Sultan Baybars of Mamluk Dynasty: Laying the Foundation Stone for Slavery Egypt

Baybars (about 1223 ~ 1277), the fourth dynasty of Mamluk, was a famous strategist and politician. The full name is Melic Zahir Lukendian Baybars. Originally a Turkic slave of the Qincha tribe on the north shore of the Caspian Sea. On about 1242, the captain of the crossbow team sold to HAMA was named "Baybars Bundudari". Sultan Saleh of the post-Ayub dynasty bought him in Cairo, trained him as a guard, and then he was released. He was first appointed captain of the palace guard and later promoted to general of the army.

1250, he led the army to defeat the Crusaders led by King Louis IX of France in Manzura and captured Louis IX. In the same year, he was ordered to kill Sultan Moazzam Turansha with the slave guards. Later, he fled to Syria for violating Mamluk Sultan. 1259 sultan gutuz resumed his military duties after he took office.

1260 September, Sultan Gutuz led 12000 soldiers, with Baybars as the vanguard officer, defeated the Mongolian army in Ain Groa near Besan on the left bank of the Jordan River, killed commander Kitbuqa, prevented the Mongolian army from invading westward and occupied the whole Syrian territory. Baybars asked Sultan Gutuz to appoint him as the chief of Aleppo, but the result was not allowed. He conspired with Emile Burcu Tut to kill Gutuz on his way back to Egypt.

12601kloc-010 declared itself as the fourth generation Sudan of Mamluk dynasty in Cairo in October. After he came to power, he decided to follow Saladin's example, resist the invading forces of Crusaders in West Asia, and contain the military threat of Mongolian ilhan. Internally, he unified the forces of Egypt and Syria, strengthened the construction of political power and army, rebuilt Syrian castles and military fortresses, built roads, built new arsenals, rebuilt the navy, and built warships and cargo ships. Carry out the foreign policy of "making friends far away and attacking near". Make peace with Byzantine emperor, make friendly trade with King Manfred of Sicily and French Bonnie Prince Charlie, sign trade treaties with King Aragon and Seville of Spain, isolate the Crusaders and enhance their economic strength.

From 1263 to 127 1, he led troops to fight against the Crusaders many times along the Mediterranean coast. First, he seized Calaque from the descendants of ayub, and then successively conquered and recovered Caesarea, Ersov, Safeid, Jaffa, Chekif Elnon, Antioch and Hisini Eckhard. 127 1 year, the fortress of Gadmos, an assassin sect allied with the crusaders charity, was destroyed. During this period, he fought nine major battles with the Mongolian army in Persia and curbed the Mongolian attack. In order to expand Egyptian territory, Baybars sent troops to Libya and Nubia and personally commanded the 15 campaign. Since then, the Mamluk dynasty has become a powerful country in West Asia.

Baybars is engaged in domestic economic and cultural construction. He dug canals, dredged ports, encouraged the development of commerce and handicrafts, and carried out foreign trade, making Cairo the center of entrepot trade between East and West. Establish a fast relay system between Cairo and Damascus to exchange information between the two places. He believes in Sunni doctrine and practices * * * doctrine, and judges everywhere are appointed by Sudan. He appointed four judges in Cairo, representing the four major Sunni legal schools. * * * Ibn Khallikan, a famous scholar, was appointed as the Syrian Chief Justice for 14 years. He recruited architects and craftsmen from Baghdad, Damascus and Mosul to Egypt, decorated the ancient * * * temple in Cairo, and built the * * * temple and religious school named after him, so that the * * * architecture in Egypt was integrated with the artistic style of the Syrian Mesopotamian architectural school. He also established many religious funds and charitable foundation groups to sponsor academic, cultural and social welfare undertakings.

126 1 year, he welcomed Mu Stancil, the uncle of the last caliph of Abbas dynasty, made him the caliph, presided over his inauguration ceremony, and awarded titles to rule Egypt, Syria, Diar Bakr, Hijaz and Yemen. Every year, he organizes officials and * * * to make an organized pilgrimage to Mecca, and meticulously makes a velvet curtain of Kaaba, which is escorted from Cairo to Mecca by a special camel car. This tradition continues to this day. Historians call him "the defender of * * * religion" and "the outstanding monarch of the East in the world".