Archaeological Discovery of Tombs of East Asian vassal States in Han Dynasty

The tombs of princes in Han Dynasty are generally divided into cliff points, vertical points and vertical points. So the question should be "cliff cave tomb" or "cliff cave tomb", not "cliff cave tomb".

Geographically, the tombs of vertical caves, rock pits and cliff caves covered by mountains are mainly found in the tombs of Changsha King, Chu King and some Liang Kings in the south. Chronologically, cliff-cave tombs (the tomb of the King of Chu and the tomb of the King of Chu in Lion Mountain) began to appear in the period of Emperor Wendi of the Western Han Dynasty. During the period of Emperor Wudi, * * * discovered 5 vertical tombs, with cliff tombs 1 1; After Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, tombs of vertical caves, stone pits and cliff caves covered by mountains began to spread, appearing in Shandong (tombs of Wang Lu, northern Hebei, Changyi and Zichuan) in the east and Hebei (tomb of Zhongshan) in the north. From the end of the Western Han Dynasty to the Eastern Han Dynasty, the cliff-cave tombs in the princes' tombs gradually disappeared.

The following is an overview of some cliff cave tombs:

(1) Tomb of King Zhongshan

Zhongshan State in the Western Han Dynasty is located in the west of central Hebei Province and south of Yishui. Originally Zhongshan County. It was first sealed in the third year of Jingdi (BC 154) and was under the jurisdiction of Duwei County (now Dingxian County, Hebei Province) 14 County. It was a big vassal state in the Han Dynasty. Now there are three places [4]: the king of the Western Han Dynasty and Hou Ling.

1. Tomb of Liu Sheng, King Jing of Zhongshan [5]

1968 The tomb of Liu Sheng, King of Zhongshan Jing (Tomb Mancheng 1) and the tomb of Dou Wan and his wife (Tomb Mancheng No.2) are located in the main peak of Lingshan Mountain in the southwest of Mancheng County (Hanbeiping County), Hebei Province, and the overall location is in the north of Zhongshan in the northeast of the capital. The two tombs are side by side, with a distance of120m. The tombs are carved in rocks, all of which are large cliff-cave tombs, and the tomb doors face east. The total length of Liu Sheng Tomb is 5 1.7m, the widest point is 37.5m, and the highest point is 6.8m The volume of Douwan Tomb is similar. The shape of the two tombs is basically the same, which consists of six parts: the entrance, the tunnel, the south ear room, the north ear room, the middle room and the back room. The pyramid-shaped mound is inclined. The tomb door is sealed with two adobe walls, and molten iron is poured between the two adobe walls to form an iron wall. There is a complete drainage system in the tomb. There are many funerary objects in the two tombs, each of which is placed in each room according to its purpose. Everyone is given a piece of gold and jade clothing. There are six practical cars, 16 horses, 16 dogs and 1 deer in the corridor and south wing of Liu Sheng's tomb. 3 cars in Douwan Tomb, 1 car, 13 horses. The bronze inscription "Zhongshan Neifu" and the date "April 34" unearthed in the tomb are important basis for inferring the age of the tomb. Because the tomb of Wang Zhongshan and his wife is a rare tomb that has not been robbed, its layout structure can provide reference for other tombs.

(2) Tomb of King Lu of Jiulong Mountain in Qufu

The State of Lu in the Western Han Dynasty was located in the south-central part of Shandong Province, at the junction of Tai 'an and Jining. In the third year of Emperor Jingdi (BC 154), Liu Yu, the king of Huaiyang, was renamed the first king of Lu State and ruled Lu County (now Qufu). Later, Liu Guang, Wang An, Liu Qingji, Wang Qing, Liu Jin and Wang Wen successively attacked India, and in the second year of the founding of the People's Republic of China (AD 10) [14] was abolished by Wang Mang.

Wang Lu Tomb of Jiulong Mountain is located 9 kilometers south of Qufu County. Five tombs were found, east and west side by side, with the tombs facing south. They are cliff cave tombs carved halfway up the mountain. The four tombs excavated are all composed of the tomb gate, tunnel, tomb and four ear chambers. Tomb No.2, Tomb No.3 and Tomb No.4 are composed of two burial chambers, with two side chambers on each side of the front chamber. Tomb No.5 is a small single-room tomb. There are three chariots and several horses in each tomb, all of which are located in the ear room beside the tomb. The second wing on the side of the tunnel mainly stores grain, livestock and grain. The four rooms on both sides of the front room are mainly used to place ritual vessels, household appliances and coins. The bronze seal of "Wang Qingji" was found in Tomb No.3, which was determined by the digger to be the tomb of Lu Xiaowang Liu Qingji [15], but some people disagreed [16].

(3) Tomb of the King of Northern Hebei in Changqing

Jibei Country in the Western Han Dynasty was originally Jibei County of Qi State (now Dong 'e County of Shandong Province and its surrounding areas). In the second year of Wendi (BC 178), Liu Xingju, the king of Dongmou, became the king of North Hebei and Dulu County (now southwest of Changqing). In the second year, he committed suicide because of the failure of the rebellion, and the country was excluded. In the 16th year of Emperor Wendi (BC 164), Ai Hui, the king of Qi, and Hou Liuzhi, the capital of Andu, were re-established as the king of northern Hebei. Jingdi moved to Zichuan in the third year (BC 154). The following year, Liu Bo, the king of Hengshan, was the king of northern Hebei, passed down for three generations and was destroyed by Liu Kuanshi [17].

1995 Two large Han tombs, one large and one small, were found in Shuangru Mountain, southwest of Changqing County, Shandong Province (now Changqing District, Jinan City) and four kilometers northeast of Dulu County, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty [18]. Clean up an "A"-shaped wooden tomb with vertical holes in the stone, which faces south, and is mainly composed of sealing soil, pyramid-shaped mound and tomb. There is a door between the tombs. The tomb is 25 meters long from north to south, 24.3 meters wide from east to west and 5 meters deep, with an inclined bottom, high in the south and low in the north. The tomb is located in the north of the center of the bottom of the tomb, and the funerary objects are two coffins. There are four side boxes between the outer coffin and the inner coffin: east, west, south and north. More than 2,000 funerary objects such as bronzes, jades, lacquerware, ironware, pottery, gold cakes and coins were found in the tomb. The tomb owner's funerary objects are jade covers, pillows and hands, not gold thread and jade clothes. Five wagons were found in the tomb, including three big wagons and two small wagons, and 1 horse. Seven of the 20 golden cakes are engraved with the word "Wang". The digger speculated that the tomb belonged to the tomb of Liu Kuan, the last emperor of the Western Han Dynasty [19], but some scholars disagreed [20].

(4) Tomb of King Zichuan, Changle

Zichuan country is located in the north-central part of Shandong Province (now the junction of Linzi, Shouguang and Changle counties), and it was the predecessor of Linzi County in the Western Han Dynasty. In the 16th year of Emperor Wendi (BC 162), Liu Xian, the mourning prince, was made King of Zichuan, ruling the drama county (now northwest of Changle). In the third year of Jingdi (BC 152), Liu Xian was punished for rebellion. In the same year, Herry Liu, who migrated to North China, became the King of Zichuan, and passed it on to the eighth generation. In the second year of Wang Mang's usurpation (AD 8), it was abolished, lasting more than 70 years [2 1].

1987, two Western Han tombs were discovered six kilometers west of Changle County, Shandong Province. Dig a cave tomb, which is a vertical cave of chiseling mountain. It consists of a tunnel, a south chamber, a north chamber and four ear chambers. The pyramid-shaped mound is vertical and has four sides.

It is meters deep, 1 1.7 meters, and the bottom of the pyramid-shaped mound is connected with the tunnel. The north and south chambers are excavated at both ends of the tunnel, and the four-ear chambers are excavated on the west, north and east walls of the north chamber. The south room, the north room and the four-ear room are all square or rectangular with rounded corners and arc tops, and are equipped with door frames and wooden doors. There are 85 "Zichuan Houfu" seals and "Zichuan Official Letter" bronze lamps in the tomb, so it was designated as the tomb of Queen Zichuan, and the other tomb juxtaposed with it was presumed to be the tomb of King Zichuan, dating back to the middle of the Western Han Dynasty [22].

(5) The Tomb of King Juye Changyi

Changyi County is located in the southwest of Shandong Province, at the junction of Heze and Jining, belonging to Shanyang County of Han Dynasty. In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty (97 BC), Liu Bo was made the king of Changyi, and Changyi (now northwest of Jinxiang) was established as its capital, which was spread to two countries.

Located in the southeast of Juye, Shandong Province, Changyi King's Tomb is a stone tomb with vertical holes in the mountain, which consists of four parts: tomb, earth seal, tomb pit and tomb. The length of the pyramid-shaped mound is 60.5 meters, and the width of the front end is 7. 1 meter, with wooden carts 1 vehicle and 4 horses. There are two stone walls in the mausoleum. The entrance to the tomb was also blocked with stone walls. The tomb is divided into two parts, the front room has lacquerware and bronzes; The back room is 50 cm lower than the front room, and there is a two-story platform with a coffin in it. Inside and outside the coffin, there are a large number of jade articles, iron weapons, carved bronzes and medicinal stones. Graves and mounds on graves are filled with rammed earth stones layer by layer. Combined with historical data, it is inferred that the owner of the tomb is the tomb of Liu Bo, the king of Changyi, which was sealed here in BC 100.

(6) King's Tomb in Jinan, Zhangqiu

In BC 164, Emperor Wendi made Liu Biguang, the son of Qi Huiwang, king of Jinan. In BC 154, Liu Biguang took part in the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion", and Jinan was excluded, defeated and committed suicide [29].

The King's Tomb of Jinan, a dangerous mountain, is located at the junction of the western plain and mountain in Zhangqiu City, Shandong Province. It was discovered by archaeological exploration in 2003. The whole mausoleum is divided into four areas: the main tomb, the pottery making area and burial area halfway up the mountain, the burial pit and burial area to the east of the foot of the mountain, and the burial pit and burial group to the west of the foot of the mountain. The main tomb is located at the top of the dangerous mountain, and there are semi-circular earth seals and buildings on the ground. The tomb is a vertical cave rock pit tomb, with an A-shape, roughly 20 meters square, and the pyramid-shaped mound is more than 40 meters long. Three pottery kilns for burning chariots and horses were found in the pottery production area halfway up the mountain. Two pits of chariots and horses and a grave were found in the east of the mountainside. The buried tomb has been stolen, but there are still weapons such as copper crossbows, shovels and projectiles, as well as daily necessities such as pottery pots, pots, lacquer pots and plates. The era is the time in the cultural scene. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit in the Han Tomb in Dangerous Mountain is another important discovery place after the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Shihuang Mausoleum in Lintong, Shaanxi, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Yangjiawan, Xianyang and the Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Lion Mountain in Xuzhou, Jiangsu, which has very important academic value [30].

(7) Tomb of King Chu of Xuzhou

The Western Han Dynasty sealed Chu three times, and in 202 BC, Gaozu named Han Xin, a warlord with a different surname, Chu, and sent Pi (now Gupi Town, Suining County, Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province), but it was quickly removed, leaving no remains of tombs. In 20 1 year BC, Liu Bangfeng's half brothers Jiao Liu Weichu and Du Pengcheng (now Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province), in the first year of Xuan Di Festival (69 BC), due to the rebellion of Liu Yanshou, the eighth generation of the King of Chu, he was sealed to Chu for the second time. In 5 1 year BC, Emperor Xuandi named Liu Tao as the ninth generation king of Chu and the capital of Pengcheng, which was handed down for three generations until the death of Wang Mang [38]. At present, there are basically eight tombs that can be identified as the King of Chu or Hou Ling, namely: Xiaoguishan Han Tomb (South Tomb, North Tomb), Dongdongshan Han Tomb (M 1, M2), Beidongshan Han Tomb, Tolanshan Han Tomb (M 1, M2), Lion Mountain Han Tomb and its Terracotta Warriors Burial Pit. All belong to the Western Han Dynasty. Among them, four tombs, namely, Beidongshan Han Tomb, Shizishan Han Tomb and Tuolanshan Han Tomb (M 1, M2), are long tombs with similar structures and earlier ages. The other four tombs are east-west, with short tunnels and long tunnels, similar tomb structures and relatively late age. The following are introduced respectively:

1. Xiao Guishan Han Tomb [39] is located in Xiao Guishan, Jiuli District, 8 kilometers northwest of Xuzhou City. This tomb consists of two pyramids and two tunnels, which are parallel to the north and south. There is a grave behind each tunnel, which is actually a group of lovers buried in different caves. The structures of the two tombs are basically the same, and they are all composed of a tunnel, a front chamber, a middle chamber, a back chamber, and several side chambers and ear chambers. The south tomb is 82.5 meters long and the north tomb is 83.5 meters long. Judging from the remaining relics, the front, middle and back rooms symbolize the vestibule, nave and back bedroom respectively, and the wing room and side room belong to the chariots and horses, the warehouse, the dining room and the kitchen respectively. Due to the silver seal on the turtle button of "Liu Zhu" unearthed in the South Tomb, it was determined to be the tomb of Liu Zhu, the sixth king of Chu in the first year of Ding Yuan (BC 1 16). There is an attached tomb in the west of the tomb, numbered M 1 of Guishan Han Tomb.

2. Dongdongshan (Shiqiao) Han Tomb [40]

Located in the south of Shi Qiaocun, Xiadian Township in the northeast of Xuzhou City, it is a cliff-cave tomb. The two tombs are parallel in north and south, with a distance of only 10 meter. The South Tomb is large in scale, with a total length of 6 1 m, a tomb passage of 4.2 meters and a tunnel of 46 meters. There is an ear chamber on the north side of the aisle, a front chamber and a back chamber behind the aisle, and there are four side chambers. The entrance to the North Tomb has been destroyed. The tunnel is 19.9 meters long and there is a main room behind it. Unearthed cultural relics 167 pieces, including many bronzes engraved with "Mingguang Palace", "Queen's House" and "Zhao Jijia". Therefore, it is speculated that the owner of the northern tomb is a generation of Chu kings, and the owner of the southern tomb is a generation of Chu kings.

3. The Han Tomb in Beidongshan [4 1] is located in Xuzhou North 10 Gong.

Lijing-The north bank of Hangzhou Grand Canal is a stone tomb, which was stolen in the early years. It consists of a pyramid-shaped mound, a main building and ancillary buildings, with a total length of 66.3 meters. The main building faces south, with a pyramid-shaped mound and a tunnel in front, and the tunnel is blocked with huge stones. The main building consists of eight rooms, namely the wing, the wing, the front hall and the back bedroom. The wall of the main room is made of stone powder Tu Ping, which is coated with cinnabar to prevent corrosion and moisture. Annex 65,438+065,438+0 shall be used as storage room, dressing room, toilet, kitchen, well, stove and toilet. And places for dancing and feasting. Although the tomb was once stolen, there are precious cultural relics such as gold wares, bronze bells, door locks, crossbows, jade articles, lacquerware, pottery figurines and coins. It was also discovered. Among them, the total amount of half a dime is about 70 thousand to 80 thousand. In addition, there are bronze seals, such as "Gong Chu Cheng Si" and "Hong Zhi Zuo Wei". There are 222 painted pottery figurines in seven small niches, which have high historical and artistic value. Fifty or sixty pieces of gold thread and jade clothes were unearthed in the tomb.

4. The Han Tomb of Tolan Mountain [42] is located at the southern foot of two hills in the northern suburb of xuzhou east. Both tombs face south, with east and west side by side. The tunnel is blocked with big stones and is divided into Tomb No.1 and Tomb No.2 from west to east. The entrance to Tomb No.1 is 26 meters long and the cave is 27.74 meters long. There are three groups of symmetrical ear chambers on both sides, which are the front hall and the back bedroom in turn. The structure of Tomb No.2 is the same,

It's just a little small. These two tombs not only have a common front yard, back bedroom and ear room, but also have toilets, bathrooms and armories. The tomb is carefully carved and leveled, covered with mud and decorated with vermicelli, and surrounded by drainage facilities. Two tombs were stolen in the early years, and more than a thousand cultural relics have been unearthed so far. The two tombs are similar in shape, consistent in architectural style and age characteristics of unearthed cultural relics, and both belong to the early Western Han Dynasty. The tomb size of Tomb No.1 is better than that of Tomb No.2, and there is an armory for storing armor and weapons. Therefore, it is inferred that the owner of tomb 1 should be male, and tomb 2 is an attached tomb.

5. Shizishan Han Tomb and its Terracotta Warriors Burial Pit [43] The Shizishan Han Tomb is "Chiseled in the Mountain", with a total length of117m and an area of 85 1 m2. It consists of outer tomb, inner tomb, patio, ear room, aisle, side room, coffin room and burial tomb. The jade clothes worn by the tomb owner are fine jade made of 4000 pieces of Hetian jade. This grave robbery * * * cleared up as many as170,000 Han and a half Liang. The three small wings arranged in the east and west are not disturbed, and four gold buckles weighing 390g each have been cleaned. In addition, there are a large number of jade articles, copper containers and bronze weapons. In addition, a large number of bronze official seals, totaling more than 200 pieces and more than 80 pieces of clay, were unearthed in the tomb, which provided detailed information for studying the official system, regional geography and the administrative relationship between the central government and the vassal States in the early Western Han Dynasty. More importantly, about 500 meters west of the tomb, a pit of terracotta warriors and horses connected with the tomb was found. At present, there are three known pits and more than 2000 terracotta warriors and horses have been unearthed. This is rare in the tombs of princes in the Han Dynasty.

Among the eight Chu tombs in Xuzhou, only Guishan No.2 tomb can be identified as the owner of the sixth generation Chu tomb, and the owners of other tombs are controversial. There were 12 kings of Chu in the Western Han Dynasty, before which there were, Liu Ying, Liu Li and Liu Dao. Because everyone has formed a * * understanding of the Han tombs in Beidongshan, Tolanshan (M 1,) and Lion Mountain before Liu Zhu's tomb, the owners of these four tombs are also divided among Liu Jiao, Liu Ying, Liu E, Liu Li and Liu Dao, and there is no conclusion yet [44] that Shiqiao Tomb No.2 is later than Liu Zhu's tomb, and it may be Chun Liu or Liu Yanshou's tomb after Liu Zhu.

(8) The Tomb of King Liang of Yongcheng

There were four Liang States in the history of the Western Han Dynasty. In 202 BC, Liu Bang named Peng Yue, a king with a different surname, as the King of Liang, and they all made pottery (now Shandong made pottery). BC 197, deported for rebellion. In BC 18 1 year, Lv Hou moved back to Wang Zhao and changed Luchan to Liang Wang. A year later, Lu Chan was punished for rebellion. In BC 178, Emperor Wen was crowned King Liang, and then fell off his horse and died. In BC 168, the King of Huaiyang was renamed as Du Suiyang (now Suiyang District, Shangqiu City, Henan Province). This is the fourth and last time that Liang was sealed in the Western Han Dynasty. Because Xiao Wang threatened the Central Committee several times, in 144 BC, after Xiao Wang died, Liang was divided into five. Except the eldest son * * *, all the other four kings died and the country was merged into Han County. * * * Seven generations of Wang Chuan, after Wang Mang usurped the Han Dynasty, the country split [49]. According to historical records, the tombs of the Eight Dynasties and Nine Kings of Liang State in the Western Han Dynasty were all buried in the Mangdang Mountain Group in the northeast of Yongcheng County, Shangqiu District, Henan Province. At present, Bao 'an Mountain, Huang Tu Mountain, Fuzi Mountain, Tiejiao Mountain, Nanshan Mountain, Yaoshan Mountain, Nuoshan Mountain and other large tombs 18 have been found in this area, which can be identified as Liang Wang (later) after excavation.

There are about eight tombs: Baoan Mountain 1, 2/and 3, Shiyuan Village Han Tomb, Yaoshan Mountain 1 and 2, Luoshan Mountain 1 and 2. Among them, Liang Xiaowang and Houmu in Baoan Mountain are well preserved [50].

The No.1 tomb of Baoan Mountain is located in the south peak of Baoan Mountain, with the mountain as the tomb, and the top of the tomb is sealed with earth. Now a large area of architectural remains has been discovered. The whole cemetery is built with rammed earth into a large cemetery with a nearly square plane, which is about 900 meters long from north to south and 750 meters wide from east to west. There is a building similar to Que outside the East Gate. Both tombs are large cliff-cave tombs excavated in rocks, which consist of a pyramid-shaped mound, a tunnel, an ear room, a main room, a cloister and many side rooms. There are 3 ear chambers and 1 side chambers on both sides of the tunnel. The back of the tunnel leads to the main room. There are six side rooms on both sides of the main room, surrounded by cloisters, and four corner rooms at the four corners of the cloister. Unfortunately, due to the looting in the tomb, it is impossible to judge the nature of each room. The No.2 Tomb of Baoan Mountain is located in Beifeng, about 200 meters away from No.1 Tomb, and it is also a large cliff cave tomb. It is only larger, consisting of two tombs, three tunnels, front hall, front room, back room, cloister and 30 side rooms. The rooms on both sides of the vestibule north wall are stables, and the four rooms on both sides of the east aisle are bound with swords, trowels and other weapons and horses and chariots. The banquet utensils unearthed in the front room (also known as "East Palace") are estimated to be the symbol of the host's reception place. There are six side rooms on both sides of the "East Palace", which should be the kitchen and storage place. The back room (also called "West Palace") symbolizes the place where the tomb owner sleeps. According to the survey results, the two tombs used the same cemetery. Considering their location and the bronze seal of "Cool Back Garden" in the tomb, the digger speculated that this was the tomb of Liang Xiaowang and his wife. However, there is disagreement about the specific attribution of the two tombs [5 1]. No.3 Tomb of Baoan Mountain is located in Liang Xiaowang Cemetery. It is a small pit structure with vertical holes. It has been disturbed by theft. At present, 586 pieces of jade clothes, jade bi, Yuhuan, agate shells, bronze mirrors and other relics have been found. According to the money paid, the digger speculated that the tomb was Mrs. Liang Xiaowang's tomb.

The mountain where Shiyuan Han Tomb is located is the residual slope in the south of Baoan Mountain. The tomb was originally tall and closed, surrounded by primitive cemetery buildings. The structure of the tomb is a cliff tomb dug along the mountain, from west to east, followed by the tomb, the tunnel, and finally the main room, the roadway and various side rooms. The tomb is 95.7 meters long and covers an area of 383.55 square meters. The tomb was stolen, but a large number of valuable cultural relics were still found. Among them, there are 2.25 million coins in the money cellar found in the southeast corner of the tomb, all of which are half pence. Twenty-five vehicles and 100 horse ornaments were also found in the tomb. The mural technique on the top of the tomb represents the highest level of painting in the Western Han Dynasty. Based on a comprehensive analysis of various materials, the tomb dates from Xiajing Emperor to the early years of Emperor Wudi in the Western Han Dynasty.

Two Han tombs in Yaoshan are juxtaposed in the north and south, both of which are "A"-shaped stone tombs. Because two tombs were stolen, the original relics were not arranged clearly, and a set of gold thread and jade clothes, other jade ritual vessels, bronzes and other cultural relics were found. According to the shape of the tomb, it is speculated that this is the tomb of Liang Wang in the late Western Han Dynasty.

The No.1 tomb in Nuo Mountain, Henan Province is a vertical cave tomb in Chisel Mountain. There is soil on the ground, and the pyramid-shaped mound is blocked with 408 stones. The tomb is made of square stones, and the mouth of the tomb is covered with feldspar strips. The owner of the tomb wore gold thread and jade clothes and unearthed exquisite gold-plated utensils and jade articles. The tomb reflects the transition from the topic of yellow intestine to the stone of yellow intestine, which can be traced back to the end of the Western Han Dynasty [52]. Luoshan No.2 tomb was buried with its back to it. The structure is a vertical cave stone tomb, and a number of jade clothes, jade ritual vessels, agates and copper coins have been unearthed, which should be the tomb of a certain generation of Queen Liang.

References:

Huang Zhanyue: On Han Tombs, Journal of Archaeology,No. 1998,No. 1.

Sun Bo: Discovery and Research of Western Han Tombs, Proceedings of the Seminar on Culture and Archaeology of the Han Dynasty.