What exactly is the Japanese shogunate?

From the end of 12 to the end of 19, it was the highest authority of Japanese martial politics. This word comes from Chinese, which means the tent when the general goes out to war. In Japanese history, there are Kamakura Shogunate (Genji Shogunate), Muromachi Shogunate (Zuchuan Shogunate) and Edo Shogunate (Tokugawa Shogunate). /kloc-after 0/0 century, the system of commons and civil rights disintegrated, imperial power declined, social unrest and samurai class rose. In 1 185, two samurai groups, Genji Kanto and Shi Ping Kansai, competed, and the former won and controlled the central government. 1 192, Yuan Laichao won the title of foreign general from the imperial court and established a shogunate in Kamakura. Since then, the autocratic power of samurai nobles has been in name only. 1333, the kamakura shogunate perished and the regime returned to the royal family. 1335, Zu and his brother set out for Kamakura. 1336, they invaded Kyoto twice, deposed Go Daigo, established Emperor Guangming and set up a shogunate in Kyoto. 1338, the northern dynasty emperor named general Ashikazu; 1378, the third generation of generals established a new shogunate in Muromachi Street, Kyoto, hence the name Muromachi shogunate. 1573, the Muromachi shogunate perished. /kloc-in 0/600, Tokugawa Ieyasu defeated the famous opposition Coalition forces in the battle of Guanyuan (now Gifu County), and its power became increasingly heavy; 1603, he served as a general of foreign invasion and built a shogunate in Edo (now Tokyo). 1867, General Tokugawa Yoshinobu was forced to regain power and become emperor. 1868 65438+ In October, imperial government troops were defeated by shogunate troops. In April, Edo and Pan Pan were handed over to government forces, and most of the territory of the shogunate was confiscated. Tokugawa shogunate died. The history of the shogunate is over.

Respondent: Xie probationary period level 111-2817: 34.

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This sentence of Kamakura Shogunate (Genji Shogunate) is incorrect. After the third generation, the Kamakura shogunate was no longer a Genji general, but came from the royal family or Fujiwara family. Therefore, it is called Genji shogunate.

Commentator: QHCS- probation level 1

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Characteristics, Forms and Changes of China Shogunate System

Guo runtao

The original China Historical Research 1997,No. 1, published on the Internet has been slightly changed.

Shogunate system is an important political system in the history of our country. As a personnel management system, it has always played an important role in national politics, especially in local politics. This paper attempts to make a preliminary discussion on the basic characteristics, existing forms and changes of the shogunate system in China.

First, the basic characteristics of the shogunate system

"Shogunate system" and "shogunate" are two concepts that are interrelated and different from each other. "Shogunate system" is a concept put forward by later generations to study the "shogunate" in the history of China. It is generally believed that the shogunate system exists in the shogunate [1].

The name "shogunate" first appeared in historical records. "Historical Records of Li Muchuan" records: "Li Muzhe, Zhao Beiliang, often lived in Dai and Yanmen, preparing for the Xiongnu and buying officials at a low price. The city rent is imported into Mofu, which is a foot soldier fee. " According to the annotator's explanation, "Mo" is the mistake of "screen"; In other words, the ancient words "Mo" and "Mu" are interlinked. In short, "shogunate" means "shogunate" [2]. Judging from the above records, the name "shogunate" existed before and after the Warring States Period. Yuan Gui, a bookstore, inferred from this: "At the time of the Warring States Period, the general was ruled by the shogunate" [3].

What is a "shogunate"? Judging from the descriptions of Historical Records and Hanshu and the explanations of the annotators, it has two meanings: First, it refers to the general's military mansion. It is generally believed that the reason why the generals' military government is nicknamed "shogunate" is because the ancient generals led troops to war, the army was impermanent and there was no fixed place for governance, and the government was built with "shogunate". [4] The second refers to generals or generals. It is said in Biography of Historical Records of Li Guang that Mofu Province wrote a Covenant, but it was far from being a scout and was not killed. Sima Zhen's "Suoyin" said: "Anyone who is called Mofu by the general is called Mofu." Although these two meanings refer to the military residence and the general, one thing is the same, that is, the name "shogunate" comes from the building of the military residence. From the architectural point of view, the military residence at that time was a temporary tent. Later, people called it "curtain", "military account" and so on, all of which originated from its architectural characteristics.

Here, the architectural characteristics of the military mansion are put aside, and the internal situation of the military mansion as a "general mansion" is investigated. In other words, what is the "system" in the military government?

About the situation of Li Mu shogunate, Biography of Historical Records and Feng Tang recorded a passage written by Feng Tang to Emperor Wendi of China:

Hearing the dispatch of the ancient king, I knelt down and pushed the hub, saying that I was in charge of the area; Bad luck will be controlled by the general. The honor and reward of soldiers are all decided by the outside. Play it back. This is not empty talk. My father said: Li Mu is the residence of General Zhao, and the rent in the military trade market is for personal use. The reward is decided outside, so don't disturb.

Contact and reference history. Li Muchuan: We can see that Li Mu will have the following three powers: (1) "lowly officials". This means that generals can set up their own aides and officials according to the situation. The so-called "official", Xu Shen's "Shuo Wen Jie Zi" said: "Official, governing the people." It can be seen that it is officials who manage the "foot soldiers" under the general. These officials include not only Wu Zhi officials who fought with the foot soldiers, but also civilian officials who assisted the general in commanding operations at the general's residence. This is the autonomy of organizational personnel. (2) "The military city rents for its own use." This is financial autonomy. (3) "The reward is determined by the outside and is not disturbed". This is the autonomy of military rewards and punishments. Of course, there is also a self-evident autonomy in the general's autonomy, that is, the military commander's decision-making command. For generals, only when they have the above four kinds of autonomy at the same time can they be called "those lucky ones who are not ruled by generals"

From this, we might as well draw a conclusion that the shogunate system is a system in which generals have a high degree of autonomy. This conclusion was also confirmed by the military government system in Qin and Han dynasties, such as the buffer region in Tang Dynasty. The preface to Fan Zhen in the New Tang Dynasty says: "Both the monarch and the minister are lucky for the Anshi Rebellion and the great disaster of suppressing the Sect. As a result, he carved up the land in Hebei, bought off the rebels, protected evil and became a curse. The rioters took advantage of the situation, so they were good officials, paid taxes privately, and did not offer them to the court. " In the late Tang Dynasty, the "arbitrary behavior" and "private tax" of the buffer region were seen by Song people as the separatist regime of the buffer region after the An-Shi Rebellion. However, in the sense of shogunate system, it has its own origin and is not a new invention of the Tang Dynasty.

The military government or "shogunate" is the military and political organization of generals who lead expeditions or defend the border. This is a conclusion. Yan Shigu, a native of the Tang Dynasty, wrote in Hanshu: "Those who do not act silently take the military curtain as their righteousness." [5] It not only illustrates the military nature of the shogunate in the Han Dynasty, but also reflects the situation of the shogunate in the Tang Dynasty. Later generations basically followed this theory and called the official offices of military generals "shogunate". However, if we focus on the "system", then the "shogunate" system with a high degree of military and political autonomy is not unique to the military system, but a political system that exists universally in the whole political field. Both military and political systems and administrative systems exist. In other words, the above conclusion should be revised as follows: the shogunate system is the system of the chief executive's autonomous administration (including military, political and civil affairs).

This inference is not because we abstract the system existing in the military government, thus generalizing the shogunate system, but based on the following facts:

First of all, for a long historical period, the ancient countries of China were ruled by the military and the people. In the political control system, the military and political system and the administrative system are integrated. According to the "Six Classics General Examination" cloud: "The ancients used agriculture to release soldiers, and they must be in Qing, and they must be generals when they have something to do ... The villagers are all soldiers and belong to Stuart; The fields at four o'clock are all soldiers and belong to Sima. " [6] Huang Zhang's Collection of Books also said: "Before the Warring States Period, the sergeant was in Lu Li. Some things are simple and simple; Sometimes I teach. ..... The names of his military officers followed the emergence of difficult times; However, when you go to the camp, you will support the school in the name of the army. Everything is different. " [7] It can be seen that the military and political system and the administrative system were mixed at that time. After the Warring States period, although there was a permanent military service system, the political operation system was still military and civilian, especially the military service system scattered around the country, which was managed and supervised by counties. "Han Shu Guan Bai Yun Qing Biao" records: "The county guards Qin Guan and is in charge of the county ... with sincerity; Border counties have a long history and are in charge of military forces "; "County Commandant, Qin Guan, Zhang Zuoshou, a pawn of martial arts, ... Emperor Jingdi was renamed Taishi in the second year". "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty Guan Baizhi" records: "Every county has a magistrate, and ... guarding the border is a long history. ..... This note reads: all counties and countries govern the people, and promote sages to persuade them to make contributions and sue traitors ... At the age of ... .............................................................................................................................. can see that the counties and counties in the Qin and Han Dynasties did not simply govern the people like the later provincial governments, but the soldiers and the people ruled together. Lin Bin's "On the Origin of Ancient and Modern Times" says: "The wealth of Han soldiers lies in the county guards, so the county guards can expand their power. ..... A pawn in Fu Hannai County is in the hands of the county commandant, and the border county soldiers have a long history, leaving no room for soldiers. However, everyone tries to talk about it, and the satrap will also; The tone of the tiger's satrap is divided ... It's a county soldier, and the guard can be self-sufficient. Both Qiancheng and Hedong lost their official positions, while Yanmen and Guoyang took salt as their sincerity, except for wealth. However, Wei Pu entered, and the county was desirable; If the money is sacrificed, the county can hide ... then the wealth of a county can be kept for its own use. " [8] There is another cloud: "The plans of the Han soldiers are all in the county. Take the county country both internally and garrison, and also take the county country for foreign conquest; However, in all the trials, the prefect and the captain were also involved, and the county magistrate, commander and captain must want everything ... "[9] also shows that the county government in Han Dynasty contains military and political content. Therefore, in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, the operation of national politics was divided between the military and the people, and the shogunate system was not only a system in which military generals had a high degree of autonomy, but also a system in which the ruling chief had administrative (including military, political and civil affairs) autonomy. Therefore, the Preface to the Yuan Gui Shogunate Department of the Bookstore said: "The Prime Minister of the Han Dynasty started politics and set history; Li Si and the Secretariat have a history of communication; Zuo, Shou and Xiang all have the history of Cao, and they are all from the shogunate. "

Generally speaking, since the Qin and Han Dynasties, national politics has always taken military power as the basic means to control society, so in the operating system, it has always been the rule of the military and the people, and the local governor has both the power to govern the people and the military and political power. After the Ming Dynasty, the pattern of local politics was clear in the division of military and political affairs. But until the Qing dynasty, the separation between military and political affairs and civil affairs was not complete.

Secondly, and more importantly, for a long time after the Warring States Period, the local administrative organs and the central government were exactly the same as the general's military office, and all of them took fighting as their mission.

Regarding the independent employment of the general's office, I quote the legend of Li Muchuan and Ban Gulie in the later Han Dynasty: "The shogunate is newly opened and widely spread; The record of "the clothes of the men in all directions are upside down" has shown that the generals in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties have the autonomy of employing people. What is the other situation? Zhang Ruyu's Textual Research on Books said: "There was a system of selecting ministers in the Han Dynasty. After the county magistrate, ministers began to choose ministers. The rest of the counties are officials, and as for Cao of the government, it is divide and rule; Its vassal state has been removed from its internal history. " [10] It can be seen that the so-called "cheap officials" are not the privilege of the military government. There is a cloud in the last volume of "The Origin of Ancient and Modern Times": "The Han system: the auxiliary of the government, the genus of the county, and the internal history of the vassal state can all be based on its length. "Therefore, Cao Can was the prime minister, elected the county magistrate, and was called the history of the prime minister ("Cao Can Prequel "); Kuang Heng was the Prime Minister, and was ordered by Lu Ci to receive Cao Yu (Biography of Kuang Heng), which was also owned by the Prime Minister. He Wu took the general Bao Xuan as the West Cao (Bao Xuan), and Shigao took the general as the representative of Cao (biography of Kuang Heng), which was also founded by Fu Fu Yamato. If you create an official position in a county, it's like Zhou Jing taking Chen Fan as the secretariat car (Biography of Post-Chen Fan) and Wang Huan taking Chou-heung as the main book for the city test (Biography of Chou-heung). The following literature and history were founded in vassal States, such as Wang Zhao Zhang Ao as a doctor (biography) and Wang Qi Xiang as a general (biography). " It can be seen that in almost all government agencies except the military government in the Han Dynasty, people can be employed independently, that is, they have the autonomy to organize personnel.

In the ancient military government, generals had military and political autonomy. Its military and political autonomy includes personnel, finance, rewards and punishments and military decision-making. Undoubtedly, as far as military behavior is concerned, military decision-making and command is the core of the autonomy of the whole general. But as far as military institutions are concerned, the power of "base officials" is the basis of their whole power. In other words, military government organizations are the basis of military activities. Of course, what is considered here is complex military activities. In complex military activities, military organizations always consist of two parts: one is barracks organization; The first is the military government organization. From the military and political point of view, the military government organization is a more basic element in the whole military activity. In more complex military activities, the full distribution of troops is of course related to the outcome of the war, but a general's intelligence, energy and physical strength are not enough to manipulate the whole military activities. In other words, military and political affairs need to establish a military government and equip subordinates to implement it; Military and political acts such as renting soldiers from the city and rewarding military exploits need to be operated by military attaché s under the general's curtain. Similarly, in the Qin and Han dynasties, in what we usually call the "administrative system" of government agencies, as for the administrative power system (including judicial power, financial power and organizational personnel power, etc. ), the right to organize personnel is also its basic power. In the political control of society and the administrative control of the state over the administrative system, all these controls are realized by forming effective organizations. In traditional political terms, this is "personnel administration".

Due to the primary stage of the shogunate system, the military and political affairs in the national political field and the chief executive have considerable autonomy in organizing the personnel system; Moreover, this kind of employment autonomy has always existed in the shogunate system. Therefore, this paper holds that the independent appointment of officers (including military, political and administrative) is a basic system and a basic feature of the shogunate system.

Of course, in ancient politics, the power possessed by officers and officers was not immutable. Generally speaking, after the Qin and Han Dynasties, the autonomy of military and political chiefs and chief executives was gradually taken back by the imperial court. So the shogunate system has changed accordingly.

Second, the change of the basic system of shogunate.

The basic system of shogunate system has changed from "institutional system" to "recruitment system"

In China's ancient politics, the system in which officials independently distributed their subordinates was called "Jun", also known as "Jun", "Jun" and "monarch". In essence, this is the power of employing people entrusted by the court to appointed officials. Therefore, this system needs to be understood in the power relationship between the court and its appointed officials. Ma Duanlin's "A General Examination of Selected Works" Volume 12 "Selected Tests" said: "In the Han Dynasty (kingdom), only the emperor ordered the prime minister, and its ancient officials were all responsible; Emperor Jingdi punished Wu Chu for rebellion, killed his system and dismissed officials below the imperial court; When I arrived in Liang Wudi, it was also decreed that all those who had two thousand stones in the rank of royalty would not be compensated. Its state and county officials have a long history of driving by car. They are all secretariats and self-defense officers, so the past has not changed. " It can be seen that according to the centralization and decentralization relationship between the imperial court and its appointed officials, the employment system can be divided into "appointed officials system" and "appointed agency system". In this paper, the employment system directly appointed by the imperial court is called "appointed officials system". The system of appointing officials by the imperial court and appointing subordinates independently is called "appointment system".

The hierarchical appointment of officials is an ancient system. Book of Rites: "The three great countries are all under the son of heaven. In the second country, there are three ministers, two of whom are appointed by the son of heaven and one by his monarch. Two ministers of a small country are under their command ... "Zheng Yue said," Those who were ordered by the son of heaven were chosen by the son of heaven, and now the imperial edict has been transferred to officials. A small country is also three Qing, one Qing lives in the son of heaven and the other Qing lives in its king. " Ying Da Shu Yun said, "Cui Shi said, if the third lady is ordered by the son of heaven, all the doctors will call themselves." [1 1] It can be seen that the appointment system of officials in the pre-Qin state was the two-level appointment system of kings and monarchs. According to this, Ma Duanlin believes that the system in which kings of various countries regard themselves as great doctors and great scholars is the monarchy system. [ 12]

However, the establishment system was formed in Qin and Han Dynasties. It came into being with the bureaucratic political system established in Qin and Han Dynasties. As far as the essence of bureaucracy is concerned, it is the opposite of the system of "Shi Qing Shi Lu". As far as the existence of this system is concerned, it is always associated with a certain employment system. Personnel administration and administrative personnel are closely related and mutually causal. The bureaucracy established in Qin and Han Dynasties is the product of "appointment system" and "establishment system". Specifically, the central and local governors were appointed by the imperial court, and then the central and local governors appointed their subordinates to complete it. However, the way the imperial court appointed officials to set up their subordinates constituted the special connotation of "institutional system".

Of course, the establishment system is not formed overnight. It is the result of social and political changes in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, many countries reformed their laws and abolished the "Shi Qing Shi Lu" system in the administrative system of employing people. After Shang Yang's political reform, Qin "only managed to conquer the land and defeat the enemy". [13] and "Qin law, let no one do anything, each has his own crime", [14] show that the central and local officials of Qin state have the right to pretend to be lower-level officials. This is the case with Li Mu and Ye Zhao, the "low officials" in the shogunate mentioned earlier. During the Warring States period, this situation of appointing officials by the imperial court was the direct origin of the institutional system. It is true that the "institutional system" evolved from the "self-styled system" in which kings pretend to be officials. As far as the personnel administration system is concerned, the two-level appointment system of kings and monarchs before the Warring States period is in the same strain as the system of "second-time" formation of government institutions by the imperial court after the Warring States period, that is, appointing officials at all levels and setting up their own aides and subordinates.

It is worth noting that it was during the Warring States period when the bureaucratic system began to take shape that the new term "shogunate" appeared. There is no doubt that the emergence of this new term reflects the great changes that have taken place in the old and new systems. "At the time of the Warring States, it was said that the generals were from tokugawa era" [15] not only reflected the military nature of the politics of various countries during the Warring States period, but also reflected the transformation of the administrative system of employing people. A general who leads an army to go out or defend the border can deploy his own troops. Although this practice originated from the system that the monarch called himself big doctor and a great scholar in the era of enfeoffment, it changed the essence of "being a great scholar and a great legacy". Moreover, just as the commander-in-chief temporarily set up a "curtain" because of the impermanence of the army and the lack of fixed local governance, the military personnel independently configured by the commander-in-chief are also temporary. This temporary performance is that the general has something to do, so his military organization no longer exists; In addition, it is characterized by the temporary and freedom of mutual cooperation between generals and military personnel. This situation can be confirmed by the popularity of "You Shi" and "Ke Qing" in the Warring States Period. Although the "establishment" was not institutionalized during the Warring States period, the situation in different countries was different, but the appearance of the name of "shogunate" and the records of "humble officials" in historical books showed that a new administrative system for employing people had gradually formed. Therefore, the Warring States period is an organic part of the bureaucratic system, and the shogunate system is in the critical stage.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, it became a system for the imperial court to appoint officials to manage subordinates independently. The institutionalization of "Biju" is mainly manifested in the following two aspects: (1) It clarifies the power relationship between the court and court officials in organizing personnel. Officials of governments or administrative agencies at all levels from the central to the local level are selected and appointed by the emperor or the election department; The subordinates of officers at all levels are created by their officers themselves. Due to the lack of records, the system of Qin dynasty is not detailed; However, "Han Shu Guan Bai Gong Qing Biao" shows that the official system of the Han Dynasty basically followed the official system of the Qin Dynasty. In the Han dynasty, the local government inherited the Qin system, and the county was unified by the county, the county chief and the county magistrate (chief), but Cao Shi's subordinates were appointed by his chief. The system of sealing the country is roughly the same as that of counties. As the central government stationed in the local area to monitor the secretariat of each county, it also enjoys the same power as the county magistrate. In the history of the establishment of the central government, there have been changes from the emperor's appointment, the government's own establishment to the single government's own establishment. "The Official History of the Later Han Dynasty": "In the early Han Dynasty, history books all said that there were people who ranked higher than life; If nothing is said, it belongs to the genus Baishi. Since then, I have divided myself, so I have hundreds of Shi Yun. " This is consistent with the planning system of the local government. (2) Limited the scope of the department. Officers at all levels in the Han Dynasty can independently set up subordinates, which are generally limited to "subordinates", that is, junior officials in the offices of officers at all levels; It does not include assistant officers, nor does it include the heads of subordinate institutions. In the early Han Dynasty, the scope of government work was very wide and chaotic. Especially the so-called "three publics", it is often difficult to distinguish between appointment and agency in administrative power. However, with the improvement and determination of the official system, the boundary between appointment and establishment is gradually clear, and the scope of establishment is limited to "history". The so-called history refers to western Cao, eastern Cao, Hu Cao, playing Cao, stabbing Cao, fa Cao, Cao Wei, thief Cao, decisive Cao, soldier Cao, and Cang Cao. [16] The dependents that the government can set up by itself are limited to the history of Cao Yu, and the long history is not one of them. The establishment system of local counties was relatively certain in the early Han Dynasty. County decrees allow the independent development of Cao Yu's history. According to "The History of the Later Han Dynasty Guan Baizhi", all the Cao Cao in the county are the same as the official Cao Cao, except that there are no East and West Cao Cao, but they have made contributions to Cao Cao, as well as the five senses, Du You, the head of the family and the history of the main book. You and Cao Cao have their own books; There are "On Cao Cao" and main book, literature review, history of the Five Classics and official history in the county. The county magistrate is slightly like a county magistrate, but the official name is slightly different. These genera can be established independently by obeying orders. There is a "Cheng" under the chief and above Cao Cao, who is the assistant of the chief, but the chief is like the "long history" of the government, not created by the chief. It's better than asking about the "Hanzhou County Official System Examination" and saying: "Although Cheng is a supplement, he is actually an official. Unlike later generations, Cheng will not resist the satrap. Therefore, every history is equal to Cheng, but the rank is slightly respected, which is inevitably different from the Taishou. " "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty Guan Baizhi" records: "There is one satrap in each county, and one cheng; When the county is a border guard, it has a long history. " Cheng Jun's duty is to help manage the county, specifically to help Zhu Cao, the prime minister of the county. Therefore, Qu Mouyuan said that it was "the official history". [17] This kind of prime minister or assistant minister in charge of Cao affairs was later called "Deputy Second Officer" or "Assistant Second Officer". In the Han dynasty, the county magistrate was appointed directly by the court, not by the county magistrate. The county magistrate's assistants, namely the county magistrate and the county commandant, cannot be appointed independently by the county magistrate, but are directly ordered by the court. [ 18]

The "organizational system" established in the Han Dynasty was roughly the same. The chief executive of each government agency or department can set up his own office independently. However, in some institutions without assistants, it seems that the system created during the Warring States period has been retained more in personnel management. For example, the state secretariat, whose duty is to supervise counties, is assisted by officials who "engage in history" and "destroy all States by themselves"; [19] Military government agencies, according to Tongdian, "There is no butler in Han Dynasty. In the later Han Dynasty, there were generals, generals in title of generals in ancient times, generals in chariots and horses, and generals in Wei, including one Chang, one Sima, one corps commander, 29 royal families and 31 royal families. [20] The scope of the general's aid plan to Liao was not specified in the literature, but "The Biography of Dou Xian in the Later Han Dynasty" recorded that "... the Constitution was afraid of punishment and murdered the Huns to redeem his death. Huinan Khan sought soldiers for the Northern Expedition, but he worshipped the sages and rode generals, and his official position was mediocre. "This is the earliest regulation on the number of staff in the General Office. According to the practice of government departments, the self-appointed officials are the following. But before Dou Xian, generals could generally manage their staff completely independently; Moreover, the Dou Xian case has not actually become a customization, and the establishment of officials often varies from person to person. Especially when the general goes out to war, his employment management often enjoys privileges. " The General Code says that "Han people don't see the official", which does not mean that General Dou Xian didn't have an official before, but there was no unified setting. The reason for this is that the military personnel are appointed by the generals themselves. In fact, all official positions are gradually established from the administrative operation; Zuo Liao's "post" and "name" are mostly formed by his officers' "self-removal". Officers set up posts in the administration because of things, and they are famous officials, and then there are various official positions and official names. This is the reason why the official positions of various government agencies or departments in the Han Dynasty are complex and diverse.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the establishment system further developed. This is mainly manifested in the expansion of the scope of administrative heads of governments at all levels, especially local governments. Specifically, the scope of the department expanded from subordinate to the whole assistant system, and the assistant officials appointed directly by the court in Han Dynasty were also appointed by the Chief Executive himself during this period. The essence of this situation is the expansion of the administrative autonomy of the chief executives at all levels, but it is different from the situation before the Han Dynasty. The scope of departmental subordinates is generally limited to assistants and does not involve the chief executive of the lower-level government. The fundamental reason for the above situation lies in the political situation at that time. Because the countries in Wei and Jin Dynasties were all established by powerful ministers, the political power that these powerful ministers relied on was their military power and their assistants who set up their own departments independently. In addition, the political situation is changeable and unstable, and the politics of various countries show both a strong military color and a distinctive private color. The central government is nothing more than these powerful ministers leading the transformation of the government, while local political power is manipulated by military generals.