Paterson recruitment

2. The Times

3.Mainland China

4. Hong Kong

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United States:

All rankings are based on two fulcrums

First of all, the quantitative standards used in ranking are reliable indicators that can reflect academic quality, which are put forward by educational experts.

Secondly, ranking is based on objectively and fairly judging the importance of various factors involved in education.

Of course, in the process of choosing a school, the ranking can only be used as part of the reference. It is also very important to study the intangible value of the school and find out the real needs of the school. A rough survey of senior high school students in the United States shows that they only choose a suitable university list by ranking, rather than making the final decision by ranking, which is very clever. This ranking is conducted in three steps.

1. First, classify universities according to their teaching tasks and regions.

2. Then, according to a total of 16 indicators reflecting the academic level, the information of each school is collected, and various factors are properly considered according to the importance of each indicator.

3. Finally, according to the comprehensive score, the universities of all categories are ranked. The main source of data is American universities, and U.S.NEWS has done a lot of work to ensure the authenticity, accuracy and completeness of information. Footnotes indicate non-current survey data. The adopted classification standard of colleges and universities is adjusted on the basis of Carnegie Foundation for the Promotion of Teaching 1994.

The 228 "national universities" include all undergraduate majors and master's and doctor's degree programs, emphasizing the research work of professors. The "National College of Arts and Sciences" in 162 is almost exclusively for undergraduate education, and at least 40% of all awarded degrees are liberal arts. This year, in order to better serve students who are interested in this kind of school, we will raise the ranking from 40 to 50. The 505 "regional universities" include all undergraduate programs and some master programs, but there are almost no doctoral programs. Like national universities, 428 "Regional College of Arts and Sciences" focuses on undergraduate education. However, it is generally not as critical as national universities, and the degree awarded by liberal arts subjects is less than 40% of all degrees.

Regional universities are further subdivided into North, South, Central and West universities according to their regions. Indicators used to record academic quality can be divided into seven categories: academic reputation, student retention rate, professor resources, freshmen's quality, funding sources, graduates' donations, and (for national universities and colleges of arts and sciences) "graduation rate performance", that is, the gap between the proportion of students who should graduate and the proportion of students who actually graduate. These indicators include "input" standards and performance standards. The former reflects the students, teachers and their funds of a school, while the latter reflects the teaching situation of the college.

Academic reputation

Obviously, if a graduate gets a degree from a famous university, it is easy to find a good job or be admitted to a top graduate program.

Reputation surveys also count the best professors as intangible values of the school, such as professors' contribution to teaching. The reputation of a school is determined by investigating the presidents, provosts and admissions directors of similar institutions. Each school should rate the academic projects of other equivalent schools from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent). If there is not enough school information to make a fair evaluation, it is required to mark it as "unknown".

Student retention rate

The higher the proportion of freshmen who return to school in the second year and eventually graduate, the better the courses and services that this school can provide for students' success. This standard consists of two parts: the six-year graduation rate (80% of the grade) and the freshman retention rate (20% of the grade). Graduation rate refers to the average proportion of students in a graduating class who have obtained their degrees in six years or less. The number of registered classes in the study is between 1990 and 1993. Freshman retention rate refers to the students enrolled between 1995 and 1998.

The average proportion of freshmen returning to school in the second autumn.

Professor resources

Research shows that the more satisfied students are with the professors they meet, the more they learn and the more likely they are to graduate. We use six factors of 1999-2000 school year to evaluate the teaching situation of a school. Class size consists of two parts: one part represents the proportion of classes with less than 20 students (accounting for 30% of the professor resource score), and the other part represents the proportion of classes with more than 50 students (accounting for 10% of the score). Professor's salary (35%) is the average salary of professors in the academic years of 1998-99 and 1999-2000 after corresponding adjustment (using Runzheimer International's index) according to the difference of living expenses in different regions. At the same time, the proportion of professors with the highest academic qualifications (15% of the grade), students' professors (5%) and full-time professors (5%) were investigated.

Freshmen's quality

The academic atmosphere of a school is partly determined by students' abilities and wishes. Therefore, the SAT or ACT scores of freshmen (accounting for 40% of the scoring factors) should be considered when grading. The proportion of freshmen who graduated from the top 10% classes of national educational institutions and the top 25% classes of regional schools (accounting for 35% of the scores); Admission rate, that is, the ratio of the number of admissions to the number of applicants; Enrollment rate, that is, the ratio of actual enrollment to enrollment (10%). The data are taken from the classes that entered the school in autumn of 1999.

sources of fund

If a university spends a lot of money on each student, it means that it can provide various projects and services. What is calculated here is the per capita expenditure on teaching, scientific research, student service and related education in fiscal years 1998 and 1999.

Graduation rate performance

This "value-added" index is used to measure the influence of university projects and policies on students' graduation rate after adjusting education expenditure and students' intelligence factors. This paper investigates the gap between the actual graduation rate and the predicted graduation rate of the classes enrolled in 1993 for six years. The predicted ratio takes into account the scores of standardized tests taken by these students when they enter school as freshmen, as well as the expenditure of the school on students. If the actual graduation rate is higher than the predicted rate, the school's performance will be improved.

Graduate donation

1998 and 1999 school year graduates donated school articles, which indirectly reflected alumni's satisfaction with the school.

In order to get the ranking of a school, first calculate the weighted total score of the school's standard score. Final score adjustment: the school with the highest weighted score is set to 100, and the weighted scores of other schools are converted into the proportion of the highest score. The final score of each school is the integer closest to the actual score, in descending order.

According to the demand of time, the ranking of business and engineering projects is somewhat backward. The ranking of these schools is different from the above-mentioned ranking method in one key respect-they are only evaluated based on the credibility data collected from project managers and senior professors. In addition, only certified projects will participate in the evaluation. There are 338 schools offering undergraduate courses in business. The project is divided into two groups: the school with the highest doctoral degree and the school with the highest bachelor's or master's degree, and each group is ranked separately. The former group has 18 1 schools, while the latter group has 137 schools. Through the investigation of the best projects in various disciplines and majors, five projects with the highest mention rate have emerged.

For graduate schools, American News reevaluates the courses of business schools, education schools, engineering schools, law schools and medical schools every year. The ranking of these five types of graduate schools is based on two kinds of data, one is experts' opinions on the quality of courses, and the other is statistical indicators describing the performance of teachers, scientific research and students in and out of schools. These two kinds of data are based on the survey of 1000 courses and 12000 academic research and vocational training institutions conducted by American News in the autumn of 2000.

This year, the standards of the above five types of institutions are different, but there are similarities and differences. The factors generally considered are the reputation of the school, students' entrance scores, comprehensive rankings and professional rankings. In addition, the ranking of business schools and law schools is also based on the employment rate and starting salary of graduates; Schools of law, medicine, engineering and teaching are also based on the teacher-student ratio; Colleges of medicine, engineering and education also rely on their scientific research activities. In previous years, there was no research edition in the ranking of colleges of education. The ranking of educational research institutes launched this time reflects that American News pays more attention to education and improves the ranking methodology of educational institutes.

So this year, a new ranking was launched. Is the ranking in previous years still valid? On this question, American news answered like this.

"The ranking in previous years contains effective factors, but it should not be compared with this year's data analysis. For the five colleges of business, law, medicine, engineering and teaching, the data processing program will continue to be improved to eliminate errors; Every year, we review the previous statistical surveys to revise our questionnaires, so that the results are closer to the real situation of the school.

It should be mentioned that the ranking based on the same academic reputation changes little every year, so this ranking 3-4 years ago is still valid. Moreover, the investigation of the same academic reputation is naturally a rare reference for choosing a school. "

Patterson College in the United States and Patterson College cooperated with new york Institute of Technology and the University of Upper Iowa in the United States to establish Canadian branches of the above two universities.

Provide bachelor's degrees, master's degree courses, admission notices, diplomas, transcripts, teaching materials, and teacher's degree certificates recognized by American universities or China, the United States, and Canadian governments.

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Times herald:

The earliest ranking of British universities was made by The Times? Time magazine? Published in 1992. Subsequently, many newspapers also published their own rankings of British universities. So far, the following newspapers have published various British university rankings:

Time magazine? Time magazine?

Financial Times? Financial Times?

Daily telegraph? Daily telegraph?

The Guardian? Guardian?

Among them, The Times' ranking of British universities is accepted by most international students in China because of its long history and complete data. From 1992 to 2002, the ranking of British universities was constantly updated and improved, and various indicators emerged one after another. Universities in the 1990s were listed in various rankings. What needs to be known here is that some universities, such as the Open University? Distance higher education universities such as Buckingham University and private universities are not in the ranking. The Times' ranking also excludes Lincoln University and Cranfield University, which are mainly master students.

There are many kinds of rankings, the most common ones are comprehensive ranking and professional ranking, and it is easy to distinguish the difference between them: comprehensive ranking refers to the comprehensive strength of a school, from the perspective of teaching quality, graduate ratio, scientific research level and various hardware facilities. Professional ranking is the strength evaluation of a school's major in British universities. It should be noted that because of its particularity, MBA majors are often not included in the professional rankings but are studied separately by major newspapers, and the evaluation criteria used are different from those of ordinary majors.

Where does the ranking data come from?

Under normal circumstances, major newspapers do not do direct data research, but provide the original data of British official higher education institutions, and then the newspapers analyze and process them themselves, and synthesize a series of data indicators to get the ranking. Some newspapers, such as The Guardian, have established their own special evaluation criteria. The research data are mainly obtained through the following institutions:

British higher education statistical evaluation agency

Higher Education Statistics Department? HESA？ www.hesa.ac.uk

Higher education grants Committee?

Quality assurance agency? QAA？ www.qaa.ac.uk

Office of Education Standards? Ofsted？

Research evaluation exercise? RAE？ www.rae.ac.uk

* * Notes? The Higher Education Grants Committee is the following three independent organizations?

Higher Education Fund Committee of England? Hoefs? www.hefce.ac.uk

Welsh Higher Education Funding Council of www.wfc.ac.uk/hefcw

Scottish Higher Education Funding Council? HEFCS？ www.shefc.ac.uk

Due to the different undergraduate education system in Scotland, a large number of data are only obtained from relevant institutions in Scotland. In some cases, the above-mentioned higher education institutions can't provide some data, so newspapers go directly to colleges and universities to make direct investigations and obtain first-hand information.

It should be noted that although all kinds of raw data are collected and sorted by British official institutions, there is no official university ranking in Britain, which means that the ranking of British universities is not absolute authority, only relative reference, and the influence of data errors and human factors is not ruled out.

How to read rankings

Most people only look at the rankings, not the specific data behind them. As a result, many friends are confused about choosing a school because of its ranking, and some people simply choose the one with high ranking, whether it is comprehensive ranking or professional ranking. At this time, it is not enough to just look at the figures in the rankings. It depends on the specific data listed at the back of the ranking. Due to the limitation of space, I will give you a detailed introduction to the professional ranking analysis of The Times and The Guardian. The ranking of other newspapers is similar to that of The Times, which is easy to understand and can be extrapolated.

First of all, let's take a look at several sets of reference standards given in the 2002 Times Professional Rankings.

TQA

thunder

Advanced level examination

score

TQA is the abbreviation of teaching quality evaluation, that is, education quality evaluation. Out of 24, the higher the score, the better the teaching quality. Scotland's scoring standard is: excellent? Very satisfied? Is hs satisfied? s？ , not satisfied? Are some majors in u English school still in use? . RAE is the abbreviation of Research Assessment Exercise, which is the research level of various institutions. Five out of ten? 5 is reduced to 1. A-Levels is the average score of A-LEVEL entrants in this university. The higher the score, the higher the undergraduate admission standard (out of 30). Score is the comprehensive score of the above scores and the basis for evaluating professional rankings.

It can be seen that professional ranking is not every indicator we want to see. For undergraduate applicants, it is more appropriate to compare the results of TQA and A-LEVELS, because it is mainly aimed at the teaching quality and admission requirements of undergraduate students. For master applicants, it is most appropriate to look at the data of RAE, and the research level can best represent the strength of a master's major in a school. So let's take the Times' ranking of economics majors in 2002 as an example:

When comparing Warwick and Essex, we can find that the most important reason for such a big ranking gap is that Warwick's A-Levels score is 9 points higher than Essex's A-Levels score. In other words, Warwick University has much stricter requirements for undergraduate admission of economics than Essex University. However, this ranking is waste paper for master applicants. There is a simple reason. A-Levels has nothing to do with them, so there is no need to pay attention to this indicator. Under such circumstances, there is basically no need to take this professional ranking seriously to discuss the differences in rankings.

Then let's take a look at the reference standards given by the Guardian Professional Rankings in 2002.

Guardian's teaching score

Teaching evaluation score

Cost of each student's score

Student? Proportion score of employees and number of students

Job prospect score

Reputation score

Value-added score

Guardianship is the total score of ranking and the basis of ranking, so I won't say much here. TAS, like TQA ranked by Time magazine, has a perfect score of 24. The higher the score, the better the quality of education. The average cost per student is the capital investment of the school department. Everyone understands, not much explanation. Student? The ratio of the score of faculty to the number of students is the teacher-student ratio, with a perfect score of 6. The score of employment prospect is the employment rate of students. This indicator is not valid for our overseas students, because the data are all local students in the UK. However, looking at this data, we can judge the professional situation of the school from another angle.

Reputation score is word of mouth. What I'm talking about here is not the reputation of the employer for the school, but the number of students admitted by A-levels. The more people apply for A-levels, the better the reputation of this school. Since the index was put forward, there has been great controversy. Many scholars in British education believe that word of mouth is not suitable for undergraduate enrollment. Friends who want to know more about the debate can find the relevant content on the Guardian's home page.

The added value score has great reference value, which is a bright spot in Guardian ranking and another controversial place in this ranking. This index reflects the improvement of students' personal ability before entering school and after graduation. The higher the score, the greater the improvement of students' ability. 10. This index is undoubtedly very innovative, revealing the teaching situation of a school from another angle. However, because the calculation method of data is relatively novel, many people are skeptical about the score here.

Compared with the ranking of the times? The Guardian has a special evaluation angle and uses different standards, which leads to great differences in their rankings, but there is still a lot of important information for us, which is worth seeing.

Is professional ranking important or comprehensive ranking important?

Many people have asked me that a school has a low comprehensive ranking, but a high professional ranking; Another school, with high comprehensive ranking and low professional ranking, doesn't know how to choose. This situation is not uncommon. Choosing a school is not a trivial matter, it is related to your future. If you choose the wrong one, you can have no regrets. What needs to be explained here is that it depends on the specific significance of the school you choose in the ranking. Personally, I think professional ranking is more important to us than comprehensive ranking. Because the employers in our country are somewhat similar to those in the United States, we attach great importance to the comprehensive reputation and reputation of the school. Years of habits make us mistakenly think that Britain is also such a country, but it is not. In Britain, most people, especially employers, don't care much about your school's reputation and ranking. What they value is your personal achievements and experiences. Even if you graduated from the last school, as long as you get good grades and work hard, you will have equal employment opportunities with those who graduated from other schools.

Speaking of this, many people will ask: I returned to China after my studies, not looking for a job in Britain. Domestic enterprises still value the reputation and reputation of the school. What should I do? This kind of question reminds me of a scene that happened at a talent exchange meeting in China before. An electronic engineering undergraduate who graduated from Sheffield University participated in the recruitment of a company. The employer thought that the school was not well-known and the students' ability was in doubt, so he turned this friend away. But the reality is:

University of Sheffield 2002 Times Comprehensive Ranking 18.

In 2002, the University of Sheffield and London Imperial College London ranked third in electrical and electronic engineering.

That employer may never have dreamed that the electronic engineering of this school has such a high status in Britain. However, this is all in the past. What I want to answer is that with the increasing number of people studying in Britain, the domestic understanding of the British education system and universities is becoming more and more perfect. I believe that wise employers will have a clear understanding of British universities in their own industries, at least not just Cambridge and Oxford.

In addition, schools with high professional rankings and low comprehensive rankings often invest a lot of money in this major to maintain a leading position, which brings great benefits to students of this major. This benefit is self-evident, and everyone knows that I will only waste my breath. Of course, it is best to have a school with a good comprehensive ranking and a good professional ranking. But sometimes there will be such confusion: one of the two schools is a strong professional school, and the comprehensive is ok; The other is a comprehensive strong school with a good major! That is to say, the situation of the two schools is similar. In this case, don't worry about ranking, think more about economic factors? Like tuition and living expenses? By measuring environmental factors and personal hobbies, it is not difficult to get results.

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Calculation principles and methods in Chinese mainland and Hongkong (see link).

Chinese mainland's calculation principles and methods

First, the calculation principle. In order to add up the scores in the index system and calculate the total score of each school, we adopt the principle of ranking item by item and calculating the relative score.

The final score of each school with the highest score is 100, and the final scores of other schools in this item are the relative percentage of their scores divided by the highest score. Each score is calculated one by one according to this principle.

Second, the calculation method.

(1) New quality ranking.

The quality of freshmen is calculated according to the scores of 200 1 freshmen admitted to universities.

Because the scoring methods of college entrance examination in different provinces are different, some provinces use standard scores, and some provinces use original scores, so when ranking, we rank universities in different provinces first, because the scoring standards of candidates in different provinces are unified.

We divide candidates into three categories: literature and history, science and engineering, and other categories. Literature and history include: philosophy, law, economics, history, education, literature and foreign languages; Science and engineering include: science, engineering, medicine, agriculture, management; Other classes.

(1) Provincial Discipline Ranking

The university with the highest average score of single subjects (arts and sciences) in each province is 100, ranking first. The scores of other universities are the relative scores of their average scores and the average scores of the candidates of the first university. The formula is as follows:

(Average score of each college student/average score of the first college candidate) X 100

(2) The comprehensive ranking of provinces is based on the weighted average score of each university and its enrollment, with the highest score of 100, and the scores of other universities are the relative scores obtained by dividing their scores by the highest scores. The formula is as follows:

(3) The national discipline ranking is based on the weighted average of the scores of individual subjects and the number of students enrolled in each province, and the formula is as follows:

(4) The national comprehensive ranking is based on the weighted average score of the national single subject and the national enrollment, and the formula is as follows:

(2) Description of the ranking of scientific research funds

The general principle is to rank the scores of each subject separately, and then adjust and merge the scores of arts and sciences according to the proportion of arts and sciences personnel to the total staff of each school. Among them, when calculating the scores of arts and sciences in colleges and universities, not only the per capita funds but also the total funds are considered. This is based on the following considerations:

1, the universities with the highest per capita funding for arts and sciences research get 100 points, which makes the per capita funding for arts and sciences flat;

2. The university with the highest total funds for arts and sciences scores 100, which can not only further balance the scientific research funds for arts and sciences, but also prevent some small schools with high per capita funds from scoring too high, because the total funds can not only reflect the scientific research strength of the school, but also reflect the possible advantages of the school in multidisciplinary research and group cooperation;

3. When calculating the scientific research achievements of arts and sciences, the weight of per capita achievement and total score is 50%, which is inspired by the weight given by experts to per capita books and total books in subject ranking.

4. Considering the different proportion of scientific researchers in different schools, the proportion of scientific researchers in arts and sciences should be adjusted when calculating the total score of scientific research funds in colleges and universities. This can more objectively reflect the overall level of scientific research in colleges and universities.

To illustrate the above idea, the following are the detailed calculation steps:

1, open the liberal arts funding table and calculate the per capita liberal arts research funding of each university;

2. Rank the per capita research funds of liberal arts in colleges and universities from high to low;

3. Calculate the first place (the highest) of per capita liberal arts funds as 100, and calculate the proportion of per capita funds of other schools in the first place to get the per capita scores of liberal arts researchers in other universities;

4. Rank the total funds of liberal arts in colleges and universities from high to low;

5. Calculate the first place in the total funding as 100, and calculate the total funding scores of liberal arts in other schools;

6. Multiply item "3" (per capita score) of each university by 50%; Plus item "5" (total score) multiplied by 50%, the sum of the two is the score of liberal arts research in colleges and universities (if the highest score is not 100, it needs to be sorted and standardized so that the highest score is 100, and so on).

7. Calculate the scores of scientific research in colleges and universities in the same way;

8. Calculate the total number of liberal arts researchers and researchers in colleges and universities;

9. Calculate the proportion of scientific research personnel in arts and sciences to the total number of scientific research personnel in colleges and universities;

10, the scientific research results of liberal arts are multiplied by the proportion of liberal arts personnel in each school, and the scientific research results are multiplied by the proportion of scientific research personnel to get the total score of scientific research funds in each school.

1 1, the total score of colleges and universities, the highest score is 100, and the rest are the highest percentage of schools.

(c) About the book calculation under "material resources".

The book item also uses both the average number of books per student and the total number of books, each accounting for 50%, and then takes the average. This is because a large number of books can provide students with more and wider opportunities to use books, which is very important for students, because students don't just read a certain book.

(4) About the calculation of "academic achievement" score.

This year, the "academic achievement" scores of all schools have abandoned the practice of simply adding up in previous years and then calculating the relative scores in order. Instead, it is calculated separately according to science and technology and humanities and social sciences, and the per capita index is adopted. The specific method is as follows:

The first step is to divide the secondary indicators under academic achievements into "science and technology" and "humanities and social sciences", and classify SCI, EI, ISTP and CSTP as science and technology; SSCI, A&HCI and China Social Science Citation Database are classified as humanities and social sciences.

The second step is to calculate the scores of two grades in each school:

Score of scientific and technological achievements = SCI * SCI weight +EI * EI weight +ISTP * ISTP weight +CSTP * CSTP weight

Humanities and social sciences score = SSCI * SSCI weight+A&; HCI * A&HCI Weight+Number of Papers Collected in China Social Science Citation Database * Weight of China Social Science Citation Database.

The third step is to calculate the per capita scores of the two grades of each school:

Per capita scientific and technological achievement score = scientific and technological achievement score/number of scientific and technological personnel in our school

Per capita humanities and social sciences score = humanities and social sciences score/number of humanities and social sciences students in our school.

The fourth step is to sort the results of the above third step respectively, and get the relative scores of scientific and technological achievements and humanities and social sciences achievements of each school respectively.

Step 5, sum the results of step 4 according to the proportion of the two types of people to the total number of researchers, and get the total score of "academic achievements" of each school:

Total score of academic achievements = (total score of scientific and technological achievements * total number of scientific and technological personnel/researchers in our school+total score of achievements in humanities and social sciences * researchers in humanities and social sciences in our school)/total number of researchers in our school.

The sixth step is to sort the results of the fifth step and calculate the relative scores of each school, which is the final score of each school's academic performance.

This method can solve the problem that science and technology cannot be compared with humanities and social sciences, and more objectively reflect the position of academic achievements of different types of schools in the comprehensive sequence.

(5) The number of students is calculated according to the number of full-time undergraduates. Universities with medical schools do not include non-teaching staff in affiliated hospitals when calculating the number of teachers.

(6) Calculation of "teacher-student ratio". Considering that some schools have a particularly high teacher-student ratio because of insufficient students, when calculating this score, the highest value is 1 1. That is, if the teacher-student ratio exceeds 1 1, it will be calculated as 1 1.

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Hong kong:

/item04/0410/file/(d)% 20Appendix% 20i.pdf.