Did the Westernization Movement want to establish a capitalist system in China?

After the two Opium Wars, the ruling class of the Qing government called it "westernization" and "die-hards" on how to solve a series of internal and external division problems. The Westernization School advocates using the advanced western production technology and powerful and abundant soldiers to get out of trouble, while using the development of capitalist industry and commerce means maintaining the gap between feudal rule. 19 from 1960s to 1990s, the westernized "Man Zi" reform movement "Westernization Sports Technology" was launched all over the country.

On the memorials of 1860 and 12, it is said that the current aid and transportation to foreign forces can reduce anxiety and temporarily establish future foreign language learning skills, but it also receives permanent benefits. In the following year, he made full use of the above viewpoint and advocated buying foreign naval guns, finding a skilled craftsman, practicing first and then trying, and building them himself. But in a year or two, they will become the official things for ships in China, and then you can eliminate obesity (Taiping Army), twist (Twist Army), diligence and foresight. This is the most important task to save time ("Zeng Gonggong Plan") 1862 Li went to Shanghai to help train foreign artillery foreign invaders and let the foreign artillery bureau. In his view, the Qing Dynasty often failed to win several times against foreign enemies, not because of the abuse of foreign guns and other weapons, "China is peaceful, but foreign enemies are insufficient". , management attention, and finally achieve autonomy ("Li Wenzhong Public Rights Book" Liao Pengzhu, Volume 3). Li Yixin studied who made foreign naval guns, and decided to take this study as the first item to commemorate national self-reliance, self-reliance training and cultivate friendship controllers. "I can constantly strive for self-improvement and be at peace with each other" and "Gubei" organized the whole story of barbarians.

Wholeheartedly, I believe that as long as the feudal system is combined with some advanced western technologies, people can be suppressed for a long time, self-reliance and feudal rule can be stabilized, and westernized organizations can be supported by power.

Japanese die-hards, a scholar, sang "The Road to the Founding of the People's Republic of China", but they still failed and cheated. In people's minds, is the root "spokesperson" of art as loyal as armor, and falls down to "resist foreign aggression"? They criticized the west for learning advanced production technology, saying that "Chen is very high and upright", but "honesty is a loyal armor, which is not conducive to the self-improvement of reality". In the past 30 years, foreign court officials have only blocked bad checks and exchanged lead. "The navy and air force attacked each other, and the struggle with the die-hards was fierce. The westernization movement in yamen was to promote a central organization. However, it was not the main force of westernization in the central government of the Qing Dynasty, and the real power was in the hands of local and provincial governors. Cixi understood that in the difficult situation, to maintain the ruling position of the Qing Dynasty, we must rely on strength and be appreciated by foreign invaders for westernization. Therefore, she temporarily supported the westernization strategy.

Central and local representatives

At the center of power, the recently established minister of yamen affairs, Prince Gong, became the representative of the westernization of central power.

Most local representatives are related to Zeng Guofan:

New (1833 rpm 1898), Aisingiorro. The sixth son of Daoguang, the half-brother of Xianfeng, was called King Gong in 185 1 (the first year of Xianfeng). 1In September, 860, the British and French allied forces captured by Emperor Xianfeng fled to Jehol at Baliqiao in Tongzhou, so they stayed in the "Governor's Parliament" in Beijing wholeheartedly. 10/0/On October 24th and 25th, I wholeheartedly exchanged the ratification documents of Tianjin Treaty with the representatives of Britain and France and signed the Beijing Treaty. 1 year 10/month 186 1 year, with one heart set up the Prime Minister's Office, which was ordered by Gui Liang and Wen Xiang. In August, Emperor Xianfeng died in Jehol. 165438+ 10, CreditEase colluded with Cixi, used the chartered troops stationed near Beijing to win over Paul, launched a coup, and removed the rule of eight ministers whose core was to praise Xiang Fu. Since then, the Wang Yixin government has been in charge of the military department and the Prime Minister's yamen. Foreign soldiers who wholeheartedly advocated "helping to suppress" the revolution of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom; He supported Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, leftist and modern military industries to carry out the Westernization Movement, and became a figure headed by Dong Zhongshu in the Qing Dynasty. 1865, due to the suspicion of Cixi, the government was dismissed in Wang Wenzhang. The Sino-French War 1884 was removed from all posts. 1894, he was appointed minister of yamen and ordered to supervise military affairs. /kloc-died in 0/898 and began the Reform Movement of 1898.

Zeng (Anqing Ordnance) (1811-1872), a native of Xiangxiang, Hunan, was born in a landlord family. 1838 exam, 1839 lang. He advocates Taoism. 1853, Emperor Xianfeng appointed him as the deputy minister's militia, and the armed militia supervised the owners in Hunan. He established the landlords, generals and soldiers to arm Hunan in an all-round way, that is, the so-called "Xiang Army" or "Xiang Yong" was in Hunan, which was linked with feudalism and integrated with Neo-Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties. Armed robbery had the highest morale. The generals chose the so-called "Su Ru", "health workers" and other landlords and intellectuals. 1854, the amphibious force of excel in Hunan was about 17000.

After the collapse of the Jiangnan camp, the Qing government promoted Zeng Guofan, the governor of the two rivers, to take charge of military affairs in Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui and Jiangxi provinces. He once advocated that "you should think twice about arresting people and kill them quickly." The executioner who kills people without blinking an eye is called a "barber". He believes in westernization, establishing a new arms industry, making weapons and arming the army. 1864, the Taiping rebellion failed. The military line headed by Zeng has become the biggest advantage of local schools. 1870 was investigated and dealt with by the governor of Zhili, Tianjin, for a long time, and he surrendered himself and betrayed the country, killing people and arousing public anger. Before long, he died.

Li Hongzhang (1823 to 190 1) was a minister of the Qing Dynasty and a local representative of the Westernization School. Word Shao Quan, from Hefei, Anhui, Daoguang Jinshi. 1853, the militia of the member government helped suppress the Taiping rebels, and they were defeated repeatedly, taking refuge in Zeng Guofan as their staff. 186 1 year, the army of Anhui province was established and formed. 1862, Li and his Huai army moved to Shanghai. On April 25th, Li was appointed as the governor of Jiangsu on behalf of the Qing government. In Shanghai, Li Huai hired foreign invaders, trained leaders, recruited foreign craftsmen and weapons, and strengthened the reactionary forces in the Huaihe River basin. 1862, the Huai army was often slaughtered in Jiangsu and Taiping, Zhejiang. 1865, the Qing government sent Li Ren, governor of the two rivers. In the following year 165438+ October, he was appointed as an imperial envoy to suppress the nian army. After the suppression of the Nian Army uprising, the Huai Army became stronger and stronger, and a large number of Huai troops occupied the Yangtze River valley, and the Huai Army was stationed in Zhili and another part of Shandong. Li's troops are all over the Yangtze River and the Yellow River. 1870, at Zeng Guofan's suggestion, Ceng Li was appointed Governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang, in charge of military affairs, economy and diplomacy, and became a pivotal figure in the reactionary ruling class. In the 1970s, he gradually opened an arsenal and established the Beiyang Navy. At the same time, he also carried out some civilian industries, such as China Merchants, Kaiping Coal Mine, Tianjin Telegraph, Tianjin-Hebei Railway and Shanghai Textile Layout. He always gives in to foreign aggression, surrenders and betrays the country. From the 1970s in 65438 to his death, he directly participated in or signed most of the treaties signed by the Qing government with foreign invaders. For example, Britain, Yantai Treaty, Sino-French New Testament, treaty of shimonoseki, Xin Chou Treaty, etc. In 1990s, he visited * * * 35,000 rubles twice, paid huge bribes to Russia, and signed China's territorial sovereignty, Sino-Russian Secret Treaty and Luda with Russia. Lease agreement. "He is one of the biggest traitors in the modern history of China.

Zuo (18 12 to 1885) was a minister of the Qing Dynasty and a local representative of the Westernization School. The word season is high, Hunan Xiangyin people. 1860, it was suggested that the commander-in-chief put forward some troops of about 5000 people to form "Chu", which was left in the form of Hunan Province. At the beginning of 1862, after recommendation, he was promoted to the governor of Zhejiang, and organized the "Chang Jie Army" with the French Communist Party to besiege Ningbo Taiwan, Shaoxing and other places. Fuzhou, founded in 1866, is the governor of Fujian and Zhejiang. The following year, he was transferred to the governor of Shaanxi and Gansu. "Although the body and heart of the West are still in the East." During the period of Governor Shaanxi but Gansu, Lanzhou Manufacturing Bureau had to do this because the northwest was rich in wool and also served as Lanzhou Weaving Bureau. From 65438 to 0875, he served as an imperial minister, supervising Xinjiang military affairs. The following year, his troops went to Xinjiang to attack Agubo's reactionary regime. 1878, in addition to restoring the whole territory, Yili, Xinjiang proposed to establish and develop Xinjiang. 188 1 l finance minister, transferred to the governor of liangjiang. 1884 during the sino-French war, the military affairs governor of Fujian was the main war faction. Retired due to illness and died the following year. He founded Fuzhou and abolished foreign workers 70 years later, which is different from the situation that Li Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau "non-Western foreign craftsmen can't do it". Does it reflect that he has some ideas? Self-reliance in westernization.

Zhang Zhidong (1837- 1909) was born in Nanpi, Zhili, Xiang Tao. /kloc-harvested Jinshi in 0/863, 1882 served as governor of Shanxi, bachelor of political science, Hubei native, Sichuan native, bachelor of political science, academic assistant. After the outbreak of the Sino-French War, Zhang advocated a decisive battle by law. After the Qing government awarded the viceroy, Zhang Wei rewarded 3,200 illegally donated generals Liu Yongfu, wrote a letter and appointed the former prefect Feng Zicai as Guangxi. Feng Zicai was in the south of the town, Lang Er defeated the French army, and Zhang Zhidong became famous. 1889 served as governor, established Hubei Weaving Bureau, Hanyang Iron Works and Hanyang Arsenal in Hubei, and became a famous politician in Li Xihua. In the Reform Movement of 1898, Zhang said: "Strong learning". When he learned that Empress Dowager Cixi opposed the political reform, Zhang withdrew from the "Strong Society". And ordered the ban on "strong science and technology" in Shanghai to suppress the reform movement in Hunan. After the rise of the Boxer Rebellion, Zhang advocated restraining pain. After the Qing court declared war by decree, Governor Jiang Liu Kunyi Zhang and others cooperated with Britain to formulate the so-called "Southeast Asia Mutual Assistance" regulations. 1908, Zhang was ordered to supervise the death of Hubei-Han Railway and Chuanhan Railway, and the following year 10 years old. "Wen Xiang" and "Zhang Wenxiang Gonggong Project Demonstration Series".

In the early days of the Westernization Movement, under the banner of "self-reliance" in Westernization, a number of modern military industries were established by using advanced western production technologies.

186 1 year, its founder, Zeng Anqing ordnance institute, hired China craftsmen and western imitation guns, which was the first modern military industry in China. From 1862, it took three years to successfully develop the first steamer "Yellow Swan" brand in China.

In the later period of the Westernization Movement, the funds of the Westernization School were used to solve the difficulties in military industry, fuel and transportation, and some civilian industries were set up under the banner of "affluence".

Anqing ammunition

186 1 year, Zeng Guofan founded the first western-style military weapons industry in Anqing, producing modern weapons and military industries, but also imitating westernization. Mainly manufacturing bullets, gunpowder, blasting guns, etc. "Inner" means that the inner ordnance belongs to Anqing Army. 1864, Nanjing fell in Qing Dynasty, and the factory was moved to Nanjing Jinling Machinery Manufacturing Bureau in Anqing and renamed.

Jiangnan manufacturing bureau

Also known as Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, it was founded by Li Hongzhang in Shanghai on 1865. /kloc-moved from Hongkou District to Gaochang Temple in 0/867, and later expanded into the largest military industry of the Qing government. Planting technology mainly depends on foreign machinery and equipment, in addition to manufacturing guns and ammunition, but also manufacturing machines and shipbuilding. 1905, some independent shipyards were called "Jiangnan Shipyard" and some arsenals were called Manufacturing Bureau. Later, it was renamed Jiangnan Shipyard and Shanghai Arsenal respectively. Fuzhou

Fuzhou Ministry of Land and Resources, the most well-equipped modern shipyard operated by the Qing government. 1866 was founded by Zuo in Fuzhou. Foreigners employed as technicians. Mainly composed of Tieshi, Qiaoxi and School, it was seriously damaged in the Mawei naval battle in 1884. Despite the economic recovery, it was renamed the Naval Shipyard around the 19 1 1 revolution in.

Hanyang iron works

1In the spring of 889, Zhang Zhidong, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, planned an ironmaking plant in Guangzhou. In the same year, he was transferred to the governor, and Hanyang Iron Works moved with him. 1890 The construction work under Dabie Mountain started with the basic completion of 1893 Hanyang Iron Works, with six manufacturers, four small factories and two blast furnaces. From 1894 to 1895, we enjoyed more funds from organizing the government 10582. 1894- 1896 During the Sino-Japanese War of 1896, the Qing government became the "Ministry of Commerce" on 1896 because it could not raise funds. On the eve of the revolution, Hanyang Iron Works had about 3,000 workers a year and produced 70,000 tons of steel. During the Anti-Japanese War in Hanyang Iron Works, some equipment set by the Kuomintang government was transferred to Chongqing Dadukou Iron and Steel Works. All the people recovered after liberation.

Referred to as "China Merchants Steamship". The first shipping company was established in China. 1872 (eleven years of Tongzhi) Li merchant organization. Established in 1873+0. Yantai branches established by the authorities are located in Shanghai, Hankou, Tianjin, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Hong Kong, Yokohama, Kobe, Luzon and Singapore. 1885 (11th year of Guangxu reign of Qing Dynasty) Ministry of Commerce. 1909 (Xuantongyuannian) is under the jurisdiction of the state-owned postal department. 19 12, the business office was renamed as China Merchants Steamship Company, and later renamed as China Merchants Steamship Co., Ltd., which was used for the business office. 1932, the Kuomintang government was owned by the state, and the state was renamed China Merchants Bureau, which was subordinate to the Ministry of Communications. During his stay in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, the General Administration will stay in Hongkong and move back to Chongqing. Moved back to Shanghai after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War. 1947 * * owns 460 ships with 33 million tons. China Merchants Steamship Co., Ltd. was established on 1948. 195 1 changed its name to China People's Steamship Corporation, formerly known as Hongkong Shouyan. China China Merchants International (Holdings) Co., Ltd. was established on 1985. ..

Tianjin machine building bureau

From 65438 to 0872, Li Kai worked in Shanghai Shipping Merchants Bureau, which was the first modern shipping company in China and the earliest private westernization enterprise in China. It was set up to buy three boats. The United States bought Qichang Shipping Company on 1877, with more than 30 ships, forming a powerful merchant fleet.

The modern China navy warship "Chen Nan"

The most powerful Beiyang navy. 1888, beiyang fleet was formally established, with 25 warships and more than 4,000 officers and men. General Ding was the prefect from Huaihe River Navy. At the same time, the two naval bases of Arthur and Weihai Port were completed, and the whole north announced the completion of the coastal defense system. Li proudly said: the momentum of the "Beiyang Navy" has been very strong ... until it was stationed in Bohai Sea, Liaoning Province, the assistance should be elsewhere, supplemented by the fortress stationed by the army, which was not enough to defend Gyeonggi Province. "

In order to meet the needs of the Westernization Movement, the Westernization School also held new schools such as Shi Jing Wentong Museum and Fuzhou Ship Administration School to train translators, military personnel and technical personnel. Another song sent students to study several batches at home and abroad.

Wentong Pavilion was established.

China has been engaged in translation for a long time in history, but it was in the late period of 1862 that the Qing government was established in Jingwentong Museum. The Qing government signed the treaty of nanking, Tianjin Treaty and Beijing Treaty with foreign countries, telling anyone that even if the invaders were deceived, they could not find China people who knew foreign languages.

186 1, set up a foreign language school, language trainers and diplomats wholeheartedly. 1862 In August, Tongzhi's "Shi Jing Wentong Pavilion" was officially approved. Students learn the languages of China, mainly foreign languages. British foreign teachers include Boden, French Moslin, Billy, Russian Berlin, American Ding Weiliang, Flair and Harrington. Ding Weiliang is the chief instructor of 1869 and has supervised the Senate for 30 years. Hurd served as the Ombudsman and the actual controller of the financial and personnel rights of the Secretary-General.

What Wentong has done is to gradually open the British Museum, the Russian Museum, the German Museum and the Northeast Asia (Japan) Museum as regular schools. Banners are only for children under 13 and 14, and Manchu students aged 15-25. Manchu also enrolls students of any age. It can be divided into two types: first, during the first three years from 65438 to 0876, students of foreign languages and astronomy, chemistry, surveying and other disciplines studied for 8 years, and an old China student translated astronomy, chemistry, geodesy and other disciplines for 5 years. Additional mathematics, chemistry, national laws, medical physiology, astronomy, physics, history, geography and other foreign countries. The maximum number of students is 120. Most graduates like Fu Zheng's translators, diplomats and other diplomats. Along with printing, translation also includes India's "state", physics and chemistry, literature and history books and other laws. 1902 wentong museum merged into Shi Jing university hall.

The results and causes of the impact

Capitalist countries, such as the Westernization Movement, which was banned for more than 30 years, sabotaged the Westernization Movement through various channels.

Westernization school advocates "middle school as the body, western learning for use", hoping to maintain feudal rule with advanced technology, and the reform does not touch the feudal system.

Later that day, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression proved that the Westernization Movement did not make China rich. However, it introduced modern science and technology from some western capitalist countries, trained a number of scientific and technical personnel and skilled workers, objectively stimulated the development of capitalism in China and the expansion of foreign economic forces, and also played a certain role in resisting it. Westernization Movement

The evaluation of Westernization's initial establishment of modern industry is a comparison between "peace" and "foreign enemies". The former reflects the domestic class contradiction, while the latter reflects the contradiction between the Qing rulers and foreign invaders. However, in the Second Opium War, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, who were already very decadent, often had to rely on western powers to suppress the people in order to maintain their crumbling regime. Therefore, the result of the practice of Westernization Movement is bound to deny "foreign enemies". If the Westernization Movement is a kind of reform, then it can only be the direction of semi-colonial "reform". Facts have proved that all major countries are willing to support the westernization of Office. Li Huai said that he was sure to win when he met a "mainland thief" and a foreign attack. Ding Richang, a westernized heavyweight, said that his naval gun "can pacify internal bandits and resist foreign aggression". In the past 30 years, the Westernization Movement did not make China rich, but the slogans of "self-reliance" and "getting rich" made the first generation of military government in China rich.

Westernization subjectively does not want capitalism to appear in China. Even in the civil industry, when its founders repeatedly said that the founders of similar enterprises did not allow private capitalist production to play a certain role in hindering. However, due to the westernization of the feudal system in China, the introduction of a new productive force, advanced science and technology in the West, which is incompatible with the feudal relations of production, will inevitably accelerate the disintegration of the feudal relations of production objectively, thus stimulating the state-owned capitalist production in China. Is this the subjective will transfer of westernization? In order to solve this problem, the westernization civil industry adopts the way of "government business department" and "official business organization" to attract private capital. This "institution" is a part of state capitalism. Since the 1970s, more bureaucrats, landlords, businessmen and modern civilian industries have made direct investments. Eventually, China has a batch of somewhat advanced production capacity, which has promoted the emergence of national capitalism and bourgeoisie, and expanded the ranks of the proletariat.

Coupled with westernization, the incomplete criticism of diehards, the absolute authority of the traditional norms of our ancestors, and the good atmosphere of learning from the West. In addition, many foreign westernized organizations have translated science books and sent students of different ages and qualifications, thus cultivating a group of diplomatic and scientific talents, introducing western social science knowledge, promoting the spread of democratic ideas, and playing a pioneering role in creating a generation of ethos. On this basis, in the 1970s and 1980s of 19, a group of bourgeois reformists in the Westernization Bureaucrats split at an early stage.

Finally, the establishment of westernization civil industry resisted the expansion of foreign economic forces to a certain extent. This ship built by 1872 has been "cutting off the coastal interests of Neijiang without foreigners" for more than three years, and it has lost a long voyage of130,000 American flags abroad, and also lost its investment well in China because of fatigue. After Hubei Bureau officially opened the loom, Jianghan Customs imported printed cloth, which decreased by more than 100,000 pieces every year. China capital can stop foreign suppliers, which is considered as "something worth thinking about"

The Influence of Academic Dynamic Westernization Movement on China Society

The focus of the debate is that the Westernization Movement promoted China's semi-colonial society but still delayed it, thus forming two diametrically opposite opinions.

1。 In the process of acceleration, the semi-colony of China. There are Qi, (signature "Echo") and Wu Anshi who hold this view.

Qi said: The Westernization Movement pushed China into a semi-colonial society. "The foundation is twofold: first, the westernization movement of the organized army and military industry has the characteristics of semi-colonialism; first, it is controlled by foreign invaders, and the western bourgeoisie sells redundant military equipment and sucks grease from the people of China; It can only be used to suppress the people's revolution at home and cannot resist foreign aggression. Secondly, after the westernization of economic enterprises, the first "government-run", "government business department" and "official business organization" were managed correctly, and their operation was "official", which was directly linked to the feudal regime. As a feudal service, these companies have the economic plunder of the western bourgeoisie China, and have a close dependence on foreign capital in terms of capital and technology, and have opened a' door'. "

Shi said: In the process of accelerating the Westernization Movement, China was a semi-colony. First of all, "the Westernization Movement developed from five trades to 36 commercial ports, and penetrated into Chinese mainland in different degrees along the coast and border of China." This "unequal treaty" actually shows the expansion and deepening of the trap of semi-colonial China. Secondly, during the period of China Customs Secretary-General Hart, he strengthened his control over China's financial power and Westernization diplomatic activities, and during this period, he relied on foreigners everywhere to implement the policy of traitorous surrender. Once again, the deficit of import and export trade under the condition of unequal exchange is widening day by day, and the time that seriously affects people's livelihood is very short. However, the formation of the Westernization Movement in China's semi-colonial and semi-feudal society did not slow down the process of China's semi-colonization, but accelerated it. "

2。 During the delay, representatives of China's semi-colonies Ling Yan, Li Wushiyue and Hu Bin said.

Ling Yan said: The role of Westernization Movement in China's semi-colony has been delayed because: Why did China become a half-China? "There are two reasons. First, the foreign invaders who entered China are too strong, and others are too backward in China. " In this case, "it is inevitable that China will become a semi-colony. It can even be said that it can be colonized and carved up. In the face of such adversity, every class has its own attitude. " Westernized people are not firm in their resistance, but they are engaged in westernization and capitalism, emphasizing artistic prosperity and improving weapons and equipment. In the long-term development, it is an effective way to resist foreign aggression, and the fundamental way is "for various reasons", which greatly weakens their achievements. But through the Westernization Movement, a new army was established in China. After all, a number of modern enterprises have emerged, and some foreign companies have played an active role in resisting foreign military aggression. Therefore, I think that the westernization of China has been reduced to a semi-colonial role, instead of being promoted like the Qing government and die-hards, but most people have delayed it. ".

BR/>； Li and Hu Bin said: In the process of Westernization Movement slowing down semi-colonial China's first position, it is definitely reactionary to "westernize new western weapons to suppress peasant uprisings, but advocate learning advanced western technologies" to prevent outsiders from coveting them. At that time, it was a gradual meaning. Secondly, the Westernization School established a military industry, introduced advanced mechanical production and western science and technology, and used modern weapons originally belonging to the Qing government's navy and army, which played a certain role in the foreign-funded wars in the future. "If the Westernization School launched the peasant war in the 1960s mainly for the domestic military industry, then by the mid-1970s, the domestic peasant uprising gradually subsided and the foreign capitalist aggression deepened, and the Westernization School obviously shifted its focus to resisting foreign aggression against China and colonial rule in this respect." Similarly, the private enterprises founded by the Westernization School clearly put forward the meanings of "restoring power" and "blocking the building". Therefore, the Westernization Movement played a positive role in resisting the expansion of foreign capitalist political and economic forces in China to a certain extent, rather than delaying the acceleration of China's semi-colonization process. "