What is the meaning of "Hu Jingqu"

Jinghu music is the music played by Jinghu.

Jinghu is a musical instrument, which is closely related to erhu.

The following is transferred from Baidu Encyclopedia:

Jinghu, also known as Huqin. Play a stringed instrument.

Jinghu is a traditional stringed instrument in China. /kloc-At the end of 0/8, with the formation of China's traditional opera Peking Opera, reforms were made on the basis of the stringed instrument Huqin. With a history of more than 200 years, it is the main accompaniment instrument of China traditional opera Peking Opera.

History of Jinghu Lake

Jinghu was improved on the basis of Huqin during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, and it was named because it was mainly used to accompany Peking Opera.

Jinghu: Formerly known as "Huqin", it was also called "Erguzi" at the earliest. The main accompaniment instrument of Beijing Opera is also named after its accompaniment to Beijing Opera.

Jinghu is a kind of stringed instrument, which was reformed on the basis of Huqin with the formation of Peking Opera in the fifty years of Qing Dynasty (1785). It has a history of more than 20 years. The earliest Jinghu not only had short stems, but also small barrels. In order to play high notes, wrap them in python skin and pull the strings with a soft bow (without straining the bow hair).

/kloc-after the 0/9th century, hard bows began to appear. At present, Anhui, Shandong, Henan, Sichuan and other places still keep playing with soft bows. Soft bows are softer than hard bows, which have special bow-breaking effects and higher playing skills, while hard bows have strong and loud pronunciation.

In the first half of the 20th century, Peking Opera actors kept lowering their tones and paying attention to the roundness of lines, so the structure of Jinghu changed, and the piano poles and drums became longer. Later, Jinghu gradually became popular throughout the country, especially in Beijing.

In 1930s, Peking Opera was unprecedentedly prosperous, and the production of Jinghu also had a prosperous period. Not only the plaque in the musical instrument industry has been replaced by the Huqin score, but even the famous piano players in Beijing opera have also recruited and sold Jinghu. Some use polishing agent instead of waxing in the production process. Make the surface of bamboo skin glossy and smooth, and win the praise of fans.

The earliest jinghu was played with a soft bow, because the pole was short and the barrel was small. At that time, people called it soft bow Jinghu. /kloc-After the 9th century, Jinghu gradually began to play with a hard bow, with an increasing number of harpsichords and barrels, and Jinghu gradually became popular all over China, especially in Beijing.

Jinghu is mainly composed of a piano pole, a piano barrel, a string horse, a string and a bow. Jinghu's piano barrel is cylindrical, which is the voice of Jinghu. The vibration of the strings is transmitted to the barrel through the string horse, so that the air in the barrel vibrates and gives off a crisp and bright timbre. When playing Jinghu, the player puts the piano barrel on his left leg, presses the strings with his left hand and pulls the bow with his right hand.

In the early days, there was only one specification of Jinghu. Through the long-term practice of piano makers and performers, Jinghu has developed into various specifications to meet the needs of the development of Beijing opera music. Today, composers in China have also created many solos and concertos for Jinghu, and Jinghu has moved from the corner to the center of the stage.

Early violins had short stems, small tubes, wrapped in python or snakeskin, and straight strings. They were played with a soft bow, and were called soft bow huqin (see "soft bow Jinghu"). /kloc-the hard bow appeared after the 0/9th century. In the first half of the twentieth century, the leaf shape became what it is today. Steel wire strings were used in the 1950s.

Jinghu is a stringed instrument reformed on the basis of Huqin with the formation and development of Peking Opera. Its voice is rich and loud, and it is the main instrument in the orchestral accompaniment of Beijing opera. Before 1950s and 1960s, the name Hu Qin was always used in Beijing Opera. Later, in order to distinguish it from other operas, this instrument was officially called "Jinghu". In the fifty-five years of Qianlong, four Anhui Huizhou classes "Sanqing", "Sixi", "Riverlip" and "Chuntai" came to Beijing to perform one after another. They cooperated with Hubei artists, influenced each other, accepted the tunes and performance methods of Kunqu Opera and Shaanxi Opera, and gradually merged and developed into today's Peking Opera. The main vocals of Beijing Opera are Huang Er and Xipi, so Beijing Opera is also called "Pihuang". Jinghu is the representative of "Pihuang" music. It develops with the gradual formation of "Pi Huangqiang". Jinghu's timbre is magical and loud, and it can be closely combined with the actors' voices and vocals in a quiet way, which perfectly embodies the original flavor of Beijing opera. Become an indispensable and irreplaceable accompaniment instrument for Beijing opera.

The structure of Jinghu Lake

Jinghu is composed of a piano rod, a piano barrel, a string shaft, a hook, a string horse, a string and a bow. The piano pole and the piano barrel are made of bamboo. The piano pole is equipped with a hook with a snakeskin, which is played with a ponytail bow.

Jinghu is composed of a piano rod, a piano barrel, a string shaft, a hook, a string horse, strings and a bow. The piano pole, also known as the bundle, is usually made of purple bamboo, white bamboo or dyed bamboo, and usually has five sections. The first section and the second section above are respectively provided with a chord shaft, and the bottom section at the lower end is inserted into the piano barrel. On a section of pole in the barrel, there is a rectangular tuyere that runs through the front and back, which is the composite sounding part of the piano barrel. The length of the barrel is 1 1.4, and the diameter of the back mouth is 4.3 cm. It is made of bamboo, with the front mouth wrapped in snakeskin and the back open. Boxwood or Dalbergia wood. Qin code is made of bamboo. Bows made of reeds and bamboo, with ponytails, are 74 cm long. Zhang Erxian has a "thousand pounds". According to the differences between aria and Qupai, the five-degree tune is anti-Er Quan do and Sol strings, Erhuang Sol and re strings, Xipi ia and mi strings, and anti-Xipi re and Ia strings. Commonly used are D key, E key, Huang Er Jinghu key and E key, G key and Xipi Jinghu key. The range is about two octaves.

The piano barrel is cylindrical and made of bamboo. After the 1970s, it was also molded with low foaming (ABS) materials. The front of the barrel is covered with thin and tough snakeskin or other new stock film materials. The harp is the voice of Jinghu. The vibration of the strings is transmitted to the snake skin through the string horse, and then affects the vibration of the air column in the barrel, giving out a clear and bright tone.

The chord shaft, also known as the hammer, is made of boxwood, with delicate wood and beautiful color, and some use Dalbergia or Dalbergia. The jack hook is an S-shaped hook made of copper wire or lead wire. Two strings are hooked at the front, and a thin string is tied at the back bay in the middle of the third section of the piano, which is the fixed point to delimit the effectiveness and length of the strings.

String horses are made of bamboo, and there are two kinds of hollow bridges and hollow bridges. String is the pronunciation of Jinghu. Initially, two silk threads were used. The string tied to the lower shaft is thinner, which is called the outer string, and the string tied to the upper shaft is thicker, which is called the inner string. Nowadays, steel wire strings are widely used, which are more accurate than silk strings, crisp in pronunciation and not easy to break.

The bow is made of elastic Arundo donax, and both ends are baked and bent. The thin end of bamboo is at the tail of the bow, and a ponytail is tied. The ponytail is put between two strings to rub the strings for pronunciation.

When playing, the piano barrel is placed on the left leg, and the piano rod leans slightly to the left. The left hand holds the piano rod to press the strings, and the right hand holds the ponytail bow to play between the two strings.

Bowing methods include drawing bow, pushing bow, trembling bow, shaking bow, bowing, lifting bow, quick bow and so on. Fingering techniques include pressing the sound, kneading the string, playing the sound, sliding the sound and leaning on the sound. Used for accompaniment or solo. It is the main accompaniment instrument of Beijing Opera and also used in other operas. Solos are mostly from Beijing opera tunes, such as "Little Door Opening" and "Late at Night".

Types of Jinghu Lake

There are many kinds of Jinghu Lake, including Zizhu Jinghu Lake, Dyed Bamboo Jinghu Lake and Baizhu Jinghu Lake. In addition, there are Luohan Bamboo Mirror Lake and Chengzhan Bamboo Mirror Lake.

In the early days, there was only one specification of Jinghu. Through the long-term practice of piano makers and performers, it has developed into various specifications according to the different tunes of Beijing Opera, and created several special Jinghu operas, such as Xipi, Huang Er and Doll Tune.

In recent years, the low-key Jinghu Gate has been expanding to meet the needs of the development of Beijing opera music. Pay attention to the sound quality, material and craft when buying Jinghu.

A high-quality jinghu should be crisp, bright, pure and mellow, with sensitive and concentrated pronunciation and no noise. In the selection of materials, the bamboo pole must be thoroughly dried, the bamboo is solid and full, and there can be no shrinkage, grooves, moth-eaten and splitting phenomena, and the pole body is straight and without bending. Purple bamboo should keep its true color, bright and moist. The bamboo tube should be solid, straight and uniform in texture, with thick fibers and no water stains. Snakeskin should have large scales (five and a half scales on the spine are the best), white lines, crisp plates and pure black are the best.

When making, the installation of the rod and the cylinder should be moderate, the leather should be elastic, the scales of the snake skin should face down, and the ridge should be located in the center of the cylinder mouth. Chord petals are even and lines are clear. The shaft is in close contact with the hole, and there is no series sliding phenomenon.

The newly made Jinghu is always inferior to the old Qin, because the piano barrel and the piano rod have been naturally air-dried for many years and adapted to the playing conditions, so the sound quality is better.

Jing Hu tuning

There is a five-degree relationship between Beijing and Hu, and there are different tunes according to different tunes of Beijing opera. The two strings of Jinghu have a fixed five-degree relationship. According to the different accompaniment tunes of Beijing Opera, they are often fixed as c 1, g 1 (anti-double spring), G, d 1 (double spring), A, e 1 (Xipi) and d 1, A66.

When Jinghu uses silk strings, generally, two strings are outer strings and the old strings are inner strings. In the same jinghu, steel strings are crisper than silk strings. Because the strings of Jinghu are short and the range is not wide, it is not suitable for ordinary music playing or accompanying singing and dancing. When playing Jinghu, the player's feet are flat and separated, the left hand holds the piano under the hook, the piano tube is placed on the left leg, and the piano rod is slightly tilted to the left. Hold the bow in your right hand and play steadily. Bowing methods include drawing bow, pushing bow, trembling bow, shaking bow, bow, carrying bow and fast bow. When the left hand presses the string, the hand shape is semicircular. Except the thumb, the other four fingers touch the string at the position between the fingertips. In addition to pressing the sound, fingering mainly includes techniques such as kneading strings, typing, sliding sound and leaning on the sound.

Identification of Jinghu Lake

Jinghu is made up of a variety of accessories, such as a piano shoulder, a piano barrel, a snake skin, a piano bow and so on. The material and size of making the huqin are very particular. The burden of the piano should be solid, full and beautiful, and purple bamboo is generally used. Zizhu can be divided into White Zizhu, Huanghuazhu, Chujian, Hei Hu and Huanghu. Flower bamboo can be divided into "frog flower" and "sesame flower".

Bobbin: The texture should be smooth, the brown eyes on the section should be large and even, the bamboo yellow should be thick, and the bamboo tube should be strong but not too strong, otherwise it will affect the vibration of sound.

Axis: Boxwood and Dalbergia odorifera were commonly used in the past. Their advantages are smooth, delicate and beautiful, but they are easy to bend and deform. Nowadays, jujube, ebony and mahogany are mostly used. Rosewood is not suitable for piano shafts, and it is easy to hurt the burden.

There are three kinds of skins: meat board, oil board and brittle board. Crispy crust is the best because of its beautiful appearance and loud pronunciation. In the past, the most important thing was the Black Snake Skin Mirror Lake from Hubei. Because it meets the standard of good leather "black as satin and white as thread".

Bow: Use sword bamboo, reed, water hyacinth bamboo, and single-node bamboo is the best.

The standard of a good jinghu should be: good material, good technology and good timbre volume; In addition, it also has use value, ornamental value and retention value.

Jinghu making

First, material selection.

(1) Burden

The main material for making Jinghu bag is purple bamboo, followed by Eichhornia crassipes (bamboo), arhat bamboo, tortoise-backed bamboo and so on.

Zizhu is produced in Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui and other places. Superior Phyllostachys pubescens (Phyllostachys pubescens) is not only beautiful and unique in pattern color, but also solid in texture, so it is the best material for making Jinghu Lake.

Of course, Eichhornia crassipes also has fine materials with lines like Eichhornia crassipes and flowers like leopard prints. However, although the texture of Eichhornia crassipes is generally solid, its size is often not ideal.

Good arhat bamboo and tortoise shell bamboo can also be made into high-grade mirror lake. In short, the choice of materials should first look at the appearance, that is, color and pattern. Common Phyllostachys pubescens include black Phyllostachys pubescens (commonly known as Hei Hu), white Phyllostachys pubescens, yellow Phyllostachys pubescens (commonly known as yellow tiger), sesame, yin-yang face, eel yellow and so on. The second depends on the size: (1) thickness: that is, the diameter, which should generally be between φ 18 mm and φ 20 mm (2) length: Jinghu furnace charge is divided into five sections, usually the first section is 80mm, the second section is 90mm, and the third section is100 mm..

Xipi's burden should be less than 400 mm (370 ~ 390 mm) from the first quarter to the fourth quarter;

Huang Er's burden in the first to fourth paragraphs should be greater than 400 mm (400 ~ 430 mm). Beyond this range, it is not applicable.

The first paragraph of Eichhornia crassipes is often short, so it doesn't matter, as long as the second and third paragraphs are suitable. However, the size of the next three sections depends on Lohan bamboo and tortoise shell bamboo, especially the fifth section is the most important, and the length should not exceed120 mm; ; Nor should it be shorter than 100 mm.

The total number of arhat bamboos is generally odd, so the common arhat bamboos are "three-section stick", "seven-section whip", "nine-section whip" and "Thirteen Tais". Of course, the rarest "eighteen arhats" are even knots.

(2) the spool

The spool is sawn from bamboo, with an inner diameter of φ42 ~φ52mm, and the packaging should be solid, thick and even with bamboo yellow. It is of course the best to be determined. Its dimensions: Xipi cylinder length 1 15mm, inner diameter φ 42 ~ mm φ 44 mm; The length of Huang Er cylinder is117mm ~120mm, and the inner diameter is φ45mm~φ52mm.

(3) snakeskin

The snake skin used in Jinghu Lake is a wild black sheath snake. Produced in Hubei, Hunan, Zhejiang, Yunnan, Guizhou and other places. There are generally three colors: black, brown and green. Black is the best. Because the time of catching snakes is different, the thickness and quality of the skin are different. Snakeskin after electric shock is the best, but it is best not to use it after molting in summer.

The pattern size of snakeskin is related to the thickness of snake. The bigger the flowers, the better. The pattern should be black and white. People often say that "white as thread and black as satin" is the most incisive description of good leather.

A snakeskin can get 6~8 pieces. The end skin is the thickest, but the flower is also the smallest, which is suitable for Xipi Qin. The leather near the abdomen is thin and can be used for the piano.

(4) Piano shaft

Generally, the wood commonly used for piano shafts is jujube, boxwood, mahogany, ebony and ebony. Length and length dimension:148 ~152 mm.

Jujube axis is the most useful, because jujube is hard and tough, so it can "bite" hard bamboo. However, due to its low value, it is often ignored, so the shafts on high-end pianos are mostly made of wood or rosewood.

(5) String code

At present, there are various brands of buildings in Tianjin, Beijing and Shanghai. Through practice, the author thinks that the "pigeon brand" produced in Shanghai is the best. The strings are soft and unbreakable, and the timbre is transparent.

Qin code is carved from old bamboo and divided into hollow code and horseshoe code. String and code are the key components of Jinghu pronunciation. A piano can only produce a pleasant sound after many times of tuning and code changing.

Second, processing

(1) Roasting burden

Because bamboo grows naturally in the mountains, its shape is flat, round, curved and straight. Once the material is selected, it must be processed, baked, straightened and rounded to meet the requirements.

1 tool

The tools for baking the burden are: stove, bench, round tongs, etc.

The stove can be an ordinary honeycomb briquette stove.

The bench can be an ordinary household wooden bench, but an oblique hole must be drilled in it.

Two iron plates are welded on the pliers head to dry, and the wood blocks are fixed on the iron plates with screws. The wooden blocks are specially made, and each block has a semicircular hole. This is a circular orthosis.

Step 2 bake

Put industrial wax on the burden to be baked, and the wax will penetrate into the bamboo skin after melting, making the burden bright. This natural color is unmatched by any pigment.

Then, the charge is baked about 5 or 6 cm above the honeycomb furnace. When the temperature of the charge itself reaches 70 ~ 80℃, take it off immediately, round it with straightening pliers, rotate the charge quickly, and apply pressure with pliers to make the flat one round. The ellipticity of clamping charge shall not exceed 0. 5mm will do. At the same time, on campus, use the inclined hole on the bench to straighten the baggage. These two jobs can be carried out alternately, and they must be processed several times to meet the technical requirements. In the process of handling, don't be impatient, otherwise it will easily lead to the split of the burden. At the same time of rounding and straightening, the burden also dried up.

Step 3 seal your head

Before baking, the ingredients are usually six stages. After baking, the top section must be sawed off, and then the fifth section must be sawed off.

The last paragraph of Xipi F Tune (Doll Tune) is:103mm;

Xipi e-key piano (horn piano), the last paragraph is:105 mm; ;

The last paragraph of Huang Er F piano (Shengjingqin) is:107mm; ;

Huang Er D key (Dan Jiao Qin), the last paragraph is: 1 10 mm.

After blanking, flatten the cut, and then add the head (as shown in Figure 3). Fast bonding with 502.

The wood of the head is usually mahogany or ebony.

4. Drill and iron shaft hole

Before and after material distribution, draw a straight line symmetrically between the first paragraph and the second paragraph, then draw a horizontal line up and down at half of the first paragraph to intersect with the original line, and then draw a horizontal line 80MM from here to the second paragraph. At these two points (up and down * * * four points), punch holes with a steel awl drill. After drawing the line, you can drill the hole. The first two holes are drilled with φ 10MM, and the last two holes are drilled with φ 12 mm ... After drilling, the holes can be ironed. The fire stick used to iron the hole is specially made. Pay attention to the parallelism and concentricity of the two holes when ironing. Generally, a hole should be ironed 3 ~ 5 times, and the selected piano shaft should be installed and tried after each ironing. Correct the deviation and depth of the hole at any time until it meets the requirements. The length of shaft head is generally 36 mm ~ 39 mm

After the shaft hole is ironed, scrape off the burnt part of the shaft hole with a knife, and then scrape the shaft hole and the piano shaft with a set-up until the piano shaft and the shaft hole are closely matched. Finally, black nylon wire is wound up and down the shaft hole.

Step 5 bake the spool

Pinch the inner circle before baking the bobbin: put the bobbin into a pot and boil it in boiling water for 4-6 minutes, then take it out, put a wooden support on one end, tap on both ends until there is no gap between the support and the piano barrel, and then put the piano barrel with wooden support into the microwave oven. Bake for 2 ~ 3 minutes with medium fire, then take it out, cool it, take off the wooden bracket, then turn it on the lathe and spin the excircle. The wall thickness of the spool is generally: 5. 5 mm ~6 mm.5 mm.

6, bobbin drilling

Draw a line on the spool before drilling: draw a center line on the end face of the small end of the spool, then draw a straight line from the upper and lower center lines of the spool, draw a horizontal line 40MM above the upper line with vernier caliper, cross the original line to form a cross, and then draw 4 1 on the lower line with vernier caliper. Draw a horizontal line at 5MM and cross it with the original line, and drill a shallow hole with a steel cone at the upper and lower cross as a drilling mark. Before drilling, you should measure the diameter of the distributed load. If the charge thickness is 19MM, choose an reamer with a diameter of φ 18MM; If the charge thickness is 18MM, choose φ 17MM reamer. When the hole is drilled, you can match the burden.

7. Research and matching of burden and bobbin

Measure the diameter of the spool, and then add 10mm to the inner diameter of the spool from the lower end of the spool. First, roll the lower end of the head with a file to the joint between the head and the spool 10mm to form a cone, and then use emery cloth (80 #) to polish it smoothly from pencil printing to the end. Be careful not to grind it into an oval shape. At this time, the polished burden is matched with the bobbin. The upper hole of the bobbin should be scraped into a right cone shape with a knife, that is, the upper hole is small and the lower hole is large. The lower hole is trimmed and scraped into an inverted cone.

The upper and lower holes of the bobbin must be closely matched with the charge, and then it can be airtight after research.

8, snakeskin

In the past, old artists used the method of "Eight Diagrams Array" to cover snake skin, that is, sewing eight small sticks on the skin and tying it tightly with a wooden wedge. Now it seems that this method is obviously a bit clumsy and backward.

At present, most people use die holder and cone skin. The advantages of this method are convenience, quickness and even stress on snakeskin. This skinning tool. Before peeling the snake skin, the front end of the spool should be angled inside and outside.

Soak the snakeskin in cold water for 5-6 hours, take it out, cut off the abdomen, and use newspaper to absorb the water from the snakeskin. Spread the boiled bone glue evenly on the bobbin, straighten the snakeskin, press it on the bobbin with a conical sleeve, install the die frame, tighten the four nuts evenly with a wrench, and put it in a ventilated and dry place, waiting for drying, and don't expose it to the sun or bake it.

The tightness of snakeskin is completely done by experience. The elasticity of snakeskin is related to the timbre and timbre of the piano. Generally, the piano cover of the treble door is relatively tight; The piano of the low-key door is relatively loose. In short, the more you know, the more comfortable you are.

9, cloth, air outlet, one thousand jins hook

After covering the snakeskin, put it in a ventilated place for 6 hours in summer and 8 hours in winter, then take off the bobbin from the die base, take off the taper sleeve, scrape off the excess glue with a knife, and cover a piece of black or blue cotton cloth with a width of 30MM around the snakeskin for edge sealing protection. Before the cloth is covered, a pad should be attached to the lower edge of the spool to prevent the string from rubbing the snakeskin.

Insert the bag into the covered piano barrel, draw a line in the barrel with a pencil, and then take the middle hole (sound hole). The eye of a general piano is about 20 ~ 25mm long and 3 ~ 4mm wide. Keep your eyes open. If the sound is not ideal, it can be lengthened and widened, but the influence of your eyes on the sound of the piano is limited.

At this time, put the package on the spool and you can tie the hook around the wire.

The hook is made of H68 brass or stainless steel and is S-shaped. The diameter is 1. 2MM~ 1 .5 mm. The width of a catty is generally around 20 mm, and the width of the hook is related to the timbre. If the timbre is not ideal, the hook will play a certain role.

10, debugging piano sound

After tying the hook, you can install the piano code for audition.

Generally speaking, the sound of the small piano code is relatively transparent, and the sound of the big piano code is relatively dull. A piano must be debugged repeatedly to find the best timbre. A good Jinghu should have considerable penetration, and at the same time, it should have a crisp voice and a metallic feeling. If all these are available, then a good piano will be born.