Knowledge points of junior high school history: brief introduction of Liu Xiu and his descendants of Guangwu Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty

The founding emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty: Liu Xiu, the founding emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty (6-57 years ago), Han nationality, was born in Cai Yang, Nanyang (now southwest of Zaoyang, Hubei). The founding emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, a famous politician and strategist in ancient China. At the end of the New Dynasty, the sea fell apart, and the world was in chaos. Liu Xiu, a descendant of the royal family of the Western Han Dynasty, and his brother took advantage of the situation in their hometown, Mausoleum, and fought for the world with all the heroes. In AD 25, Liu Xiu ascended the throne in Hebei and proclaimed himself emperor, establishing the Eastern Han Dynasty. After more than 1 years of United war, Liu Xiu successively wiped out many separatist forces, such as Greenwood, Chimei, Wei Xiao and Gongsun Shu, and millions of peasant rebels, which made the land of China, which had been in dispute and war for more than 2 years since the end of the new headstrong, be unified again. After the world was settled, Liu Xiu carried out the national policy of "suppressing martial arts and cultivating literature", developed production and vigorously promoted Confucianism, thus laying the foundation for the Eastern Han Dynasty for nearly 2 years in the future.

Liu Xiu (6-57 years ago), Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty, was the founder of the Eastern Han Dynasty in China.

Liu Xiu is a descendant of Liu Mai, the son of Liu Fa, the son of Sand King, the ninth grandson of Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty. His father is Liu Qin, the commander of Nantun, and his mother is Fan Xian. He has lived in Cai Yang, Nanyang (now southwest of Zaoyang, Hubei) for generations, and is a local magnate. I fell in love with Yin Lihua since I was a child, and then I went to Chang 'an. When I saw that I was riding a golden horse, I sighed, "An official should be a golden horse, and a wife should be a Yin Lihua."

during the war

when Wang Mang was in power, the world was in chaos, and the Red Eyebrow Army and greenwood hero rose up against Wang Mang. At this time, Liu Xiu also set out with his brother Liu Yan in Fuling (now Zaoyang County, Hubei Province), and supported Liu Xuan, the original emperor, with the greenwood soldiers. In 23 years, Liu Xiu led 3, troops in greenwood hero to defeat 42, troops in Kunyang, killing its coach Wang Xun and winning a great victory in Kunyang.

Since then, the Liu Yan brothers have gained great prestige and are suspected by Liu Xuan. Liu Xiu noticed, but Liu Yan was able to shrug off, and was finally killed by Liu Xuan for an excuse. At this time, Liu Xiu was also in danger, so she had to apologize to Liu Xuan, and did not dare to mourn for her brother. She ate and laughed as usual. After Liu Xuan occupied Luoyang and sent Liu Xiu to patrol the north of the Yellow River, Liu Xiu was out of danger.

Liu Xiu accumulated strength in Hebei, growing stronger and stronger, and was named Xiao Wang by Liu Xuan. However, Liu Xiu's men continued to persuade him to advance. Finally, in 25 years, Liu Xiu became emperor in Juancheng and changed to Jianwu. His title was still Han, which was called the Eastern Han Dynasty in history. The following year, he moved the capital to Luoyang and changed Luoyang to "Luoyang".

The Red Eyebrow Army made Liu Penzi a puppet emperor and defeated Liu Xuan, who was killed after surrendering. Liu Xiu successively wiped out the separatist forces such as Chimei, Zhang Bu, Wei Xiao and Gongsun Shu, and unified China in the 12th year of Jianwu (37 years).

Liu xiu's military ability is very high. After being proclaimed emperor, you can often find problems from the situation of arranging troops and deploying troops reported from the front, and sometimes you are defeated by the enemy because the front cannot be corrected in time. In addition, Liu Xiu was sincere and simple, generous and trustworthy, which made Dou Rong and Ma Yuan return to their hearts.

In the melee between warlords at the end of the new period, Liu Xiu's military discipline was relatively good, but the general Wu Han and others still resorted to killing cities and looting. When the world was uncertain, Liu Xiu's restraint on the generals was obviously not enough, which caused his general Deng Feng to rebel because his hometown was looted by Wu Hanjun. It was not until haing s ngor and Liu Shang defeated the last enemy, Gongsun Shu, and the soldiers plundered Chengdu, that Liu Xiu was willing to reprimand them. However, although the imperial edict was beautifully written, the official position of haing s ngor was not affected.

After Liu Xiu's death, his son Liu Zhuang, Emperor Hanming, painted the images of 28 people who made the greatest contribution in the unification war in the introduction of Liu Xiu in Yuntai Pavilion, calling them 28 generals in Yuntai.

During the period of administration,

Liu Xiuqin was engaged in political affairs. "Every time I look at the DPRK, the day will be fine, and several times I will talk about the manager, and the night will be sleepless." During his reign, he issued many imperial edicts to release handmaiden and prohibit their cruelty. In order to reduce the poor from selling themselves into handmaiden, relief food is often distributed, the corvee rent is reduced, water conservancy projects are built and agricultural production is developed. Cut and merge counties and streamline officials. As a result, more than 4 counties were laid off, and officials were one of the ten. Historically, it was called the reign period of Guangwu Zhongxing. In the meantime, the country was prosperous, known as the "Jianwu Shengshi".

After Liu Xiu unified China, he was tired of military affairs and did not talk about the army. In the 27th year of Jianwu (51 years), Cang Gong, the Hou of Langling, and Ma Wu, the Hou of Yangxu, wrote: Please send troops to attack the Xiongnu when it is divided and the northern Xiongnu is weak, and make a "stone-carving achievement for all generations". Guangwu wrote a letter: "There is no good governance in this country, and disasters are endless. People don't protect themselves, but it's far from the point of desire!" ..... it is better to rest the people. " . Different from the ruthlessness of Liu Bang, the ancestor of Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, who killed heroes after winning the world, Liu Xiu conferred more than 36 heroes as liehou, giving them respected status and only relieving their military power. In fact, before the reunification of China, he began to weaken the national defense construction, abolish the military system of the county, and stop the county. At the same time, the local military power was weakened, which led to the inability to resist foreign invasion later, while the local soldiers of the powerful landlords developed rapidly, such as Dong Zhuo at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Liu Xiu will not set up a prime minister in the future, but will "set up the three public offices" but "return the affairs to the cabinet"; On the one hand, it weakened the power of the three public offices, making the three public offices empty; on the other hand, it expanded the authority of Shangshutai, becoming the executive body of the emperor's orders, and all the power was concentrated in the emperor. "The Biography of Shen Tugang in the Later Han Dynasty" said: "At that time, officials at home and abroad, many emperors elected themselves, and they were strictly examined by law. The ministers were too bitter, and the ministers were close to the ministers, so they dragged on, and the ministers dared not justify themselves." "it is difficult for ministers to live together." In the 28th year of Jianwu (52 years), he made an excuse to search for the guests of princes, "sitting thousands of dead people", and it was forbidden to form a party for personal gain.

In the second year of Zhongyuan (57th year), he died in the front hall of Luonan Palace, enjoying his life at the age of 63 and reigned for 33 years. He was buried in the original mausoleum (now near Tiexie cun, Mengjin County, Henan Province), the ancestral temple name, and the Emperor Guangwu.

Evaluation

Fan Ye commented on Liu Xiu: "Although I am economically successful, I cannot compete as well as I can, so I can be cautious about the political system, always uphold the principle of power, measure the time and strength, and do nothing wrong, retreat from the meritorious service and enter the literati, and disperse the horses and cattle. Although the road is not ancient, I will stop the martial arts of Ge."

Liu Xiu is a generous and simple person. In the process of reunification, some of Liu Xuan's men participated in the murder of his brother, and he was able to surrender and treat him well without letting bygones be bygones; When enfeoffment hero, regardless of other people's persuasion, the largest fief was zoned to four counties; Before the war is over, the original tax rate will be reduced from one tenth to one thirtieth; Ma Yuan was made by Wei Xiao to visit Gongsun Shu and Liu Xiu respectively, and was impressed by Liu Xiu's personality charm. Geng Yan and Dou Rong were once autocratic, but Liu Xiu had no doubts about them. All these have become decisive factors for his success. Even after reunification, he abolished Queen Guo and Prince Liu Qiang, Queen Liyin and his second son Liu Yang (later renamed Zhuang), which still enabled Queen Guo to enjoy the rest of his son Zhongshan Wang's Feng Guoan. There was no bad blood between the two sons, and they were not discussed by liegeman and later generations.

and Liu xiu's wisdom is quite limited. He is superstitious about divination, sometimes emotional and unfair. The brief introduction of forcing Han Xin and Liu Xiu to death by direct remonstrance and almost killing Dong Xuan by shielding them are all stains of his imperial career.

new oriental network > Main station middle school > Senior high school entrance examination > Senior high school entrance examination composition > 218>

new oriental network > Main station middle school > Senior high school entrance examination > Senior high school entrance examination composition > 217>

new oriental network > Main station middle school > Senior high school entrance examination > Senior high school entrance examination composition > 216 >

new oriental network > Main station middle school > Senior high school entrance examination > Senior high school entrance examination composition > 215 >