What unequal treaties has China signed with Britain, France, Russia and Prussia?

Treaty content:

Sino-British Beijing Treaty

1. The Qing government and the United Kingdom signed a treaty on October 24, 1860. The British representative was Er Earl Kim. The treaty contains 10 pages in both Chinese and English. The main contents of the treaty are as follows:

1. The Qing Dynasty confirmed the validity of the Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin;

2. The Qing Dynasty ceded Xin'an County, Guangdong (today's The Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street in Hong Kong) was given to Britain;

3. The Qing Dynasty opened Tianjin as a commercial port;

4. Increased the indemnity in the Sino-British Treaty of Tianjin to 8 million taels ;

5. Allow Western missionaries to rent land and build churches in China;

6. Allow foreign businessmen to recruit Han people to work abroad as cheap labor (coolie);

According to the 1985 Sino-British Joint Declaration, the British government has returned the Hong Kong area (including Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula and the New Territories) to the Government of the Republic of China at 0:00 on July 1, 1997, China The government resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong on the same day

2. Sino-French Treaty of Beijing

The Qing government and France signed a treaty on October 25, 1860. The French representative was Baron Gros. The treaty contains 27 pages in Chinese and French. The main contents of the article are as follows:

1. The Qing Dynasty approved the Sino-French Treaty of Tianjin, and the compensation was increased to 8 million taels;

2. Return of the past Confiscated Catholic property;

3. Paragraph 7 of the Chinese treaty clearly stipulates that French missionaries can rent and buy land in various provinces and build their own buildings, but the French version does not have this provision;

4. Qing Dynasty Agree to open Dalian as a commercial port;

3. Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing

The Qing government and Russia signed a treaty on November 14, 1860. The Russian representative was Count Ignatiev. . The article is in Chinese and Russian ***43 pages.

When the British-French coalition battle was about to end, Russia claimed that it had contributed to the mediation of the war by Britain and France, forcing the Qing government to sign the treaty. At that time, Emperor Xianfeng left Jehol, and Yi?, who was responsible for all the aftermath work, was eager to seek peace and signed the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty. The main contents of the article are:

1. The Qing Dynasty recognized the validity of the 1858 "Aihun Treaty" and extended the area from the east of the Ussuri River to the sea that was originally designated as "administrative territory" between China and Russia. About 400,000 square kilometers of land (including Sakhalin Island and the ice-free port of Vladivostok) belong to Russia. Since then, China has lost the northeastern region’s outlet to the Sea of ??Japan;

2. Regulations on the Sino-Russian Western Section The territory starts from Shabinda Bahá, passes through Zhaisandr, Temurtuzor (today's Issyk-Kul Lake) to the Kokand border, "along the mountains, rivers and the current Chinese permanent residence in Karen and other places." as the boundary;

3. Open Zhangjiakou, Kulun and Kashgar as commercial ports;

4. Russia established consulates in Kulun and Kashgar.

The two treaties defined the modern eastern borders of Russia and China. In addition, the treaty stipulated the principle of the direction of the western section of the border between China and Russia, which became the basis for the demarcation of the "Sino-Russian Treaty on the Demarcation of the Northwest Boundary" in 1864. China divided the east and south of Balkhash Lake and the north and south of Zaisandro. More than 440,000 square kilometers of Chinese territory was ceded to Russia.

Extended information:

The Treaty of Beijing was an unequal treaty signed with Britain, France, and Russia in Beijing after the Second Opium War. The main contents of the Beijing Treaty are cession of territory, compensation, opening of commercial ports, etc.

The Sino-British Treaty of Beijing was signed between the Qing government and the United Kingdom on October 24, 1860. The British representative was the Earl of Elgin. The main content is: the Qing government recognized the validity of the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty, increased the compensation to 8 million taels, ceded an area of ??the Kowloon Peninsula to the United Kingdom, and opened Tianjin as a commercial port.

Allow Western missionaries to rent land and build churches in China, and allow foreign businessmen to recruit Han people to work abroad, which is to serve as cheap labor.

The Sino-French Treaty of Beijing was signed between the Qing government and France on October 25, 1860. The French representative was Baron Gros. The main content is: the Qing government agreed to open Dalian as a commercial port, the Qing Dynasty recognized the Sino-French Tianjin Treaty, and the compensation increased to 8 million taels. And the Qing government needed to return the Catholic property that had been confiscated.

The Sino-Russian Treaty of Beijing was signed between the Qing government and Russia on November 14, 1860. The Russian representative was Count Ignatiev. The main content is: the Qing government recognized the validity of the 1858 Treaty of Aihun and ceded about 400,000 square kilometers of territory east of the Ussuri River in Heilongjiang Province, including Sakhalin Island. Since then, China has lost its northeastern region to Japan. The outlet of the sea.

The Qing government agreed to open Zhangjiakou, Kulun, and Kashgar as commercial ports, and Russia established consulates in Kulun and Kashgar.

Reference: Baidu Encyclopedia-Beijing Treaty