Is it a bad policy for Dourgen to issue an enclosure order?

Starting from August of the first year of Shunzhi (1644), Fu Lin led six or seven hundred thousand Kanto, that is, more than one million officials and people, to Beijing and Tianjin. This large-scale ethnic migration is rare in the history of China. A large number of frontier ethnic groups represented by relatively backward ethnic minorities have flooded into advanced ethnic areas in the Central Plains, which is a great historical change. It has brought an all-round impact on the economy, politics, legal system and cultural customs among different ethnic groups, and will inevitably cause a great shock to the social life in the Central Plains. The enclosure movement is mainly manifested in economic life, politics and ethnic relations.

Where the gentry and the public have any resistance to grain, we must investigate and deal with it. "These four questions are a contradictory picture, that is, there is no piece of land or wasteland to slice, and the reconciliation of the separation of Manchu and Han will definitely involve the interests of ordinary people. Therefore, the so-called "ownerless land" of the Qing government is just an excuse to race around. As a result, all fields, houses and cemeteries owned by the people have become "ownerless wasteland" and are occupied. This is one of the important reasons for the intensification of ethnic conflicts in the north, and the fourth point is that it is more difficult to levy money and grain. Because several places in Beijing are "extremely desolate, the old amount of money and grain is still difficult to cover, the land is barren, and the people are in exile. If it is levied according to the amount, it can be seen, and it will escape to the cultivated land and compensate for the shortage. "

From the first year of Shunzhi (1644) to the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), the Manchu nobles made three large-scale enclosures in the Gyeonggi area. After the first enclosure, incidents against ordinary people emerged one after another. On the sixth day of February in the second year of Shunzhi (1645), in order to solve the problem that private property was occupied by Manchuria and changed elsewhere. The Qing court emphasized that "everyone regards the beauty and evil of his land, and provides it quickly to make everything flat." The policy is to fight for compensation. Then, what about the folk tombs in Manchuria? On the 9 th of that month, it was ordered that "children and grandchildren should be allowed to sacrifice at the age of 30 to make a wide audience". 13 stressed that "all folk graves in the enclosure are not allowed to destroy farming, and the trees planted are not allowed to be cut down, and offenders will be prosecuted". 10 days later, a new problem came. As a result of changing fields, "the people who changed fields left their own fields and graves, and just planted newly-granted fields. The houses were helpless and the seeds were not prepared, so that classes were started in acres, and the people were hidden and compassionate." At the same time, "people surrounded by fields have been allocated land with thin alkali." If you still levy losses according to the good people, your suffering will be doubled. "Wang is even more bitter.

For the first time, most of the enclosures belonged to the states and counties of Shuntianfu, within 300 miles of Beijing. The second enclosure was extended to 1 Wei 19 county, 3 places and 5 states, 500 miles away from Beijing, as far as Shulu in the east of Shijiazhuang and Cangzhou in the south of Tianjin. Such as Zunhuafu, Yutian, Feng Run, Luanzhou, Laoting, Jinghai, Tianjinwei, Wen 'an County, Dacheng, Qingxian County, Renqiu, Baoan, Xincheng, Hejian, Anzhou, Cangzhou, Shulu, Raoyang, Xiongxian, Wuqiang, qi zhou, An Su, Anping, Rongcheng, Xin 'an and Boye. In the first month of the fourth year of Shunzhi (1647), due to the constant arrival of kings and soldiers from the east, the Qing court issued a new policy and decided to "change the thin land enclosed last year and return it to Manchuria in the east this year, regardless of whether there is land in the capital county", so it encircled Shunyi, Huairou, Miyun and Pinggu. There is no land available for allocation in Yongning County, Xin 'an County, Yongning Wei County, Yanqing Wei County, Yanqing Zuo Wei County, Youwei County and Huailaiwei County in Yanqing. The land in Quanxiong County, Taicheng County and Xincheng County is 4.9 1 15000 yuan, supplemented by ownerless land in Shulu County and Fucheng County. The land in Rongcheng and Renqiu counties is 3.505 1 10,000 yuan, supplemented by ownerless land in Wuyi county. Hejian mansion is 2015.39 million yuan, supplemented by Boye, Anping, Suning and Raoyang counties. The land in Changping, Liangxiang, Fangshan and Yizhou is 59,860 yuan, supplemented by uninhabited land in Dingzhou, Jinzhou, Wuji, Jiubao, Shengbao, Taohuabao, Di 'ebao, Ji Ming Post and Longmen Station. An Su and Mancheng counties have 35,900 hectares of land, supplemented by Wuqiang and Gaocheng counties.

Surrounded by Wanxian County and Qingyuan County, the land is 4,565,438+0,000 yuan, which is supplemented by Calm County. The land in Quantong County, Sanhe County, Jizhou County and Zunhua County is11228,000 yuan, supplemented by the remaining ownerless land in yutian county County and Feng Run County and the ownerless land in Gan 'an County. Bazhou, Xincheng, Shexian, Wuqing, Anton, Levin, Du Qing, Gu 'an, Anzhou, Yongqing and Cangzhou are bounded by 1 1925 19, and Nanpi, Jinghai, Laoling and Qingyun are counties. Zhuozhou, Laishui, Dingxing, Baoding, Wen 'an Land 10 1490, supplemented by xian county. Baodi, Xianghe, Luanzhou and Laoting Land 1202200, supplemented by ownerless villages in Wucheng, Changli and Funingge counties. A total of * * * 2093707 was transferred from near Beijing. Generally speaking, the so-called three laps are actually more than that. From March 29th, the 4th year of Shunzhi (1647), Dourgen ordered that "from now on, private farmhouses shall not be circled again, and the business will stop forever", which lasted for more than 40 years until the 23rd year of Kangxi (1684).

As a result, the Han people suffered greatly. "The people were displaced and cried everywhere." At that time, some officials proposed "limiting farmland", but Dourgen did not take it seriously. The result is that "the besieged people are displaced, inciting discussion and following each other as thieves." The reason why the enclosure movement constitutes the abuse is not the enclosure itself, but that Dourgen has excessively damaged the fundamental interests of the Han people. In the specific enclosure, it is tantamount to open plunder, causing a large number of people to be displaced, and "bandits have mushroomed", which has made the capital restless for decades, seriously threatening the aristocratic rule of Manchuria and hindering the process of unifying the Central Plains. Dourgen had to send a senior general to lead an army to suppress "bandits".