Lake basin in China, and belongs to the transitional pig breed in North China and Central China. They are widely distributed and varied, including Meishan pig in Jiading, Shanghai, Fengjing pig in Songjiang and Jinshan, Jiaxing black pig in Jiajia and Pinghu, Zhejiang, Jiaoxi pig in Wujin, Jiangsu, Li Shiqiao pig in Jingjiang and Hu Sha idle pig in Haimen, Qidong. Taihu pig is big, loose, big head, slightly concave face and wrinkled forehead. For example, according to the number of wrinkles, Jiaoxi pigs can be divided into big faces and double faces. The ears are big and thick, and the roots are soft and drooping. Waist width is slightly concave, chest is deep, abdomen is drooping, hip breadth is inclined, thighs are not full, skin of hindquarters is wrinkled, the whole body is covered with loose hair, and the hair color is all black or gray, or six whites are incomplete. There are usually 8-9 pairs of nipples. Strong reproductive ability, generally primiparous sows give birth to live piglets per litter 10 or more; The multiparous sows gave birth to more than 14, weaned and bred more than 12, and the newborn weight was 0. 7 kg, 45-day-old weaned piglets weigh about 100 kg, and 2-month-old weaned piglets weigh about 9 kg. 6 months old, weighing about 65 kg-70 kg. The suitable slaughter weight is about 75kg, and the slaughter rate is 67%. Adult boars weigh 140 kg, and sows weigh about 1 10 kg.

Neijiang pig

Neijiang pigs are mainly produced in Neijiang City and Neijiang County, Sichuan Province, with Dongxing Town of Neijiang City as the central producing area. It was once called "Dongxiang pig" in history. Neijiang pig has the characteristics of strong adaptability and good hybrid combining ability, and is one of the excellent parents who take advantage of the heterosis of pigs in North China, Northeast China, Northwest China and Southwest China, but it has some shortcomings such as low slaughter rate and thick skin.

I. Appearance characteristics

Big body, loose constitution, big head, short mouth tube, deep groove in forehead, and hard lump in the middle of forehead skin, commonly known as "covering bowl". Ears are medium-sized, drooping, wide and deep, with a slightly concave back and waist, a large abdomen that can't be dragged, thick limbs, and deep wrinkles on the skin of adult breeding pigs, commonly known as "tile ditch" or "pants". The coat is all black and the mane is thick and long. Thick nipples, 6 ~ 7 pairs. Generally, people with deep forehead wrinkles, extremely short mouth tube and often exposed tongue tip are called "lion head" type; People with a slightly longer mouth and shallow forehead wrinkles are called "square-headed" type. At present, the "square head" type is mostly. Adult boars weigh about 170 kg, and adult sows weigh about 155 kg.

Second, the production performance

The weight of finishing pigs increased from 65438±02.8kg to 965438±0.9kg at moderate nutrition level, which took 65438 093 days, and the daily gain was about 465438±00g, and the consumption of mixed feed, green feed and coarse feed per kg was 3.5 kg, 4.9 kg and 0.07kg respectively. Under better feed conditions, the weight of 179 days old can reach 90.2 kg, and the daily gain of 106 days old is 662 grams. When the weight is 90 kg, the slaughter rate is 67.5%, and the meat and fat in the carcass account for 37.0% and 39.3% respectively. At the age of 62 days, there are mature sperm in the testis of young boars, and mating begins at the age of 5 ~ 6 months. Sows are in estrus about 1 13 days old and are bred for the first time at 6 months old. The litter size of sows is 9 ~ 10. ?

Third, the value of planting

Neijiang pig has strong heredity, and its hybrid offspring all show the appearance characteristics such as wide forehead, many wrinkles on forehead and wool spinning. Its carcass also shows the characteristics of low slaughter rate and thick skin. Neijiang pig is used as the male parent to cross with Landrace pig, Essence pig, Baxia pig and other pig breeds. The daily gain rate advantages of the first generation hybrid pigs were 36.2%, 65,438+02.2% and 5.7% respectively. The skin of hybrid pigs becomes thinner, the eye muscle area increases and the carcass lean meat rate increases. For example, the skin thickness of Landrace× Inner Hybrid Pig is 0.48 cm (0.68 cm in Neijiang), and the carcass lean meat rate is 44.6% (465,438+0.6% in Neijiang).