Distribution of mineral resources in Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia is located in the southeast of China, including Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Brunei, Singapore and East Timor. The population is about 550 million and the area is about 4.5 million square kilometers. The region is rich in mineral resources, especially copper, nickel, aluminum, titanium, potassium salt, oil and natural gas, which are highly complementary to China and have attracted the attention of China mining industry.

I. Mineral resources

Due to historical and economic reasons, the level of geological work in Southeast Asia is generally low. However, according to the information currently available, the region is rich in mineral resources, and the main minerals are: oil, natural gas, coal, copper, gold, nickel, aluminum, tin, titanium, antimony, silver, potassium salt, gypsum, barite, phosphorus, and iron, zinc, lead, chromium, manganese, cobalt, kaolin, bentonite and so on.

1. Oil and gas resources

Oil and gas resources in Southeast Asia are mainly concentrated in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Vietnam, while others are distributed in Myanmar, Thailand, the Philippines and East Timor. Indonesia is an important oil and gas resource country in the world. There are about 60 sedimentary basins of different sizes in China. The onshore basin with oil and gas prospect covers an area of 800,000 square kilometers and the offshore basin covers an area of 6,543.8+500,000 square kilometers. More than 340 oil fields and 54 gas fields have been discovered, including 5 large oil fields, accounting for 57% of the total reserves. In 2007, Indonesia's oil reserves were 600 million tons and natural gas reserves were 2,658.9 billion cubic meters. Oil is mainly distributed in Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sri Lanka and Papua. Almost all of them appear in tertiary strata. Larger oilfields include Minas, Duri and Bangko oilfields in central Sumatra, Cinta and Rama oilfields along the southeast coast of Sumatra, Bunyu, Handi and Bakapai oilfields in East Kalimantan, Arjuna and Arimbi oilfields along the coast of West Java, etc. Most of Indonesia's natural gas resources are located in Aceh and Allen gas fields in North Sumatra Province, onshore and offshore gas fields in East Kalimantan, Kangean offshore block in East Java and some blocks in Papua. Indonesia's total recoverable oil resources are 4.77 billion tons, and the total recoverable natural gas resources are 5.4 trillion cubic meters.

Malaysia's oil reserves in 2007 were 548 million tons and natural gas reserves were 2,350.3 billion cubic meters. Mainly distributed in three offshore oil storage basins: (1) Malay basin, with an area of about 224,000 square kilometers. The main oilfields are Du Lang Oilfield and Seliji Oilfield. (2) Sarawak Basin, covering an area of 220,000 square kilometers; (3) Sabah Basin, with an area of about 34,000 square kilometers, extends to the northeast.

According to statistics in 2008, the remaining proven reserves of petroleum in Vietnam are 82.2 million tons, and the remaining proven reserves of natural gas are192.556 billion cubic meters. Mainly distributed in the southern waters, with a small amount distributed in the northern Red River basin. The oil and gas fields in the southern sea area are mainly distributed in Toudun-Kunlun Island, and are produced in Jiulong Basin, Malay -Tho Chu Basin and Nam Con Son Basin. The most important oil field in Vietnam is the "White Tiger" oil field, with an original recoverable reserve of 500 million barrels. There are also "Big Bear" (300-600 million barrels), Rong Oilfield, Ruby, Jean Dong and other oilfields.

In the past two years, Thailand's oil reserves have increased rapidly. In 2007, the remaining proven oil reserves were 39.73 million tons, up 58.6% over the previous year, and the natural gas reserves were 33 12 billion cubic meters, down 20.7% over the previous year. At present, more than 19 oil and gas fields have been discovered, mainly distributed in six oil and gas-bearing areas: Gulf of Thailand, Andaman Sea, southern plain, central plain, Nakhon Ratchasima Plateau and northern intermountain basin. The Gulf of Thailand basin is the most concentrated.

Oil and gas in Myanmar are mainly distributed in sedimentary basins in central Myanmar and the coastal continental shelf between Rakhine Mountain and Shan Plateau. Up to now, there are 9 onshore oil and gas fields/kloc-0 and 3 offshore gas fields. Because there was not much work done on the coastal continental shelf in the past, this is the most potential area for oil and gas development in Myanmar. In recent years, Myanmar has strengthened oil and gas exploration on the continental shelf and discovered some oil and gas fields.

2. Copper

Mainly distributed in Indonesia, Pakistan, Philippines, Laos, Myanmar, etc. Indonesia is a big copper resource country in the world, and its officially reported copper resource is 66.206 million tons. According to the data of US Geological Survey, the copper reserves in 2007 were 35 million tons, accounting for 7. 1% of the world total, ranking third in the world. Most of the copper deposits are distributed in Asperger Mountain and Glesburg, Papua Province, and a few are distributed in Sulawesi, Sumatra and Java, mainly of porphyry type. The main deposits are Asperger and Glesberg in Papua Province, Batu Xijiawu in Songbawa Island, and some copper mines in North Sulawesi and Bazhan Island.

The Philippines is rich in copper resources, with a copper reserve of 1998 of 7 million tons and a reserve base of 1 1 10,000 tons. It is also reported that the copper resources in the Philippines reach 40.2 million tons. Porphyry copper deposits are the main copper deposits in the Philippines, which are distributed all over the country. The main copper mines are located in Zambales, Bengert, Novi Biscay, North surigao, North Zamboanga, Dongdawa, South Kota Bato in Mindanao and Cebu in central China. Geological exploration shows that there are still a lot of copper mines and copper deposits in the Philippines.

Since the promulgation of the new mining law 1995, the Philippines has made some new discoveries in copper mines. For example, HINOBAAN (copper reserves1806 million tons), Kingking, Maricalum (copper reserves of 2 million tons), Tampakan and other copper deposits have been discovered successively. Among them, the Tampakan copper-gold mine discovered by Australian Western Mining Company in South Cotabato province south of Mindanao is a world-class deposit, with estimated copper reserves of 65.438+00442 million tons and gold reserves of 227-369 tons, with a total value of at least 65.438+00-20 billion dollars.

3. golden

Gold resources are widely distributed in Southeast Asia, and most countries have gold mines, among which Indonesia is the most concentrated, followed by the Philippines. Indonesia is a country with abundant gold resources in the world. Indonesia's officially announced gold resources are 5297 tons, and its gold reserves are 3 156 tons, ranking first in Asia. The types of gold deposits are mostly epithermal gold deposits related to tertiary volcanic rocks and skarn porphyry copper-gold deposits. Almost all islands have gold mines. The Glesberg copper-gold mine in Papua Province is the largest gold mine in Indonesia and one of the largest gold mines in the world.

4. Nickel

Nickel resources in Southeast Asia are mainly concentrated in Indonesia, the Philippines and Myanmar. Indonesia is also a country rich in nickel resources in the world. In 2007, the proven nickel reserves were 3.2 million tons, accounting for about 4.8% of the world total, ranking eighth in the world. Average ore grade 1.5-2.5%. It is mainly laterite nickel ore in weathering crust of basic and ultrabasic rocks, which is distributed in the eastern part of the archipelago. The ore belt can be traced from the central Sulawesi to Hera, Obi, Gebe, Geqi, Vigar Ao Islands in Haarma, as well as the Bird's Head Peninsula and Tanamela areas in Papua. In 2007, the nickel reserves in the Philippines were 940,000 tons (metal quantity), with a reserve base of 5.2 million tons, ranking 10 in the world. Most nickel mines in the Philippines are laterite belts (99%). Because most nickel mines are located in shallow soil layers, mining is easy and the cost is low. In terms of regional distribution, it is concentrated in Dongdawa Province and Balawen Province, with ore reserves of 475.7 million tons (accounting for 43.69% of the total reserves) and 4,075.438+million tons (accounting for 37.38% of the total reserves) respectively. Other provinces with large-scale nickel resources include North surigao and Zambales. In recent years, the newly discovered Fernico nickel-cobalt mine has known nickel resources of 6.5438+0.58 million tons and cobalt of 6.5438+0.58 million tons.

5. Bauxite

Mainly distributed in Indonesia, Vietnam, Laos, Malaysia and the Philippines. The known bauxite resources in Indonesia are about 200 million tons, with a reserve of 24 million tons, of which 85% are located in West Kalimantan and the rest 15% are located in bintan island and its surrounding islands in Riau Islands. It belongs to laterite bauxite, which is formed by weathering aluminosilicate rocks under hot and humid climate conditions. Mainly distributed in Riau Islands, bintan island, Sulawesi and kalimantan island. Due to the remote geographical location and insufficient infrastructure in West Kalimantan, the bauxite there has not yet been developed. At present, only bauxite mines in bintan island and its surrounding islands have been developed.

Bauxite is one of the main minerals in Vietnam. According to the data of Vietnamese geological institutions, the total bauxite resources in China are about 8 billion tons (USGS, Minerals Yearbook, 2005), which are mainly distributed in Dala, Danong, Gongtong and lam dong province in south-central Vietnam, and also distributed in the northern region. There are two main types of deposits: laterite type and sedimentary type. Among them, the laterite type is the most important, mainly distributed in the weathered rocks of plateau basalt from Neogene to early Quaternary in southern Vietnam. The area is more than 20,000 k, the weathering zone is 60m deep, the average grade of raw ore is 336-39%, and the * * * reserves are 4.05 billion tons. The main deposits are Chiayi in Guangshan and Da Nang provinces (with a reserve of about 2.7 billion tons), Lubao deposit in lam dong province (with a reserve of about 65.438+400 million tons) and Xinse deposit in lam dong province (with a reserve of about 65.438+800 million tons). Sedimentary bauxite is produced in late Permian limestone and distributed in Hejiang, Gaoping, lang son and other provinces in the north, with a general grade of () 39-65%, and the total resources are estimated to be several hundred million tons. The ore quality is generally poor and the deposit scale is small.

6. Tin

Mainly distributed in Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Laos and other countries. Malaysian tin reserves are 6,543,800 tons (data in 2007), accounting for 654.38+06.4% of the world total, ranking second in the world after China. Nine states in Malay Peninsula 1 1 have tin mines, but Perak and Selangor have the most. The ore types are mainly placer and alluvial placer, such as the world-famous Kenda ancient tin mine and Kuala Lumpur tin mine. The ore minerals are cassiterite, accompanied by monazite, ilmenite and xenotime, mostly from cassiterite-quartz veins near the contact zone between Indosinian granite and Silurian-Permian clastic rocks and limestone. Primary tin ore plays a secondary role, and its genetic type is: (1) hydrothermal deposit. Most of them are cassiterite-quartz vein deposits, and the ores are distributed in argillaceous rock fractures. The main ore mineral is cassiterite, accompanied by pyrite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, topaz, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, Yingshi and chromite. Some are accompanied by strong quartzitization. Shuangxi Linming tin deposit and other representative deposits. (2) Contact metasomatism (ore card rock) deposit. It is characterized in that cassiterite is developed in the skarn belt where granite and carbonate rocks contact, and tin mineralization is concentrated at the intersection and intersection of faults, such as Mazhang Satahong and Bujibohi ore bodies. (3) pegmatite deposits. Generally, it is small in scale and occurs in various pegmatites. Besides cassiterite, the main associated minerals are tourmaline, muscovite, topaz, fluorite and beryl, such as the bakri deposit in Johor.

Indonesia is also a country rich in tin resources in the world. According to the data of the US Geological Survey, the tin reserves in 2007 were about 800,000 tons, accounting for 13. 1% of the world total, ranking third in the world. Riau Islands are mainly distributed off the east coast of Sumatra Island, especially Bangka Island, Blidon Island and Singapore, and belong to the same tin ore belt as the tin mines in western Yunnan, Myanmar, Thailand and Malaysia. The ore belt is more than 2,500 kilometers long, of which the Indonesian tin belt is about 750 kilometers long.

Tin is one of the most important minerals in Thailand. In 2007, its reserves were 6.5438+0.7 million tons (the reserve base was 200,000 tons), accounting for 2.8% of the world's total reserves, ranking eighth in the world. The deposits are mainly distributed in southern areas, including Banya, Phuket, Nakong, Chunmalé and Lalang. There is also a small distribution in the northern and central regions.

7. ilmenite

Mainly distributed in Vietnam, with a small amount in Malaysia. Vietnam is the world's largest ilmenite resource country with 10. In 2007, the reserves were 160 tons, and the reserve base was 1400 tons (). There are more than 30 producing areas, including 2 large deposits, medium deposits 10 and small deposits 1 1. There are primary ore, weathered residual ore and coastal placer. Among them, the coastal placers are the most widely distributed and have the largest reserves, which run through almost the whole territory of Vietnam, starting from Mang Street in the north and passing through Qinghua, Rongcheng, Hue, Guiren, Toudun and Hexian. Rongcheng Jinhua and Guiren Qing Ji are both coastal placers. Primary ilmenite is a Gaizhan deposit in the northwest of Taiyuan, which belongs to medium scale. The ore-rich grade of ore bodies in gabbro bodies can reach 30-40%. The primary ore body also forms some residual ore sand after surface weathering.

8. Iron

Iron ore is mainly distributed in Vietnam, with a small amount in Laos, Myanmar, Indonesia, Philippines and Malaysia. According to the report of the Vietnamese government, there are about 200 known iron ore deposits in Vietnam, with the reserves of 13 exceeding 1 10,000 tons, and the total iron ore reserves in China exceeding10.20 billion tons (USGS, Minerals Yearbook, 2005). The discovered iron ores are mainly distributed in northern and central Vietnam, with an average grade of 50%. Among them, Xishi Iron Mine in Hejing Province has the largest reserves, with proven reserves of 544 million tons, and the average iron content is above 6 1%. It is produced in skarn, can be mined in open pit and is being developed. The second largest iron mine is the Gui Xiang deposit in Huanglianshan Province, which is weathered and leached, with proven reserves of1.1.800 million tons, with an average iron content of 56-57%, and has also begun to mine rich ore. Quxa large-scale iron mine in Laojie Province belongs to volcanic sedimentary metamorphic type, with a reserve of1.1.200 million tons.

9.antimony

Mainly concentrated in Thailand and Myanmar, Thailand is also one of the countries with the richest antimony resources in the world, with a reserve of 350,000 tons in 2007, accounting for 16.7% of the world total, ranking second and third in the world after China. The reserve base is 370,000 tons, accounting for 8.6% of the world total, ranking third in the world. Antimony ore resources are mainly distributed in northern Thailand, including Nanbang Province, Pakfu and Chiang Mai, ChunLi Wu Province in the middle and Surat Thani Province in the south.

10. Silver

Mainly distributed in Indonesia, Philippines, Myanmar and Laos. In 2005, the amount of silver resources in Indonesia was 36,000 tons, and the reserve was 1. 1.4 million tons. Silver deposits are mainly distributed in Asperger, Glesberg in Papua Province and Rigtok in West Java Province.

1 1. Other minerals

Coal is mainly distributed in Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar and other countries; Tungsten is mainly distributed in Thailand and Myanmar; Lead and zinc are mainly distributed in Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar and Thailand. Chromite is distributed in Vietnam, Philippines and Myanmar. Manganese ores are mainly distributed in Indonesia, Myanmar and Vietnam. Cobalt is mainly distributed in Indonesia and the Philippines; Potassium salt is mainly distributed in Thailand and Laos; Phosphate resources are mainly distributed in Vietnam; Barite is distributed in Thailand, Vietnam and Myanmar. In 2007, Thailand's barite reserves were 9 million tons, ranking fifth in the world. Gypsum is mainly distributed in Thailand; Kaolin is mainly distributed in Vietnam, Thailand and Malaysia. Bentonite is mainly distributed in Myanmar, Indonesia and the Philippines.