Problems encountered in literary writing

Literature is a big concept, involving many aspects of related historical research, as well as the creation of literary works. What people usually call "literature" is generally just literature and art. Literature has its own history, so it is not easy to use this concept, but it is ultimately reflected in literary works. Literature is everywhere around us, but people don't pay attention to it. When children are young, they first learn to speak, then learn to write, and begin to write essays. Later, only a few of them can become writers.

Literary works are manifestations of literary development, although they largely reflect the characteristics of the times. Literature is not a profound thing. Just like after accepting popular culture, I don’t think it is anything more special. In the eyes of many people, engaging in literature is very human. In fact, literati are also involved in life. The difference is that literati think about life, summarize life, Reflect life. When facing real life, not every literati fights constantly like Lu Xun. In contrast, people who simply adapt to life still lack the spirit of pioneering. As for some hypocritical people, they are everywhere in life. Pseudo-literati also exist. I personally think that true scholars are "shameful" in their hearts.

People’s lives are inseparable from literature. From advertising slogans to small commodity labels, lines in dramas, movies, and pop songs all contain literary content. Today I saw an advertisement saying “West Lake Mattress, Hardened by Thousands of Strengths” ". I started learning Chinese characters in elementary school. Many of the Chinese characters I learned at that time were only superficial. Chinese characters are broad and profound. They are accompanied by thousands of years of Chinese history. Seriously exploring the mysteries of characters is what the Chinese people should do seriously. . Ancient Chinese literature is very splendid. Poems and songs have been passed down to this day. Many people understand this, but they may not really read it carefully. Ancient Chinese thoughts do not have a clear context like those in the West, but these thoughts Many of them are contained in ancient literary works, such as "you can't do anything you can't do", "don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself", "if you can't do it, you can't do it", etc. In fact, the Chinese people who understand ancient literature There are not many, and the only cultural tradition left is "classical Chinese". Studying literary history is an important part of literary study. We do not lack ability but lack system. Ancient literature is the culture of the Chinese nation. Only by understanding the traditional culture of the nation can we more effectively improve the quality of the whole people.

Literature is also limited by life. To create literature, you must first work hard on words and be knowledgeable. Only works written by the author with heart are literature. It must be emphasized that literature has spirit. Literature without spirit is not literature. Literature contains beauty and cultural heritage. Many people may simply think that literary creation is novels, scripts, reviews, essays, etc., things related to words. This is from the perspective of readers. From the perspective of literary creation itself, it is the literati’s experience of life. A recombination of feelings and logical thinking, there is truth and beauty in it. Real works embody the author's hard work. Luyao's works give many people real feelings and touches. That is because the author uses his pen to reflect reality. Life, this life is not far away from us, and the efforts behind the works are the author's personal experience of life.

In my opinion, literature is a kind of creation, just like the inventions and creations of scientists. Not only that, the beautiful feeling and life understanding it brings to people are many conscious things that material inventions do not have. Many people also believe that writing articles is not a difficult task. If you write regularly, you will write well. Literary creation is not a game of words. Of course, literary forms are diverse. People’s cultural foundation and life experience have an impact on the works. The impact is great. From the reader's point of view, the reader's knowledge structure and understanding level also limit the reader's ability to understand the work. There are also many literary works that reflect the history of a period and may be very long, which requires the reader to persist in reading. Go down, I believe there must be something you need inside.

I am not opposed to literati maintaining their own individuality, so that literary works can be diverse. I also think literati should constantly innovate expressions and forms. While authors spread culture, they must also let people appreciate their works, but from the perspective of creation, Mechanically, I do not think that people who publish more books and buy more books are excellent literati. Commercial works are actually commodities, plagiarized and repetitive, and have no spirituality. This is obvious. The works of many well-known writers are enduring and generally not very productive. Good things can stand the test, such as Qian Zhongshu's "The Besieged City" and Yu Dafu's prose.

Although literature is a huge thing, it still has to be done by people. While emphasizing the level of creation, we also need to be qualified readers and audiences. There are often friends who say what books to read. I don’t understand, what kind of movies don’t I like to watch? The so-called “elegant art” is still popular in society. In addition to personal preferences, it also involves the ability to understand, and the influence of the environment. The novel contains the author’s thoughts, and many people don’t I'm willing to use my brain, so I can't see it. Many movies today are also about literary works. If the director changes the formula, many people's thinking will not be able to keep up. This is caused by the lack of progress in thinking as readers. As I said, literature is also culture, and culture has no boundaries. Just watching your attitude towards it.

Nan Normal University School of Liberal Arts Ancient Literature 2006 Test Questions

Literature History Test Questions

Explanation of a term

Articles on Su Li's Poetry in Sao Style The writing style of Spring and Autumn Poems of the Slender Immortal on the Cold Island in the Suburbs of Siyou.

The originator of Huajian, the Four Great Wonders of the Ming Dynasty, Linchuan Collection, Qingqing Gong'an School's Seventy Chapters of Water Margin

Two Discussions

1 The artistic characteristics of Zuo Zhuan

2 The characteristics of Du Fu's narrative poems

3 The artistic characteristics of "The Peony Pavilion"

4 Analysis of Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu in "A Dream of Red Mansions" Characters such as Xue Baochai

Reading and commenting on ancient literary works

Translating a handful of sentences into vernacular

1 The king is no different from the people who love the king. It is easy to make a big thing out of a small thing, and the enemy will know it badly. Mencius's "The Chapter of Qi Huan and Jin Wen"

2 Xin Qiji... patted the railings all over... intending to ascend

3 The only inspector of studies was in charge of his years in Zhushengwei Examination, then all students will be deposed, sick, and have internal and external difficulties, all of them will be tested. Ai Nanying's "Preface"

4 Gu Wei is like an ant, but he seeks his own nest. Hu is a big whale, and he often imitates Yan Mingbo. Du Fu's "Five Hundred Characters of Ode to Huai"

5 The ancient gentleman was very serious about his duties to himself, and he was very gentle in his treatment of others. The emphasis is on Zhou, so don’t be lazy. If you make an appointment lightly, it is good to make friends happy.

Fill in the blanks with two famous sentences

1 ———— You are light

2 "Mrs. Xiang" The emperor's son descended to Beizhu, his eyes were dim and he was worried. .

————

3 Is the countryside going to be barren? —— ——

4 The water level of the lake in August is filled with empty connotations. Fill in the last sentence of Taiqing poetry

5 —— —— Who says that the heart of an inch of grass can repay three rays of spring

6 How many leisure and sorrows are there————Plum Huang Shiyu

7————Whose courtyard is the most pleasing thing

8 Biyuntian————"The Romance of the West Chamber" 》

Three simple answers

1 "Xian Gao" to ride on Wei Xian, "what is the purpose of rewarding the master with twelve oxen"? What custom does "Yicheng Wei Xian" reflect?

2 Zuo Si's "Ode to History" "The pines at the bottom of the gloomy stream, the seedlings on Lili Mountain..." What does it express and what social phenomenon it reflects at that time?

3 Liu Zongyuan's "Ascent of Liuzhou City..." .》"The tall buildings in the city meet the wilderness, and the sea and sky are filled with sorrow and thoughts." Background? Why do you have this feeling?

4 Yu Qian's "Song of Lime" Doesn't matter if one's body is broken into pieces or does one not care if one's body is broken into pieces? Explain your reasons using poetic meter?

5 "Huang Sheng Borrowed Books" "The owner of Suiyuan..." Who is the owner of Suiyuan? What are the seven strategies? Who is Siku?

Four critical articles

1 Wu Jiaji's "Quequatrains" "Baitou Zaohu...."

2 The second paragraph of Qian Daxin's "Yu Yu"

Reading and commenting on the works of the 2005 Nanjing Normal University Ancient Literature Major Preliminary Examination Paper

1. Translation

The concubines of Hanyang, Chu Shizhi;

The first big question: Translate the following

1. Those who use millet to change machines are not trained by hard work. "Mencius. "Xu Xingzhang, a person who spoke of Shen Nong"

2. All those given baths have long tassels, and the banquets are not short and brown. Du Fu's "Five Hundred Characters of Ode to Huai"

3. Yu Zi tied up his hair and was in the study hall, Gui Youguang's "Xiang Ji Xuan Zhi"

4. The so-called wealthy people have been since the age of If there is only one thorn in Fula, it will not go away for years. Zongchen's "Book of Reporting to Liu Yizhang"

5. Crossing the road to avoid him, because he violated the Lu book and was held by the horse in front. Pu Songling's "Xi Fang"

6. Those who are afraid of hanging melons will hang on them, and those who are afraid of wells will not eat them. Wang Can's "Ode to Climbing the Tower"

7. To keep the four monarchs away from each other and to sparse scholars without using them is to deprive the country of wealth and profit, and Qin does not have a strong reputation. Li Si's "Book of Remonstrance and Chasing Guests"

8. Hu Yu stayed at his home, surrounded by Xiao Ran, but his wife and slaves all felt contented. Su Shi's "The Biography of Fang Shanzi"

Second, fill in the blanks with famous sentences

__Now I come to think about it, the rain and snow are falling;__The peanut trees are mixed, and the orioles are flying around;__For whom? Flow down Xiaoxiang; read the red medicine by the bridge _; the peaks and mountains are like gathering, the waves are like anger, _;

Three, short answer

1 Xiang Yu's chronicle, Farewell My Concubine reflects Xiang Yu's character ;

2 Nostalgia and empty chanting, what allusions are used in the flute;

3 Yang Wanli, the boat is far away from the sand on the bank of Hongze River, and people are not happy when they arrive at the Huaihe River; why should Sanggan be far away?

To the north of Zhongliu is Tianya. Why are you unhappy?

4 What does Gu Yanwu’s poem say about Zhang Jiying.

Four. Discussion

1. Lu Xun said that Tao Yuanming was great because he was not quiet. This should be understood based on his works;

2. Li Qingzhao’s line drawings should be analyzed based on his works;

p>

Fifth, 400 words each for review writing

1. Water fairy, bricklayer, what words.

2. Don’t sing "Song of Everlasting Sorrow" back then. There is also a Milky Way in the world.

When couples say goodbye in Shihao Village, there are more tears than in the Palace of Eternal Life.

Yuan Mei's "Mawei"

2005 Nan Normal University Ancient Literature, Chinese Literature and Culture Major Preliminary Exam Paper

Chinese Literary History

1, Glossary (14 *5)

1 The public’s resentment; 2 Taishi Gongshu; 3 The poem is sentimental and graceful; 4 The remaining clouds disperse into silk, and the Chengjiang River is as quiet as practice;

5 Three The unity of teaching; 6 Jiao Han Dao Shou; 7 The four Sumen bachelors; 8 Qingkong; 9 Muslim Ci;

10 The four great masters of Yuanqu; 11 The four-toned ape; 12 Jingling sect; 13 Li Zhunao; 14 Red Learning

Second, discussion (4*20)

1. What do you think of the ideological characteristics of "Zhuangzi".

2. What do you think of Du Fu’s melancholy style of poetry?

3. What are the artistic characteristics of "Yi An Ti".

4. What do you think of the artistic features of "The Scholars"?

2004 Nanjing Normal University Ancient Literature Major Preliminary Exam Paper

History of Chinese Literature

1. Explanation of terminology (5 points for each question, totaling 70 points)

History of Chinese Literature

p>

1 Ode to Fengya 2 Bianwen 3 Jian'an Literature 4 Novels of Gods and Demons

5 New Yuefu 6 Rebirth 7 Yucaotang Four Dreams 8 Tang and Song Schools

9 Yanghu Literary School 10 Cheng Yiben 11 May all the loving people in the world become dependents

12 Bow down and thank Xuancheng for the rest of my life 13 Style School 14 Juren

Two, explanation (20 points for each question, Total 80 points)

1. How to evaluate the ideological significance of "Li Sao"?

2. Compare the similarities and differences between Wang Wei and Meng Haoran’s poems.

3. Liu Xizai's "Art Overview. Poetry and Music Overview" says: "Dongpo's poetry is quite similar to Lao Du's poetry, because it has no intention and nothing can be said. If it is bold and unrestrained, it is consistent with Taibai is close. "Talk about your views based on the works.

4. How do you evaluate Li Yang’s love in "The Palace of Eternal Life"?

2004 Nanjing Normal University Ancient Literature Major Preliminary Exam Paper

History of Chinese Literature

1. Explanation of terminology (5 points for each question, totaling 70 points)

History of Chinese Literature

p>

1 Ode to Fengya 2 Bianwen 3 Jian'an Literature 4 Novels of Gods and Demons

5 New Yuefu 6 Rebirth 7 Yucaotang Four Dreams 8 Tang and Song Schools

9 Yanghu Literary School 10 Cheng Yiben 11 May all the loving people in the world become dependents

12 Bow down and thank Xuancheng for the rest of my life 13 Style School 14 Juren

Two, explanation (20 points for each question, Total 80 points)

1. How to evaluate the ideological significance of "Li Sao"?

2. Compare the similarities and differences between Wang Wei and Meng Haoran’s poems.

3. Liu Xizai's "Art Overview. Poetry and Music Overview" says: "Dongpo's poetry is quite similar to Lao Du's poetry, because it has no intention and nothing can be said. If it is bold and unrestrained, it is consistent with Taibai is close. "Talk about your views based on the works.

4. How do you evaluate Li Yang’s love in "The Palace of Eternal Life"?

2004 Ancient Literature Professional Works Reading and Commentary Test Paper

1. Explain the following highlighted words (2 points for each question, ***20 points)

1. Self-imposed and poor at the age of three. ("Wei Feng. Meng")

2. Lead the soldiers to disperse and gather hundreds of people. (Jia Yi's "On Passing the Qin Dynasty")

3. Six cars raised flying dust, and the pavilion was dark at noon. (Li Bai's "Ancient Style")

4. May I ask what is this? They are called ministers. (Bai Juyi's "Light Fatty")

5. Return in faith. ("Biography of Li Wa" by Bai Xingjian)

6. Alas, the chaos of the eunuchs, the gentry who can not change their ambitions, how many people in the world are there? (Zhang Pu's "Unmanned Tombstone")

7. There is Chief Feng outside the east gate of Jining Mansion, and Ding You is at home. (Feng Menglong's "Shen Xiaoxia's Meeting as a Teacher")

8. The spirit of Qianqiu is refreshing, and the sky is strong and the people are heroic.

(Li Yu's "Qing Zhongpu")

9. When he saw it, he asked: "Mr. Lang, go well!", the gentleman replied: "I need it less, and it will be here soon." (Quanzuwang "Yangqu" "Mr. Fu's Brief History")

10. Even if you are overpowered by powerful officials, those who are ambitious should also use their strengths. (Pu Songling's "Xi Fangping")

Second, fill in the blanks (each question is 3 points, ***25 points)

1. I ordered Xihe to remove the knot and look at the concubine. Don't be pushy. , .

2. The remaining clouds disperse into Qi, . (Xie Tiao's "Climbing Three Mountains at Night to Look at the Capital City")

3, , ; Actions are accomplished by thinking, and destroyed by following. (Han Yu's "Jin Xue Jie")

4. Fortunately, Chenjiang circled Chenshan Mountain. (Qin Guan's "Traveling on the Shasha")

5. Don't be happy with things, don't be sad with yourself, , , If you are far away from the rivers and lakes, you will worry about your king. (Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower")

3. Explain the allusions in the following sentences (***15 points)

1. Below is a poem about peony and the beauty of a beautiful woman. (Jiang Yan's "Farewell")

2. Yang Yi did not meet him, so he supported Ling Yun and felt sorry for himself. (Wang Bo's "Preface to Prince Teng's Pavilion")

3. It's a pity that I sit down at the front table in the middle of the night and don't ask about the people or the ghosts and gods. (Li Shangyin's "Jia Sheng")

4. Don't say that the bass is worthy of being praised. When the west wind blows, the season eagle returns? (Xin Qiji's "Shuilongyin. Dengjiankang Shangxin Pavilion"

5. You put that piece of Yang Guan off lightly. (Ma Zhiyuan's "Han Palace Autumn")

Four, brief Answer the following questions (***20 points)

1. In "Zhuangzi. The Master of Health Preservation", Hui Jun said: "I heard the words of the cook Ding, how can I maintain health." May I ask King Hui of Liang what he said? What kind of health-preserving method did the reader experience?

2. Cao Zhi’s "Luo Shen Fu" is also known as "Gan Zhen Fu". Do you believe in the theory of Gan Zhen?

3. Meng Haoran's "Advancing Prime Minister Zhang to Dongting Lake": "If you want to save money without a boat, you will be ashamed of the sage." What does the author mean by these two sentences?

4. Liu Chenweng's "Liu Shao" "Green. A Sense of Spring": "The music is playing on the flute and the drums are played on the street, not the sound of singing." What scene do these three sentences describe?

Five, for the following two poems? Comment on the works, each review should be no less than 400 words (80 points)

1. "Jingwei" by Gu Yanwu

If everything is unfair, why should you suffer for yourself? An inch of my body will hold a tree in my hand until the end of time. I wish that my body and mind will not change. There will be no peace in the sea, and there will be no peace in my heart. Oh, you will see that there are many birds carrying trees in the west, and the swallows will come and go to form their own nests. /p>

2. Gong Zizhen's "Miscellaneous Poems of Ji Hai" No. 130

Tao Qian resembles Wolong Hao, the eternally tall pines and chrysanthemums in Xunyang. The poet Mo Xin is actually plain, half Liang Fu and one half arrogant. /p>

2003 Nanjing Normal University Ancient Literature Major Preliminary Exam Questions Commentary and Writing on Ancient Literary Works

1. Explain the highlighted words in the following sentences (2 points*10)

1. Peel dates in August and harvest rice in October ("Youfeng. July")

2. When Minister Zheng Mu visited the guest house, he tied up his troops and prepared his horses ("Qin and Jin Dynasties"). "The Battle of Food")

3. The left and right are treated by the king, and the food is provided with grass utensils ("Feng Xuanke Mengchangjun")

4. Those who live in Wu'an are intrusive in appearance and very expensive in life. ("Biography of Marquis Wu An of Wei")

5. Abandoned China again and devoted himself to Jingman (Wang Can's "Seven Sorrows")

6. Chu Jingge. Xu Feng, the new yang changes to the old yin (Xie Lingyun's "Climbing the Pool and Going Up the Tower")

7. The iron clothes have been guarding for a long time, and the jade tendons should cry after separation. (Gao Shi's "Yan Ge Xing")

8. I swear to remove the laurel crown, and feel that my Taoist wisdom is endless (Cen Shen's "Ascending Ci'en Temple with Gao Shiji")

9. The hair on the temples is half fresh, and the corolla is not neat. Come down to the hall. (Bai Juyi's "Song of Everlasting Sorrow")

10. He likes arithmetic, especially the officials of tomorrow.

(Zhang Binglin's "The Biography of Xu Xilin")

2. Explain the origin (1 point) and meaning (3 points) of the following allusions (4*10)

1. Zhou Gong Tu Preserved meat, the world returns to its heart. (Cao Cao's "Dan Ge Xing")

2. Don't eat melons if they are afraid of hanging on them, and don't eat them if they are afraid of falling in wells. (Wang Can's "Ode to Climbing the Tower")

3. The clear water spreads across the Panjiang River, and the clouds pour over the land and the sea. (Wang Bo's "Preface to Prince Teng's Pavilion")

4. Cicadas sing in the Western Land, and guests in the Southern Crown think of invasion. ("Song of Cicadas in Prison" by Luo Binwang)

5. Nostalgic and empty, I recited the flute poems, and when I went to the countryside to read them, I felt like a bad person. (Liu Yuxi's "Gifts in Reward for Lottery")

6. The business girl does not know the hatred of the country's subjugation, but she still sings the flowers in the backyard across the river. (Du Mu's "Bo Qinhuai")

7. Zifang's unparalleled talent was not the result of Yi Taigong's plan, but specifically the plan of Jing Ke and Nie Zheng. (Su Shi's "Liu Hou Lun")

8. It is Zhang Suiyang's teeth and Yan Changshan's tongue. (Wen Tianxiang's "Song of Righteousness")

9. He used his hand to kill the old enemy Changle. (Kong Shangren's "The Peach Blossom Fan")

10. How to prosper the day of Jinou, but it is similar to the coin scheme of Jinzhen. (Zhang Weiping's "Sanyuanli")

3. Short answer questions (questions 1-8 are 3 points each, question 9 is 6 points, ***30 points)

1. "Youfeng. In "July", what do "the first day" and "the second day" refer to?

2. "When you hear that the jade gate is still covered, you should throw your life into a light chariot." (Li Qi's "Ancient Military Journey") What does "light chariot" mean here?

3. "When you go to the well and look up and breathe" (Li Bai's "The Road to Shu" is difficult), what do the words "shen" and "well" refer to?

4. "The five mountains are all worshiped by the Three Gongs" (Han Yu's "The Road to Shu") "Visiting Hengyue Temple"), please explain this sentence.

5, "The body is now dressed in clothes, discussing etiquette and justice, and fulfilling the aspirations of the Wuchang. "Following the subtle purpose of a hundred actions". (Li Chaowei's "Liu Yi Biography"), what is the Wuchang?

6, "Fu Qiu." "The executioner is also the yin at the time" (Ouyang Xiu's "Ode to Autumn Sound"), why is it said that autumn is the executioner?

7. (Cui Ning) "I asked for a house in Tanzhou City and put out a sign. , it says 'walking in the life of Cui Daizhao and grinding jade'", what is the meaning of the word "walking in"?

8, "will get white deer, belong to Wen Chang Zuo Biao, on the table, Yongling happiness. " (Yuan Hongdao's "The Long Biography of Xu Wen")

What does the term "Yongling" refer to?

9. Write the term "Liangzhou Ci. The Yellow River is far above the white clouds" by Wang Zhihuan

Fourth, comment on the following two works, each review should be no less than 400 words

1 Zhang Ji's "Autumn Thoughts"

Luoyang. Seeing the autumn wind in the city, I want to write a book with great meaning.

I am afraid that I can’t finish it in a hurry. Travelers are approaching Kaifeng.

2 "The Tomb of King Yue'e" by Zhao Mengfu. >

The grass is scattered on the tomb of the King of E, and the rocks and beasts are in danger in the autumn.

The monarchs and ministers crossing the south are neglecting the country, and the elders in the Central Plains are looking at the flags.

How can it be that the hero is dead? , the world is divided and divided.

Don’t sing this song to the West Lake. The scenery of the water and the mountains is so sad.

2003 Nan Normal University Ancient Literature Major Preliminary Examination Questions on the History of Chinese Literature

1. Explanation (each question is 5 points, ***50 points)

1 Three Biography of Spring and Autumn Period 2 Yongming Style 3 Master Yiduo is Your Master 4 Mengchuang Ci

5 Running Paper 6 The Decline of the Eight Dynasties of Literature 7 The Four-Sound Ape 8 The Second Place

9 The Public Security School 10 Cheng Yiben

Second, short answer (each question is divided into 25 points and 100 points)

9 p>

1. What do you think of the artistic achievements and influence of "The Book of Songs"?

2. Give examples of Li Bai's bold and elegant poetic style.

3. How do you evaluate the characters in "The West Chamber"?

4. What do you think of the artistic achievements of "The Scholars"?

2003 Ancient Literature Postgraduate Examination Questions

Subject: Ancient Literature Topics

1. Read the following review articles and deepen one or two of the arguments (50 )

"Chang'an Ancient Meaning", together with Luo Binwang's "Imperial Capital Chapter", Liu Xiyi's "The White-headed Man of Dai Bei", and Li Qiao's "Fen Yin Xing", highlight the role of early Tang poetry in transforming palace style poetry. efforts and the new realm reached. The production of "Spring River Flower Moonlight Night" by Zhang Ruoxu (660?-720?) can be said to be the pinnacle of this transformation movement

This poem embodies the opposition between the eternal world and the short life, and is truly pure. The opposition between love and melancholy separation, the opposition between ruthlessness and affection. The poet stared at this magical and immortal universe in amazement, and sang with great sensitivity and sentimentality about the sorrow of farewell in the world. It originated from the palace style of the Southern Dynasties and greatly surpassed the palace style, thus paving the way for countless beautiful lyric poems after the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

2. Read the following materials and talk about your views on the love between Li and Yang in "The Palace of Eternal Life" (50)

At the same time as the theme discussion, how do academic circles evaluate Li in this issue? , Yang Ai'ai and Hong Sheng's descriptions of this once again aroused controversy. In terms of opinion, there are mainly two opinions: affirmative and negative. However, unlike in the 1950s and 1960s, when negative opinions were the main focus, the current academic circle is in a situation where two armies are confronting each other.

(1) "Negative theory"

In the 1950s and 1960s, the love of Li and Yang was only based on the reason that "there cannot be sincere love between emperors and concubines" It is different to deny it. Those who hold negative opinions in this issue have many changes in their focus. Roughly speaking, there are three views, namely the "vulgar taste" theory, the "congenital deficiency" theory and the "excessive emotion" theory.

Zhang Peiheng's "Chronicle of Hong Sheng." "Foreword" focuses on "vulgar taste":

When Hong Sheng portrayed the love between Li and Yang, he also showed an obvious vulgar taste. The attitude of playing with women in the relationship between Emperor Ming of the Tang Dynasty and Concubine Yang (see "Spring Sleep", "The Shocking Change", etc.) is also completely described with appreciation. In other words, he exaggerated Tang Minghuang's attitude towards Concubine Yang as an expression of "love", which further exposed the essence of the "love" he praised. It is precisely for this reason that both the "love" of Li and Yang itself and the praise of Li and Yang's love are feudal.

Dong Mikan also believes: "Li Longji has no true love for Yang Yuhuan. Like Concubine Mei, she is only a tool for him to relieve his lust... Yang Yuhuan's love for Li Longji is not The sincerity of sentimentalism is just that he is an emperor and has supreme political power." Zhou Ming also disapproved of Li and Yang's love: "Emperor Ming's love for Concubine Yang is, in the final analysis, his enjoyment and obsession with female sex. , "Spring Sleep" and "Peeping in the Bath" show it most clearly. "As for Concubine Yang, she was just the winner in the struggle for favor among the three thousand beauties in the harem." "The so-called Concubine Yang's love for Emperor Ming. In the final analysis, it is just her fight for and defense of status." And "it is this lust for love between men and women that leads to tragedy." Therefore, "The Palace of Eternal Life" actually shows the following content around "love": "The addiction of love, the harm of love, the stubbornness of love, and the disillusionment of love. Hong Sheng believed that the lust of the imperial concubine was an 'evil obstacle' ("Love" "Regret") is the source of all sin and pain, and therefore should be reduced to disillusionment."

Unlike the above three schools, which mainly focus on the "vulgar taste" in Li and Yang's love and deny it, Wang Yongjian also believes that. "In their pursuit of love, they are all mixed with despicable intentions," but at the same time pointed out: "The relationship between Li and Yang is based on the suffering of the people and the misfortune of the 'three thousand beauties in the harem'." "Therefore, "As the concubines of feudal emperors, Li and Yang's 'hairpin box love' must be 'extravagant and poor'." "It cannot be compared with Zhang Sheng and Yingying's 'lovers finally get married', Du Liniang and Liu Mengmei's 'life and death are love affairs', and Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu's 'marriage between wood and stone'".

Unlike the above three schools, which mainly focus on the "vulgar taste" in Li and Yang's love and deny it, although Wang Yongjian also believes that "their pursuit of love is mixed with despicable intentions", but At the same time, it was pointed out: "The relationship between Li and Yang is based on the suffering of the people and the misfortune of the 'three thousand beauties in the harem'." Therefore, "Li and Yang, who are feudal emperors and concubines, their 'hairpin box' Love is bound to be "extravagant and poor." "It cannot be compared with Zhang Sheng and Yingying's 'lovers finally get married', Du Liniang and Liu Mengmei's 'love of life and death' and Jia Baoyu and Lin Daiyu's 'marriage of wood and stone'.

Wu Guoqin also He believes that "The Palace of Eternal Life" is "an outstanding historical drama, but a poor love drama" and "the love description of the drama itself fails miserably." "This is first of all because of the immoral elements and elements in the traditional Li and Yang story. The factors that bring disaster to the country and the people have caused serious obstacles to people's appreciation of Li and Yang's love. "Secondly, Li and Yang's love itself "does not have the characteristics of innocence", but Hong Sheng "wants to praise the single-mindedness and innocence of Li and Yang's love in the second half, which is inevitably shooting himself in the foot." . Thirdly, "Li and Yang's love does not possess the 'sublime' aesthetic qualities of classical tragedy", and "how much beauty can there be in placing the ideal of pure love on a pair of imperial concubines who have betrayed the country?" ”

Obviously, Wang and Wu focused more on the “congenital shortcomings” of the love between emperors and concubines, and therefore denied the description of love in the play.

Deng Xingqi It is believed that the failure of Li and Yang's love description mainly lies in Hong Sheng's "proposing a purely subjective concept of 'emotion'":

The reason why Guo Ziyi and Lei Haiqing are loyal is that "the general "From love"; the reason why Yang Guozhong and An Lushan died was that they both had "ruthless ears". The ruthless ones finally destroyed the thieves and restored the country, and became benevolent by killing themselves; the ruthless ones finally "rejoiced in sorrow" and were ruined. In the cases of Li Longji and Yang Yuhuan It contains both factors. It has the aspect of "true feelings" and the aspect of "expressing feelings and emotions", which is not professional and true... Obviously, it is the reason that determines people's political stance and the rise and fall of the country. , the idea that it is entirely attributed to the role of personal will and emotion is not only philosophically absurd, but also politically it is tantamount to promoting a kind of "extreme love" that determines loyalty to the feudal dynasty. At this point, Hong Sheng. The "emotion" mentioned has different political content from the anti-reason sentiment advocated by his predecessor Tang Xianzu. Especially starting from this concept of "emotion", Hong Sheng further proposed the so-called "emotional regret". "The thought is even more harmful and absurd.

Focusing on Hong Sheng's "purely subjective concept of 'emotion'" is actually the negative impact of the "pan-emotional view" on his description of love. The aforementioned theories are quite different in interest.

(2) "Affirmation" theory

Different from the academic circles in the 1950s and 1960s that mainly emphasized the sincerity and single-mindedness of Li and Yang's love, this issue insists on this. Those who "affirm" almost all point out that the love descriptions of Li and Yang in "The Palace of Eternal Life" express the author's progressive ideals of love, but they differ in their perspectives.

Hong Sheng's "The Palace of Eternal Life". ．In Examples, it was said: "The Prime Minister of Tangcun called Yushi the drama "The Peony Pavilion". "With this in mind, many scholars in this issue tried to grasp and understand the love between Li and Yang in "The Palace of Eternal Life" by comparing the "emotions" of the two dramas.

The earliest from this perspective The person who explained it was Liu Hui. In his article "Hong Sheng and the Palace of Eternal Life", he believed: "The kind of sincere love eulogized by Hong Sheng was a force against the feudal patriarchal system that restricted people's love in the late feudal society of our country. The impact is the continuation and development of "The Peony Pavilion". "In the article "Love and the Tragedy of the Times", Liu further pointed out:

In terms of the pursuit of eternal love in life and death, "The Palace of Eternal Life" can be compared with "The Peony Pavilion". This kind of life The pursuit of persistent love through life and death reflects the progressive ideals of that era and the spirit of the times. In other words, the love between Li and Yang in "The Palace of Eternal Life" bursts out the sparks of the ideals of the times. In the late feudal society, Neo-Confucianism. The era of rule was even more valuable. The aesthetic value of Li and Yang's love is first reflected here.

Zhao Shanlin also believes: "The 'emotion' in "The Palace of Eternal Life" and the 'emotion' in "The Peony Pavilion" are completely consistent in that they contain democratic elements." The "love" in "Palace" is the inheritance of the "love" in "The Peony Pavilion":

Tang Xianzu's "The Peony Pavilion" clearly expresses the "emotion against reason" through Du Liniang's pursuit of love. "Great power. Hong Sheng's "The Palace of Eternal Life" also enthusiastically eulogizes the "true love" of "touching the world with gold and stone" through Yang Yuhuan's pursuit of love. The characters in the two dramas are different, and the expression of "love" is different. …But on the basic point of including democratic elements, the two are completely consistent. "The Peony Pavilion" certainly impacted the dominance of feudal Neo-Confucianism, and "The Palace of Eternal Life" was not an impact on feudal Neo-Confucianism! The most important thing in feudal Neo-Confucianism is the "Three Cardinal Guidelines and the Five Constant Rules", that is, "the king is the guideline for the ministers, the father is the guideline for the son, and the husband is the guideline for the wife." However, in "The Palace of Eternal Life", Yang Yuhuan, as a "minister" and "wife", is guided by As "king" and "husband", Li Longji demanded equality, single-mindedness and undying love, and he actually got his wish. Obviously, this is a tortuous reflection of women's demands for liberation in the feudal era.

Huang Tianji's article "On Hong Sheng's "Eternal Life Palace"" focuses on the special identity of Li and Yang's love and the specific environment in which they live. He believes that polygamy and polygamy in marriage relationships in the feudal era Under the special circumstances of palace life, Yang Yuhuan's jealousy and exclusive favor are essentially asking her husband to be devoted in love, which is of course reasonable. "Hong Sheng sympathized with Yang Yuhuan's situation and her jealousy, which reflected his views on the marriage relationship in the feudal era. He hoped to see the couple's exclusive love...Hong Sheng looked at the fate of women under the polygamy system and proposed The ideal of single-minded love and sincerity, which is impossible to achieve but conforms to the direction of historical development, is undoubtedly a manifestation of democratic thought and a tortuous reflection of women's demands for liberation in the feudal era."

Do it yourself. , then read the book to find the answer, remember to tell it^^

I hope it can help you~ It doesn’t matter if you add points or not, I wish you success~