Express the reasons in classical Chinese

1. Thesaurus of classical Chinese sentences 1. Contrast and comparison.

In the teaching of classical Chinese, the use of comparative method can broaden students' thinking space, stimulate students to actively think about problems, acquire accurate knowledge and better grasp the content of the text. Words and expressions can be compared, or seek differences from similarities, or seek common ground from differences.

For example, a word is polysyllabic, some are homographs and some are homographs with different sounds and meanings. The words "Chao" (pronounced as "imperial court" when entering the court) and "Chao" (pronounced as "morning" when wearing court clothes) in Zou Ji's satire on Jishi Shu, King of Qi, have different meanings and pronunciations.

This makes it easy to understand the meaning of words and read the pronunciation correctly. Another example is the comparison between ancient and modern characters. The "wife" in Battle of Red Cliffs and the "instructions" in Lian Po and Lin Xiangru are different from modern Chinese.

Here, "wife" is two nouns, meaning "wife and children"; "Instruct" is two verbs, meaning "point out the reason for ...". In this way, the understanding of part of speech and meaning is clear.

Another example is the comparison of word changes. Can the words "roll", "fly" and "sprinkle" of "Mao Fei crossing the river and sprinkling the suburbs" in The Hut is Broken by Autumn Wind be replaced by "scrape", "float" and "fall"? No, because "rolling" describes the strong wind, while "flying" describes the speed at which the wind blows the thatch, and "scattering" describes the widespread spread of the thatch.

This fully shows the exquisiteness of the words used in the text. If you use other words, it will be boring. Special sentence patterns in classical Chinese can also be compared with modern Chinese.

For example, the sentence pattern of modern Chinese is "and so on".

Through comparison, students' thinking is more open, and they can analyze problems comprehensively, concretely and deeply, knowing both "it should be like this" and "it shouldn't be like that", so as to grasp the essential characteristics of one thing and another. Second, learn new things by reviewing the old ones.

Function words, content words and sentence patterns are all good, and many students forget the front after learning. When talking about new classes, I always inspire and guide students to connect with what they have learned in old classes, bring new knowledge with old knowledge and strengthen the coherence of knowledge. In this way, the more texts I speak, the more examples I will have, the bigger it will be like snowballing, and the deeper my impression on students will be.

Students draw inferences from others and have achieved remarkable learning results. For example, "ran" can be used as a suffix, that is, it is attached to words describing the modality of volume, as an auxiliary component of word formation, which is equivalent to "de" and "di" in modern Chinese.

I talked about "Fury" in Battle of Red Cliffs, which is related to "Giant" in Donkey of Money, "Miscellaneous" in Yu Gong Yi Shan and "Wang Ran" in Snake Catcher. Later, I talked about the "fear" in my master's understanding of cows, which was also related to the "silence" in the banquet of the Hongmen, the "solemnity" in the story of Shi Zhongshan, and the "suddenness" in promoting knitting. In this way, students can master the suffix "ran" more firmly.

For another example, when I talked about "learning can't be done" in Persuasion, I asked students to review "You can fight a war" in Cao Gui Debate and "You can have a strong wind" in Snake Catcher, so as to make students clear that "You can" is two words, in which "Ke" is equivalent to the wishing verbs "Neng" and "Yi". Another example is that when talking about Yin in Woye Wan Li (Battle of Red Cliffs), it is related to Yin in People's Wealth in the Country, I don't know how to save the shirt (Longzhong Dui); When we talk about Yin in Bear, Dragon, Mountains and Rivers (climbing Mount Tianmu in my dream), we will also associate it with Yin in Bloody Land (watching oil paintings in Paris).

In this way, we not only mastered the three meanings of "yin" (grand, numerous and rich; Black and red; Vibration), and mastered the "y and n; (adjectives, read y and n; Noun, pronounced y ā n; Verb, pronounced Yǐn). This method can also be used to learn classical Chinese sentence patterns.

In short, back and forth, over and over again, the more students have perceptual knowledge of classical Chinese, the more they accumulate vocabulary and sentence patterns, the more they learn, the more practical they are, so the more they learn, the more interested they are. Third, highlight the key points.

Greedy for perfection, covering everything, grasping eyebrows and beards, and a large number of original works are the taboos of classical Chinese teaching, because this kind of multi-center teaching per unit time (45 minutes) often gets twice the result with half the effort, and students benefit little. Practice tells me: according to the purpose of teaching, according to the content of teaching materials, according to the knowledge base of students, we should be aware of it, be targeted, highlight key points, break through difficulties, and use our strength on the cutting edge to get eye-catching results.

In other words, whenever the focus of the textbook is confused with the students, we should speak boldly, not complicated, but thorough, so that students can gain something from one lesson and get something from another, and hit the point; At the same time, students should be trained in various forms, give full play to their ability to think and analyze problems independently, apply what they have learned, achieve mastery through a comprehensive study, and March towards the depth and breadth of knowledge. To this end, I have grasped the following four points: First, grasp the key words.

For example, there are 65,438+069 words in "To Mo jathyapple Ming" and "Happy" in Shi Zhongshan's story. I only said seven words, namely "solemnity", "lustre", "irate", "fragrance" and "beauty", a total of nine words. Ask students to explain the rest and translate the whole paragraph. If you encounter different meanings and flexible use of parts of speech in ancient and modern times, you should point it out to students, because students are most likely to make mistakes in these places, such as the word "Qian" in Xiang Ru Qian (biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru), which changes the noun parts of speech in the original position and can be translated as "forward" and "gold" means "dedication"

Through this kind of teaching, students can not only understand the flexible use of parts of speech, but also understand the ancient and modern meanings. As for the "persuasion" in "persuasion", it refers to "encouragement", not "advice" and "persuasion"; The word "tears" in "tears" means "tears", not "snot", and so on.

Second, grasp the basic meaning. For example, "Zou", as a verb in classical Chinese, can be translated in different language environments.

2. Are reasons and reliance the same usage in ancient Chinese?

In ancient Chinese, "yi" was often used as a preposition, which formed an object-object structure with the following objects such as reason and reason. "Yi" is equivalent to introduction, but the content of introduction is different.

First, want: because; Due to. Reasons for introduction.

Example:

1, "Don't rejoice in things, don't grieve for yourself." -Song Fan Zhongyan "Yueyang Tower".

2. "Is Wang Zhao killing two birds with one stone by bullying Qin Xie?" -Han Sima Qian's Biography of Historical Records and Lian Po, Lin Xiangru.

3. "Happy is sad." . -Su Song Shi's "Transcendental Platform"

Second, "by": by virtue; Use. Introduction object

Example:

1, "the remainder is leap, which means that the false person confuses the true ear." -Northern Qi Yan Zhitui's Yan Jiaxun

2. "Too many doctors gathered together according to the king's orders"-Liu Ming Bowen's "Orange Words"

3. "It belongs to the composition to remember." -Song Fan Zhongyan's The Story of Yueyang Tower (omitting the object "Wen" after "Yi")

The author of classical Chinese is a pronoun, which refers to something that needs to be considered according to the context. Contact context can refer to people, things or abstract concepts, such as reasons and methods.

For example:

Those who are loyal to their ambitions have forgotten the life outside, and they want to report to your majesty what happened to the first emperor.

"I want to report to your majesty what happened to my late emperor" is "man" Obviously, it is one reason.

The beauty of my wife is my own, and I am also private.

"Self" is "people". This is also the reason. These two sentences are "Those are ... also".

Good for the other party or bad for this party.

This "zhe" refers to an abstract and ambiguous thing, which can be directly translated into "something".

People who love others will always love others.

Everyone has his axe.

Losers work hard.

These "zhe" refer to people. "Lover", "dead axe" and "down" are all used to describe "lover". Generally speaking, people's words are preceded by adverbials to describe and modify.

In short, we should contact context judgment.

4. The ancient prose "So" explains why 1. Reason, emotion. Wen Zi naturally said, "There are people in the world who don't know the truth, and only saints can know it."

2. It can form a noun phrase with adjectives or verbs, and still express reasons and feelings. Zhuangzi Tian Yun: "He knows beauty, but he doesn't know why."

3. used, used. "Zhuangzi Heaven and Earth": "It is the three, not the principle of cultivating morality."

4. Conjunction. Indicates a causal relationship. Used in the second half of the sentence, from cause to effect. Xunzi mourned for the public: "You didn't ask this question, but you asked Shunguan, so you were wrong."

5. Conjunction. Indicates a causal relationship. Used in the first half of the sentence, from effect to cause. Historical Records Biography of Wei Gongzi: "The winner is married, and the noble righteousness of the son can help others."

6. Conjunction. Indicates a causal relationship. Use "cause" or "fate" in the first half of the sentence and "so" in the second half. Later, it developed into a sentence pattern of "because ... so ...". Su's Legend of Datang: "Because of my heart, I am surrounded." 7. Yes. "Ganyi": "Faithfulness, so I entered Germany; The rhetoric is sincere, so it is also a career. "

8. What did you do? "The Analects of Confucius is a government": "Confucius said:' See why it is, and be safe. What about people? "How can people be embarrassed?" "

5. What is the meaning of "cause" in ancient Chinese? ① : ; Follow the trend; Follow. "On Qin": "Since there is no filial piety, Huiwen and Wu do not know their old jobs. Because of its legacy, Hanzhong in the south, Ba and Shu in the west, fertile land in the east and key counties in the north. "

After Qin Xiaogong's death, Qin Gonghui, Qin Wugong, Qin Zhao Gong and Qin Xianggong inherited the cause of the State of Qin. According to the original established policy, they seized Hanzhong in the south, Bashu in the west, rich land in the east, and recovered important towns in the north.

②& lt； ; move >:； Connect. Lutz, Yico Zeng, You Ran and Gong Xihua sat in the chair: "Great powers take a thousand times the country and help them with their teachers. They are hungry."

A central vassal state with 1000 chariots was caught in the middle by a big country, which invaded with troops and then went into famine.

③& lt； ; move >:； Follow.

④& lt； ; move >:； Adapt. Check in: "Reformers adapt to the times."

The person who presides over political reform changes with the times.

⑤& lt； ; Name >; Reason; Opportunity. "Sunflower flies southeast": "Leave it as a legacy, and there is no reason today."

Keep it as a souvenir for me, because I will never see you again.

⑥& lt； ; Jie >; Introduce the reasons for actions, which can be translated as "because" and "because". Ten thoughts on admonishing Taizong: "If you give kindness, you will think that there is no luck."

When you give kindness, you should consider not to reward it inappropriately because of temporary happiness.

⑦& lt； ; Jie >; Introduce the basis of action, which can be translated as "relying on" and "relying on". Lian Po and Lin Xiangru preach: "The guests who came to Lin Xiangru Gate are deeply sorry."

Guided by the guests, they came to Lin Xiangru's house to confess their sins.

⑧& lt； ; Jie >; Introduce the target, which can be translated as "according to" and "according to". The Story of the Nuclear Ship: "No matter what the situation is, each has its own modality."

They are all carved into images of various things according to the original shape of materials, each with its own appearance and posture.

⑨& lt； ; Jie >; Introduce the conditions of action, which can be translated as "taking advantage" and "taking advantage". Hongmen Banquet: "Please dance the sword and kill Pei Gong."

Please let me dance the sword and take the opportunity to kill Pei Gong in my seat.

⑩& lt； ; Deputy >; Just; So ... Hongmen Banquet: "Wang Xiang stayed here for a long time to drink."

Wang Xiang left Liu Bang to drink with him that day.

? & lt； Lian >; Because; So ...