Textual research on water transport personnel in northern song dynasty

The prosperity of water transport in the Northern Song Dynasty is well known in history. No matter its transportation scale or the scope of recruitment, it far exceeds that of the previous generation. Among them, the annual water transport volume in the southeast of China alone exceeds 6 million stones. In such a large-scale perennial grain transportation industry in the Northern Song Dynasty, there are a group of special escorts who directly supervise and manage grain transportation and play an important role in maintaining normal grain transportation. At present, there is no special literature on the composition, treatment and practical role of these people. This paper intends to make a brief discussion on the relevant aspects of personnel in the Northern Song Dynasty, hoping to correct the shortcomings. In the large-scale water transportation in ancient China, the waterway was long and dangerous because of the huge amount of goods, many people and ships. In order to ensure the normal operation of water transportation and the safety of ships, it is necessary and very important to supervise and manage the labor of sailors and boatmen. Therefore, feudal rulers organized a group of guards to undertake the above tasks in water transportation. Before the Tang Dynasty, this situation was not clear because of the lack of information. After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, there were records of poor and rich families escorting. If there is any loss during transportation, the supercargo will be responsible for compensation. In Tang Daizong, Ada, who was in charge of Jianghuai waterway transportation at that time, took measures to strengthen management in view of the poor management of waterway transportation, especially the poor supervision of transport operators, that is, ten waterway ships were grouped into a group, called Class One, and a escort ship was sent for supervision. The previous method of sending civilian households as guards was cancelled, and salt and profit were used to recruit people to be officials and undertake escort tasks. That is, the origin of water transport contract in Song Dynasty. The Northern Song Dynasty followed the outline law of the Tang Dynasty and still took the outline as the basic unit of water transport management, so water transport was also called outline transport. In the early Song Dynasty, ten ships were the key link, and all the way was guarded. However, due to collusion between shippers and shippers, Li Punai, who is in charge of southeast water transport, has been one of the three shippers of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu for nine years, so as to supervise each other more closely. Since then, 30 ships have become basic customization. The responsibility and role of the person in charge of the Northern Song Dynasty is to supervise and manage the people and ships of this class, so that they can complete the transportation volume on time and be responsible for their safety. If there is a mistake, it is only a question, the so-called sum and owe, but the main class can be filled in. At the same time, the Northern Song government gave them the power to restrain and punish boatmen for taking water. Relevant laws and regulations clearly stipulate that those who refuse to obey supervision can be decided by their arresting officers, special assistants and a small staff member. According to the provisions of the grain transportation meeting, the soldiers of each class violated the oath, with personnel 100; Those who stab and violate the jurisdiction officer will be fined one year, and those who curse will be punished for two years. Those who beat people will be awarded second-class merit and 500 Li. If the husband breaks the law, he will be fined one hundred sticks, and if he scolds him, he will be fined one year. It can be seen that its function and nature are similar to those of modern supervisors and foremen. It is under the direct supervision of the detainees that thousands of workers are engaged in extremely heavy boat pulling work. The personnel in charge of water transportation in the Northern Song Dynasty are quite complicated, one after another, but they are mainly composed of the following four categories: 1. A person who serves in front of the yamen; 2. Low-level Wu Zhi generals-generals, generals, envoys, temple attendants, etc. 3. Outgoing officials, people who failed the civil service exam, etc. 4. Recruit local families. Officials in charge of water transport in the early Song Dynasty were mainly former officials. When they arrived, Wu's Z subordinate came.

Soldiers often go bankrupt because of this. The so-called people's suffering is not more important than that of Li Zheng, and there are even records of remarriage, abandonment of land and abandonment of people in order to avoid official positions. For the Song Dynasty, taking the township government as the key link can save a special expenditure and be safer and more reliable. If there are losses, the government will compensate. According to the regulations, the former yamen officers have been detained for three periods, and their crimes have not been committed, so they will be supplemented by three army generals. Therefore, they and military generals are often collectively referred to as former officers. After the unification of Song Dynasty, the pawn system in Southeast China still existed, but the problems caused by private pawn became more and more serious. The so-called Jinghu, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Huainan States have chosen people who are respected by the people. People give gifts, but people can't find boat people, and people lose everything to pay the bill. In the sixth year of rejuvenating the country, Song Ting ordered the headquarters to stop disturbing the people. The letter said that General Ya was a junior general of Wu Zhi, including a military general, not serving the people. It can be seen that from the sixth year of Taiping Xingguo, the use of long-distance water transport service users was restricted in the Northern Song Dynasty. However, two years later, Song Taizong once again admitted that people had material resources to expel their troops, and the Ministry paid money, silk and food to welcome them to Beijing. Such people are stubborn and evil in the countryside, in charge of boatmen, sailors and soldiers. Can they be caught? Seven or eight out of ten people steal officials and do illegal things, and they still owe a discount. However, it is meaningless to ask the master to fill in the outline, and family bankruptcy is also common. For this reason, I once again sent a letter to reiterate that from now on, the ships of Jinghu Kingdom will be ordered by Sanlian, and the number of joint sales will be allocated to military commanders according to the Jianghuai example, while Jianghuai, Zhezhong and Zhou Zhe will not be allocated to large families according to the above letter. Judging from the above quotations, in the water transport of Bianhe and Dongnanliu Road, the Central Committee of the Song Dynasty expressly stipulated that officials and civilians were not allowed to be detained, but in some places, the phenomenon of poor households serving as army generals still existed. Due to the lack of detailed records, it is still difficult to fully understand the overall situation of the generals. It is generally believed that generals and generals are junior officers and have no taste. As mentioned earlier, a former official can be appointed as an army general after a certain period of time to encourage him. But in fact, there is another kind of military general. A speech in the ninth year of Taiping's rejuvenation of the country said that the generals in the south of the Yangtze River were all poor tax generals. In the sixth year of the Holy Spirit, the Song government exempted Xiongzhou and Rong from becoming former generals. Obviously, the generals mentioned in these two materials will not be junior officers, but may be officers. Another example: In Song Renzong, Zhou Shu transported salt, and the mouth of the bay was a salt warehouse. He came to serve in the temple. The third division sent the escort procedure to the next place, and the Li Zhengjun Army handed over the scheme. Here, the generals are clearly divided into two categories: the generals of the Third Division and General Li Zhengjun. The former is undoubtedly a professional army officer, while the latter is obviously not in Wuzhi. In short, the imperial decree of rejuvenating the country in the eighth year of Taiping stipulated that officials and civilians would no longer be used in the main channel, but junior officers with special expertise, such as generals and generals of the third division. Since then, the main duty of these officers is to swear the outline, and their original military significance has disappeared. Their subordinate relationship is also in the third division, and the shipping department accounts for Li. Its promotion is also the promotion of navigation administration departments and other water horses.

In addition to organizing the above-mentioned full-time officials, the Northern Song Dynasty also encouraged officials who left their posts and returned to Beijing to participate in the appointment of temporary officials when local officials changed. Shortly after the demise of Shu, he unexpectedly ordered his abdication and escorted him back to Beijing. At the same time, he was rewarded, and there was no way but to lower it, giving him a first-class merit. However, this form accounts for a small proportion in the syllabus and is generally voluntary rather than compulsory. For example, according to the imperial edict of Song Zhenzong Dazhong Xiangfu for eight years, Ding You, the county magistrate of Guangnan and Xichuan Jingchao, resigned, willing to help with transportation, and gave him a job certificate. In other words, when you are in prison, you should be given convenient transportation. In the second year of the Jubilee, it was stipulated in the imperial edict that the replacement officers of the national army who participated in the pledge plan should not leave their posts without leave or find another way to prevent the plan from failing. During Zai Feng's political reform, the Song Dynasty ordered the recruitment of more officials to replace them. In view of the fact that excessive compensation leads to fewer fund-raisers, Wang Anshi suggested that fund-raisers should be equipped with boats and Qiang Bing and dispatched in time; Give generous subsidies to high-risk groups who escort money and silk. In the Western Five Years, Ning and Jin were arrested in Jiangxi, and the local authorities responded by raising money from the official department to Beijing, and the expenses were reduced by ten times, five times and six times. When we arrived in Fuyuan, Song Zhezong, the ship administration said: If there are no officers to be selected and brought to Beijing, we will send envoys, envoys, loan officers, generals and military commanders to take care of them, indicating that this method is difficult to implement at this time. It should be pointed out that the participation of officials in the form of pledge mainly exists in the transportation of a large amount of money and silk. In water transport, restraining water transport and managing ships are obviously much stronger than civilian households, so they replaced civilian households in service. But in the long transportation process, it is impossible to completely avoid natural loss and man-made theft. In case of loss, the supercargo shall pay a certain share according to the regulations, or extend the exploration period, or pay the service fee until the penalty is added. Therefore, it is not uncommon to be punished, which is reflected in the note novels of the Song Dynasty. For example, Feng Jing's father, a bureaucrat, bought a concubine and asked her where she came from, saying that his father had an official position and thought it was a compensation scheme for the lack of traffic in the outline. Another example: Mrs. Wang Anshi once bought an Shi a concubine, and she was also the wife of an army general who lost his fortune transporting rice. Please listen to her complaint: my husband is an army general, but she lost her boat while delivering rice. Her family didn't have enough capital, so she sold a concubine to make up for it. Therefore, evasion of pledge is very common. For example, the last drama of the Yuan Dynasty, Ship Administration, said that the person in charge of the class often left without permission. Therefore, the shortage of pledges has become a rather serious problem. In Song Huizong, in order to fill the vacancy of the new class, we have to recruit local people to solve it. When Daguan was in power in the first year, it was said that the generals from all the stations had been shipped out. When no one sent it at the end of the year, they made a special move. But when the generals are not enough, they should be transported, transported, transported and sent to Susenji, and natives or former officials should be recruited according to the viceroy law. In the second year of Zheng He, Shangshu Province said: The pledge program is no less than that of former officials and soldiers. In addition to envoys and generals, Xu also used third-rate natives, who had the financial resources to take charge. In the fifth year of Zheng He, Hu Xianke, a member of the ancestral hall, further requested to recruit natives as a guarantee in various road transportation plans. At the same time, the provisions on compensation and punishment have been relaxed. Therefore, recruitment

After the promulgation and abolition of the Native Oath Law, the following provisions were made for the selection of oath takers: first, the ambassadors and a captain were awarded together; Never participated in the Ministry or participated in the second captain of the Ministry; The second non-state plan supplementary grant is paid to those who have not participated in the work of the Ministry; Second civil and military officials; Second time as a lieutenant. During the Northern Song Dynasty, except for temporary part-time jobs such as replacing retired officials, other officials, General Wu Zhi and recruited natives were full-time escorts, and both generals and recruits were engaged in this business. Judging from the changes in the composition of the Royal Guards in the Northern Song Dynasty, it has generally experienced such a trend: from servants to employment, from serving civilian families to professional generals. As far as the treatment of officials in the Northern Song Dynasty is concerned, rural households, while undertaking compulsory service, also got some benefits from the feudal government, such as being employed as official posts through voluntary labor for a certain period of time; You can get paid for seminars and the like. Ambassadors, generals and recruited natives were all specially appointed guards in the Song Dynasty. In addition to being paid, they are also eligible to climb through the escort program, and they can also get other benefits. For example, during the escort program, they can smuggle personal belongings and enjoy certain tax-free privileges. The so-called Bianhe class ships carry commercial goods to Beijing for a long time, and they are not allowed to travel along the way. In fact, they often get huge profits and wages by deducting workers, and even occupy and steal water supply. For example, Zhao Yongchang, the general of the three armed forces, is vicious and supervises Jiangnan, most of which are stolen goods. Despite severe punishment and laws, this phenomenon has not disappeared. By the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a phenomenon that disciples bought thousands of stone boats themselves, loaded official goods and took private goods for themselves. But generally speaking, in the Northern Song Dynasty, escort agencies did more harm than good to most escort agencies, so they have always been regarded as a class that stressed hardships and feared Taoism. To sum up, pawnbrokers were the direct supervisors and managers of water transport in the Northern Song Dynasty, and their composition gradually changed from servants in the early Song Dynasty to professional military attaché s and recruiters. The captors were driven and oppressed by feudal rulers who supervised and enslaved laborers.