The Background and Influence of Imperial Examination Reform in Past Dynasties

Before Qin Dynasty, the system of "Shi Qing Shi Lu" was implemented, and then the system of military titles was gradually introduced. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, the emperor enfeoffed the world. The world is ruled by emperors, princes, ministers and scholars. Inherited by blood. There are guests and diners in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.

In the Han dynasty. Promote non-governmental talents. At that time, the procuratorial system and the collection system were adopted. The former is recommended by local governments at all levels to have both ability and political integrity. Those elected by the state are called Jinshi, and those elected by the county are called dutiful sons.

In Wei Wendi, Chen Qun founded Jiupin Zhongzheng. Folk talents were assessed by specific officials according to their origins and moral character, and were divided into Jiupin recruits. This system was used in the Jin and Six Dynasties. Jiupin Zhongzheng is an improvement on the Tea Bureau, mainly changing the Tea Bureau from a local official to an appointed official.

However, during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the gentry was powerful, which often affected Chiang Kai-shek's talent assessment of officials. Later, the standard was even limited to family background. So there is a phenomenon of "no poverty in the top grade and no gentry in the bottom grade". It not only blocked the acquisition of materials from the people, but also allowed the gentry to control the acquisition of materials from the court.

The palace examination part of the imperial examination system is a scholar-taking system, presided over by the emperor himself, and talents are recruited in the form of subject examinations. Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, officials have been selected from the children of senior officials in various places. Children of powerful people, regardless of merits and demerits, can be officials. Many people who come from humble origins but have real talents and practical knowledge cannot go to Beijing and other places to serve as senior officials.

Positive impact:

(1) Politics: The imperial examination system improved the employment system and gave talented scholars the opportunity to serve in governments at all levels.

(2) Education and social atmosphere: The imperial examination system promoted the development of education, and the atmosphere of scholars studying hard prevailed.

(3) Literature and art: The imperial examination system also promoted the development of culture and art, and Jinshi paid attention to the examination of poetry and fu, which was of great benefit to the prosperity of Tang poetry.

Negative effects:

The later imperial examination system made Confucianism a tool for rulers to enslave their subjects; The bureaucratic ranks have grown, but the talents engaged in scientific and technological research are relatively weak.

According to Mr. Qian Mu's research on China's ancient political system: "If a good system can last forever, it will stifle politics." With the development of the imperial examination system, especially in feudal society, the imperial examination system will also have some negative effects.

China's scientific research system has also exerted an indelible influence on European and American countries. Ni, an adjunct professor and historian at Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology Language and Culture Institute, said that as early as 65,438,000 years ago, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the pioneer of China's democratic revolution, appeared-now almost all countries' systems are based on Britain.

Tracing back to the source, the British examination system was originally derived from Chinese studies. What Sun Yat-sen said is well-founded, not hypothetical.

/kloc-in the 4th century, Europeans in China introduced and recommended in detail China's mode of selecting talents through the imperial examination. Among them, the British people are most interested in this. "At that time, British academics and enlightened officials urged to emulate China's civil servants, equal opportunities and public examinations.

1853, the British royal family appointed two Sir Charles Traian and Sir Stanford Northcott to be responsible for the reform of the British civil service system and the drafting of the plan. After that, they submitted a report to Parliament on the establishment of a permanent civil service system in Britain. The main point of the report is to suggest that China's imperial examination system should be studied and implemented, and officials should be recruited through open and competitive examinations. "

Extended data:

Date of abolition of the imperial examination system:

1September 2, 905, Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zhidong called for the suspension of the imperial examination in order to promote learning and apply it. Since 1906, when the imperial edict was issued by the Qing court, all provincial examinations for age-related subjects were stopped, and the provost quickly issued various textbooks.

Since 1906, the Qing court issued an imperial edict to stop all township examinations, and provincial examinations also stopped. The ministers of the Ministry of Housing quickly distributed all kinds of textbooks and instructed the governors to raise funds, and the prefectures and counties quickly set up Mongolian primary schools in the township.

190 1 After the implementation of the "New Deal" by the Qing court in September, government officials from all over the country invited them to review the imperial examination reform and restore economic specialties. 1June, 903, Zhang Zhidong and Yuan Shikai called for the imperial examination.1June, 904, the Qing court officially approved the surrender.

Because the imperial examination is the seat of Li Lu, people are eager for it, and it is difficult to develop new schools. Therefore, Yuan Shikai and Zhang Zhidong, who were authorized by the Qing court, combined educating people and selecting talents with schools. At this point, China's imperial examination system, which lasted for more than 1300 years, was finally abolished, and the imperial examination was completely separated from school education.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Imperial Examination System