What are the main considerations in the production process of cultural relics packaging?

Cultural Relics Packaging Technology (Dalian Hongchang Exhibition Engineering Co., Ltd.)

1. The packaging technology of cultural relics depends on the shape and structure of cultural relics, and the structure of packaging boxes and packaging support and protection structures will all affect the packaging technology. From the packaging level, the basic contents of cultural relics packaging technology include: contact surface packaging, barrier packaging, shock-proof cushioning packaging, box packaging and container packaging. The packaging of small cultural relics usually involves container packaging, while the packaging of large cultural relics is single box packaging. Contact surface packaging refers to the packaging that directly contacts cultural relics. Its main purpose is to protect the surface of cultural relics and prevent surface damage caused by friction between cultural relics and other packaging materials. Tissue paper and other materials are usually used for packaging. Barrier packaging is used to control the internal environment of cultural relics packaging, block the exchange and transmission of environmental factors such as temperature, humidity and gas between the internal environment and the external environment of cultural relics packaging, and ensure the stability of cultural relics preservation environment. Shock-proof cushioning packaging is the most critical part of cultural relics packaging design. During the transportation, loading and unloading of cultural relics, strong force will be exerted on them, and mechanical damage may be caused to them. In order to prevent cultural relics from being destroyed, we must minimize the influence of external forces. Shock-proof cushioning packaging refers to packaging that takes certain protective measures to slow down the impact and vibration of cultural relics and protect cultural relics from damage. There are three main methods of shockproof packaging: comprehensive shockproof packaging. Comprehensive shockproof packaging method refers to the packaging method that all cultural relics and outer packaging are filled with shockproof materials for shockproof. Local shockproof packaging method. Local shockproof packaging method refers to the method of using shockproof materials to locally buffer the stress points of cultural relics. Suspension shockproof packaging method. For some fragile cultural relics, in order to effectively ensure that they are not damaged during circulation, it is required that the outer packaging container is firm, and then the contents are hung in the packaging container with ropes, belts, brackets, etc. In the process of transportation and loading and unloading, the cultural relics contained in it are suspended stably, and will not collide with the packaging container to avoid damage.

2. The packaging process structure of cultural relics can be divided into conventional outer packaging box and direct outer packaging box. The outer packing box must be designed into a rectangle to facilitate large-scale and container transportation. Usually wooden cases are used. Wooden cases are usually designed as parts similar to panel furniture. The whole box consists of six panels, which are connected by bolts and can be used for packaging cultural relics with different shapes and structures. The outer packing box should be firm and have strong shockproof, collision-proof, compression-proof and waterproof properties. According to the different modes of transportation, the dimensions and specifications of conventional outer packing boxes are usually divided into land transportation and air transportation; Direct packaging refers to some heavy cultural relics (such as large stone carvings, pottery sculptures, bronzes, etc. ) and large volume (such as screens, thrones, furniture, etc.). ), you need to pack and transport directly. The size of the direct outer packaging box depends on the external size of the cultural relics, but the size of the box should be at least 5- 10 cm larger than the cultural relics to make the shockproof layer. Special attention should be paid to the selection of plates for the direct outer packing box, especially for heavy cultural relics, which should be solid in materials and strong in bearing capacity. If necessary, wood square can be used as frame and cross brace for reinforcement. Avoid deformation and damage of the packing box. For details, please refer to the relevant provisions in National Cultural Heritage Administration's Code for Packaging of Cultural Relics Abroad GB /T 4892—1996, Rigid Rectangular Transport Packaging Size Series and GB/T16471-KLOC-0/996, Transport Packaging Size Limits. (inner packaging. The inner packing box (box) is generally made of multilayer board or corrugated paper, and its size depends on the external dimensions of cultural relics. Usually designed as a rectangle, it is easy to combine and place in the outer packaging box. In the inner packing box, the shock-proof packaging of products should be considered first, and insect repellent or desiccant should be placed in the box according to the requirements of cultural relics preservation environment.

3. Cultural relics packaging materials Cultural relics packaging materials refer to the general term used to manufacture cultural relics packaging containers and products that constitute cultural relics packaging. Cultural relics packaging materials are divided into main packaging materials and auxiliary packaging materials. The main packaging materials are the main materials that constitute the packaging of cultural relics, such as wood, corrugated paper and composite materials. The packing boxes of internal and external cultural relics should be made of composite wood materials commonly used in the world at present, such as multi-layer boards and sandwich boards. If logs are used as materials, they must be sterilized at high temperature. Auxiliary packaging materials play an auxiliary role in the process of manufacturing packaging containers and packaging operations, and promote the improvement of cultural relics packaging functions. Commonly used padding materials include various cotton pads, felt pads, cotton paper, etc. Protective and shock-absorbing materials, such as sponges, polychloroprene boards of various densities and high-density polystyrene boards; Adhesive materials, such as various adhesives. Sealing materials, such as moisture-proof sealing strips, etc. Spacers, such as various partitions and linings; Fasteners, such as various belts, nails, screws, pins, etc. Marks, such as various labels. As the packaging of cultural relics requires strengthening its protective performance, the conditions and environment of cultural relics packaging and transportation should be fully considered when selecting packaging materials. The protection of cultural relics packaging mainly includes the following two aspects: one is to prevent the destruction of dynamic stress such as impact and vibration during transportation, and the other is to prevent natural factors during transportation, such as harmful gases such as temperature and humidity, sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide, and corrosive media such as microorganisms, wind, frost, snow and dust. Therefore, it is necessary to select high-performance cushioning materials for cushioning and shockproof packaging, packaging containers with sufficient strength, such as corrugated boxes and wooden cases, to resist the action of dynamic stress, and high-performance barrier packaging materials for barrier packaging, so as to reduce or isolate the influence of external factors on the contents, such as adopting packaging technologies such as moisture-proof, waterproof, mildew-proof and insect-proof. At present, the cushioning materials used for cultural relics packaging are mainly high-density blow-molded boards and foamed plastics, which are flexible and elastic. The materials used in barrier packaging are some high-performance composite materials, such as polyvinylidene chloride, which effectively blocks the external water vapor and is an ideal barrier material. The packaging materials used in the packaging design of cultural relics need to be considered comprehensively from the aspects of cultural relics' performance, transportation and storage environment, packaging materials' performance, production technology and cost, etc.

4. Cultural relics packaging technology and methods. Packaging technology and method is an important aspect that determines the quality of packaging. The technology and method of cultural relics packaging refers to the technology and method of packaging cultural relics with containers, materials and auxiliary materials in order to protect cultural relics, facilitate transportation and facilitate the management of cultural relics in circulation. Packaging technology includes moisture-proof packaging technology, rust-proof packaging technology and mildew-proof packaging technology. Cultural relics are usually packaged in the following ways: (1) suspension damping method: erect a bracket in the box, put the cultural relics on the bracket, and then fix them on it. (2) Banding method: firstly, two multi-layer boards are made into a right-angle frame, cultural relics are placed on it, and cultural relics are tied to the backboard with belts. Note that both the bottom plate and the back plate should be pasted with a thick shockproof layer, and the shockproof layer of the back plate should also be rotated, and rough grooves should be dug according to the shape of the object to increase the contact surface, thus increasing the fixing effect. (3) Point fixing method: two groups of symmetrical points are selected on the inner wall of the box, and high and medium density blow-molded plates are pasted to fix the cultural relics in the box. (4) Compaction method: several stressed parts are selected, and the object is compacted and fixed on the box with a wooden square wrapped with sponge or felt. (5) Rotary excavation method: according to the shape of cultural relics, rotary excavation grooves are made on thick medium density boards and sponge boards, and objects are placed in them to avoid displacement. This method is applicable to small pieces of jade, porcelain, gold and silver vessels and irregular-shaped cultural relics. (6) Design a molding pad corresponding to the concave-convex shape of the cultural relics to protect the corners and local decorations of the cultural relics. (7) The concave and convex parts of cultural relics with complementary shapes, such as covers and bodies, are relatively overlapped, and pads are sandwiched between surfaces that may contact each other, and pads are placed in every corner of the cultural relics. (8) For cultural relics with large volume and complex shapes, baffles and support columns should be designed to ensure that the packaging box has a certain distance from the surface of the cultural relics, so as to avoid the stress on the protruding parts (such as bronze tripod ears) and fragile or easily damaged parts of the cultural relics. (9) Movable parts of cultural relics, such as hanging beams and chains, should be bound, fastened, jacked, padded and plugged. (10) Fragile cultural relics, such as porcelain and glassware, should be covered with a cushion with a certain thickness, and the periphery should be protected by materials such as foam plastic and sponge. In order to give full play to the function of cultural relics packaging, it is necessary to choose appropriate packaging materials, corresponding packaging technologies and methods according to the specific characteristics and requirements of cultural relics, and then carry out effective and reasonable packaging design to design scientific, reasonable, economical and solid packaging, which truly reflects the characteristics of cultural relics packaging. 5. Compilation of cultural relics packaging data (1) Compilation of cultural relics in the packaging box: Before sealing the box, the cultural relics in the box should be counted, the condition of the cultural relics in the box should be carefully checked, the cultural relics packaging label should be filled in, and the basic information of cultural relics should be listed. If possible, photos of cultural relics should be attached; (2) Compilation of information on cultural relics packaging and transportation: According to cultural relics packaging technology and considering various factors in the transportation process, compilation of information on cultural relics transportation, loading and unloading, and packaging and disassembly. For the packaging of cultural relics with complex packaging structure, the location of the main fixed structure and the order of packaging disassembly should be marked on the packaging box; (3) Preparation of relevant auxiliary materials: namely, packaging marks and numbers. Mainly include: fragile signs, rainproof signs, upward signs, etc. These three kinds of information can be marked on the eye-catching parts of the package in the form of short words, icons and codes. According to the law of cultural relics packaging, the principles of cultural relics packaging are summarized in long-term work practice, including: safety principle, authenticity principle, selectivity principle, scientific principle and environmental protection principle. 1, safety principle safety principle This is the first principle of cultural relics packaging, and every link of cultural relics packaging and transportation must first meet the safety requirements. The principle of safety is to require the packaging design to ensure the safety of cultural relics, and not to damage cultural relics in various handling and transportation links. This requires scientific analysis of cultural relics before packaging, reasonable packaging methods and materials, reliable structural design, and even some special treatment. For example, wooden boards for packing boxes need special sterilization and insecticidal treatment. 2. The principle of authenticity The principle of authenticity is to ensure the authenticity and integrity of all kinds of information possessed by cultural relics in the process of packaging materials and packaging operations. This requires that when selecting inner packaging materials, especially those that are in direct contact with cultural relics, materials that may pollute cultural relics should be avoided, including changing the surface color of cultural relics and the possible chemical substances in packaging materials infiltrating into cultural relics, thus changing the material composition of cultural relics; At the same time, attention should be paid to avoid friction and wear on the surface of cultural relics during packaging operation. 3. The principle of selectivity refers to the choice of packaging objects. As mentioned above, not all cultural relics are suitable for transportation, and cultural relics themselves, including their intrinsic values, such as history, art and science, are non-renewable and fragile. However, the packaging and transportation of cultural relics is a constantly changing and unstable process, and there are many unpredictable potential threats to cultural relics. Any packaging damage will cause irreparable losses. For the cultural relics with poor preservation conditions and serious damage, the packager should communicate with the cultural relics protection personnel and cultural relics use departments in time, and protect, repair and strengthen the cultural relics in advance if possible, so as to improve their preservation conditions and make them suitable for transportation. After scientific analysis and simulation experiments, they should carry out packaging work. Otherwise the cultural relics must be replaced. Cultural relics that are not suitable for transportation will never be packed reluctantly so as not to damage them. 4. Scientific principle Scientific principle means that the design of cultural relics packaging must be guided by scientific theory, not just based on experience. Packaging design should be scientific and meet the requirements of the times. It includes two aspects: on the one hand, it should reflect the service of science and technology for design. Adopt new scientific and technological achievements and implement new design methods; Cultural relics packaging design should make full use of contemporary scientific and technological achievements and adopt the latest technical means to create reliable and safe cultural relics packaging. On the basis of scientific analysis of the structure of cultural relics, the design scheme should reasonably select packaging materials, scientifically determine the packaging modeling structure and protection methods, and apply advanced and applicable packaging technologies and techniques to make the overall packaging structure have the greatest rationality and sufficient strength, fully ensure the safety of cultural relics, and realize the comprehensive balance of various packaging functions. On the other hand, the design itself should be scientific and convenient, which is the requirement of cultural relics packaging itself and cultural relics relocation and transportation. For example, the design of packaging containers should be convenient for the handling and hoisting of cultural relics; A brief description of the packaging content should be designed outside the packaging container to facilitate management and statistics during transportation. In addition, the cultural relics packaging design should also conform to relevant international standards, national standards and departmental standards, so as to standardize and standardize the cultural relics packaging work. 5. The principle of reducing packaging waste is an important aspect of cultural relics packaging design. In the design of cultural relics packaging, we should fully consider the environmental protection requirements, increase the awareness of pollution-free environmental protection, abide by the new standards and regulations on packaging materials and packaging waste, and use green packaging with less waste, recyclable, easy to recycle or degradable itself as much as possible. When designing the packaging scheme, we should consider the treatment scheme, recovery or treatment of packaging waste, so as to form a complete virtuous circle of packaging waste and reduce environmental pollution. Packaging accessories (such as cushioning foam, etc. ) can be reduced, but can be saved and replaced; There should be a material identification symbol on the packaging container. After unpacking, the packaging material should be put back into the original packaging container for reuse. Packaging waste should be recycled as much as possible to reduce disposable packaging. In packaging design, we should also pay attention to the rational development of those resource-saving packaging methods.

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