Complete collection of detailed information of higher education.

Higher education refers to higher education in which the educated pass the national education examination, enter institutions of higher learning or other institutions of higher education that implement higher education, complete the corresponding courses within the prescribed time limit, and obtain the diploma recognized by the state. Corresponding to it is non-academic education. The greatest feature of academic education is that it can not only make the educated master knowledge, but also, very importantly, it can give the educated a certificate, which marks his education level.

Basic introduction Chinese name: higher education mbth: abbreviation of higher education: higher education category: higher education area: Shenzhen main departments: education definition, education level, education type, distance network education, adult colleges and universities, self-taught examination, TV University, relevant differences, academic qualifications, application conditions, importance, application and definition of higher education. Higher education refers to that the educated pass the national education examination and enter higher education institutions or other higher education institutions. Corresponding to it is non-academic education. The greatest feature of academic education is that it can not only make the educated master knowledge, but also, very importantly, it can give the educated a certificate, which marks his education level. Therefore, the state's management of academic education is much stricter than that of non-academic education. Academic education in China is mainly implemented by ordinary full-time colleges and universities, including universities, independent colleges, junior colleges and higher vocational colleges. With the approval of the education administrative department of the State Council, scientific research institutions can undertake the task of postgraduate education. Institutions of higher learning run by social forces have the conditions stipulated by the state for running a school, and can implement higher education with the approval of the education administrative department of the State Council. In addition, with the approval of the education administrative department of the State Council, some distance online education can be held in colleges and universities, and higher education can also be implemented in correspondence and evening universities. Only when citizens pass the examinations prescribed by the state and meet the corresponding standards can they obtain the qualifications for higher education. Education level Higher education is divided into junior college education, undergraduate education and postgraduate education. These three levels of higher education are different in enrollment targets, training objectives, years of study and academic level. According to the Higher Education Law, the academic standards that higher education should meet are: junior college education should enable students to master the necessary basic theories and professional knowledge of their major, and have the basic skills and preliminary ability to engage in practical work of their major; Undergraduate education should enable students to systematically master the basic theories and knowledge necessary for this discipline and major, master the basic skills, methods and related knowledge necessary for this major, and have the preliminary ability to engage in practical work and research work in this major; Postgraduate education should enable students to master the solid basic theory and systematic professional knowledge of this discipline, master the corresponding skills, methods and related knowledge, and have the ability to engage in practical work and scientific research in this major. Doctoral postgraduate education should enable students to master solid and broad basic theories, systematic and in-depth professional knowledge, corresponding skills and methods, and have the ability to independently engage in creative scientific research and practical work in this discipline. Types of education In China's current national education system, there are four types of higher education certificates recognized by the state except the full-time graduation certificates of ordinary colleges and universities: distance network education is a new educational model. Since 1999, the Ministry of Education has approved 68 ordinary colleges and universities such as Tsinghua University Distance Education and university of international business and economics Distance Education College to carry out modern distance education pilot work, allowing the above-mentioned pilot colleges and universities to carry out academic education and education through modern communication networks on the basis of online teaching. Students who meet the requirements of undergraduate and junior college graduation will be awarded higher education diplomas, which will be recognized by the state after electronic registration. Enrollment type: junior college, undergraduate course and undergraduate course. Tuition: Students of online education college can charge according to the cost of education, and the charging standards and methods shall be implemented after the school reports to the local charging management department for approval according to relevant state regulations. Generally, it is charged according to credits. Features: Those who meet the requirements can be admitted without trial. Those who do not meet the exemption conditions need to take the entrance examination of the school. Long-distance network education usually implements flexible academic system. For example, university of international business and economics Distance Education College allows students to choose their study time freely. In senior high school, the general academic system of junior college and junior college is 3 years, and the study period is 2-5 years. The starting point of high school is generally 3 years, and the study period is 2-5 years. According to the archives of the Ministry of Education, the online colleges of the pilot colleges can independently decide the enrollment scope and standards, examination methods, enrollment numbers, enrollment majors, graduation certificates, etc. Adult higher education in adult colleges is an important part of higher education. Radio and TV universities, staff and workers' universities, amateur universities, staff and workers' medical colleges, management cadre colleges, education colleges and adult (continuing) education colleges of ordinary colleges and universities approved by the Ministry of Education (hereinafter referred to as adult colleges and universities) implement unified national enrollment. There are three types of enrollment: from high school to adult education college (referred to as junior high school), from high school to adult education undergraduate (referred to as junior high school) and from junior high school to adult education undergraduate (referred to as adult education undergraduate). Form of study: full-time, part-time (including part-time and night university) and correspondence. Among them, the minimum study period of full-time employment is: two years in junior college, two years in junior college and two years in junior college; The minimum length of study for amateur and correspondence courses is two and a half years for junior college, two and a half years for junior college and two and a half years for junior college. Tuition: the academic year system and the credit system are two charging methods, and the tuition standard is lower. Features: there are threshold restrictions, and you need to participate in unified registration, examination and admission. It has a long history and a large group of candidates. Undergraduate enrollment institutions have the right to award adult bachelor's degrees. Basic information of self-study examination The self-study examination of higher education is a national examination of higher education for self-learners, which is a combination of individual self-study, social assistance and national examination. The self-taught examination system was established in 198 1 year. Self-study examination has spread to 365,438+0 provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government, the military system and Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions, and it is the largest open form of higher education in China. People's Republic of China (PRC) citizens, regardless of gender, age, nationality, race and education level, can take the self-study exam in accordance with the provisions of the Provisional Regulations of the State Council on Higher Education Self-study Exam. Self-study is the main form of learning. According to the needs and possibilities, self-taught candidates can choose face-to-face, correspondence, radio, television, audio-visual and other ways to receive guidance and help. Some applied technology majors need to participate in full-time study and have corresponding graduation years. The exam is divided into subjects and accumulated credits to gradually complete the study. According to the requirements of the professional examination plan, we will conduct examinations in different categories, issue certificates of single subjects to those who pass the course examination, and calculate credits according to regulations. Those who fail can take the next exam of this course. Complete all the courses specified in the professional examination plan and obtain qualified grades, and complete graduation thesis or other teaching practice tasks. Cost: The cost of taking the course exam is relatively low. Features: academic qualifications are highly recognized by the society and are difficult to pass. Enrollment type: junior college, independent undergraduate course (self-taught undergraduate) and undergraduate. The lowest threshold form of higher education. There is basically no limit to the number of years of graduation. Open education in RTVU is a form of education relative to closed education. Its basic characteristics are: taking students and learning as the center, eliminating and breaking through the restrictions and obstacles to learners. For example, open education does not have too many restrictions on age, occupation, region, learning qualifications and so on. Anyone who has a certain cultural foundation and is interested in learning can apply for admission without taking the entrance examination. Students have certain autonomy in course selection and media use, and their learning methods, learning progress, time and place can also be decided by themselves according to their needs; Use a variety of media teaching materials and modern information technology in teaching and so on. Enrollment type: junior college, junior college. Learning form: distance education is combined with face-to-face instruction, and the credit system is implemented. The longest graduation period can reach 8 years. Tuition: medium. Features: Students should have certain online learning conditions. Give priority to on-the-job, part-time and autonomous learning, and receive necessary face-to-face counseling and learning support services. There is a high degree of freedom in learning time and no fixed class system. The entrance examination is equivalent to the baseline examination, and there is basically no entrance threshold. Other types of TV university students need to pass the general college entrance examination or adult college entrance examination. Forgiveness is not "leniency", and you must obtain the required credits before graduation. Comparison between relevant differences and entrance threshold 1. Adult higher education entrance examination is a national unified entrance examination, which is selected by the school according to the examination results and held once a year. There is no joint exam for the self-study exam. Candidates who take a single subject examination and pass a subject will be issued with a certificate of conformity. After all subjects are qualified, academic certificates will be issued. There are two exams every year, and candidates choose exam subjects according to the situation. RTVU also doesn't need exams. As long as you have the required relevant academic qualifications, you can enroll. Online universities are independently proposed by the enrollment institutions, and there are 67 universities that organize examinations and recognize academic qualifications by the state. Generally speaking, the self-taught examination and RTVU implement "lenient entrance and strict exit", and there is basically no entrance threshold; Adult college entrance examination and online examination require exams before admission. The difference is that the adult college entrance examination takes part in the national unified examination, while the online examination is independently taken by the enrollment institutions. Judging from the difficulty of the exam, some online universities are well-known, and the majors they recruit are all strong majors in the school, so the entrance requirements are relatively high and the test questions are more difficult. Compared with adult college entrance examination, there are mainly full-time study, amateur study and correspondence study. Self-study is mainly self-study, and you can also participate in self-study classes organized by other social training forces or examiner schools. Online education has two teaching methods. One is online teaching through the Internet. Students can browse courseware, finish homework, ask questions, communicate through BBS, and give lectures face to face. Many international students who want to enter their favorite universities can complete their studies by applying for online colleges and receiving distance teaching. There are two ways for RTVU: online classes and face-to-face lectures. For those who live in unstable places and may need to travel for a long time, they can consider choosing Radio and TV University to study because of its long stay. If you change your place of work or residence, you only need to register a letter of recommendation from RTVU, and students can continue their studies in RTVU in other cities without paying other extra fees. All four methods can be studied after class, but for those with poor self-study ability and self-control, it is best to choose centralized teaching. Compared with adult college entrance examination, online universities and radio and TV universities, the enrollment scope includes social personnel such as on-the-job and on-the-job employees. Generally speaking, those who apply for junior college or undergraduate courses at the starting point of high school must obtain a diploma from an ordinary high school, a secondary specialized school or a vocational and technical school or equivalent. Those who apply for the starting point of junior college should have a junior college degree or above in national education series. Adult college entrance examination mainly recruits local registered students, and foreign students can also study by correspondence. Because of the advantages of their own teaching methods, online universities and TV universities have no geographical restrictions on the scope of enrollment. Candidates who take the self-taught examination are not limited by gender, age, nationality, race and education level, and belong to completely open education. Even if you only have a junior high school diploma, you can sign up for the self-study exam. The study time of adult college entrance examination varies with enrollment levels, majors and learning methods, ranging from 2 years to 5 to 6 years. Self-study placement, cumulative credits, and finally get a diploma, not limited by the semester and academic year system. Radio and TV university education implements the credit system, with a schooling period of two years, an amateur schooling period of two and a half years, and a student status of eight years. Online education generally also implements a flexible academic system, allowing students to freely choose the study period. Taking Tongji University as an example, the study period of enrolling advanced students in construction engineering is 4-6 years, advanced students are 2-4 years, and junior students are 2.5-5 years. Compared with taking the adult college entrance examination, the tuition fee in public schools is generally about 3,500 yuan per academic year, and that in private schools is higher. If the self-study exam is just a self-study exam, you only need to pay the exam fee and textbook fee. The examination fee is one subject in 20 yuan. If you attend remedial classes, there are tuition fees. The tuition fee is around 500 yuan. Radio and TV universities charge by semester, and the cost of part-time study is lower than that of full-time study. Take Shanghai Radio and TV University as an example. The cost of a college (including books) is about 1570 yuan, and that of a college is 2250 yuan. The fees of online universities are generally calculated according to credits, and different schools charge different fees. Generally, one credit is about 100 yuan. If the major you choose requires 80 credits to graduate, the tuition fee is about 10000 yuan. For example, if the total score of Goldman Sachs College of Tongji University is 75 (excluding construction engineering) and the cost per credit in Shanghai is 150 yuan, the cost per academic year is 4,500 yuan; The total credit of this course is 160, and the cost per academic year is 7200 yuan. But relatively speaking, students in online universities can save a series of expenses such as accommodation, meals and transportation. Judging from the total cost, the cost of self-taught examination and TV University is relatively low, which is more suitable for people with low income. Compared with adult colleges, enrollment colleges can be divided into evening colleges and correspondence courses organized by ordinary colleges, independent adult colleges such as amateur universities and staff universities, as well as radio and television universities, management cadre colleges and education colleges. In recent years, the number of self-study examinations in private colleges and independent secondary colleges has increased, with ordinary colleges as the main examination schools, examiner schools or social force training institutions providing self-study examination training. The enrollment institutions of RTVU are Central RTVU and independent RTVU in all provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities with separate plans. The enrollment colleges of online education are 67 ordinary colleges and universities approved by the state with the qualification of distance online education. Some schools' online education and adult education belong to continuing education colleges, and some have established online education colleges separately. When choosing to apply for various colleges and universities, we must know whether they have nationally recognized academic qualifications. Compared with adult college entrance examination, self-taught examination, TV university and online education, the state-recognized academic certificates are issued. Graduation certificate graduates are treated the same as similar graduates in ordinary colleges and universities, and they can all take postgraduate examinations, civil service examinations and judicial examinations. Anyone who meets the relevant conditions can apply for a bachelor's degree. However, there are still some differences in the validity of the four certificates. Self-taught exams are the most difficult to obtain academic certificates, so their recognition is relatively high. At present, 26 foreign countries, such as the United States, Britain and Japan, recognize the diploma of self-taught higher education examination in China. The RTVU diploma has also been recognized by many countries such as Britain, the United States, Japan and Australia. For candidates who take online exams, the key is not the online education diploma itself, but the well-known brands and professional strength that online education institutions rely on. The majors set by many online colleges in colleges and universities are the key majors of the school. Education Certification The National College Students Information Consultation and Employment Guidance Center (Education Certification Center of the Ministry of Education) is a public institution directly under the Ministry of Education. The "Center" was established in 199 1 February, and was renamed as "National Employment Guidance Center for College Graduates" with the approval of the Central Organizing Committee in 1998, and was contacted by the College Students Department of the Ministry of Education. The information consultation work of the center was officially launched on 20001.Its main responsibility is to integrate and deeply develop all kinds of data and information resources provided by the Ministry of Education in enrollment, school registration, educational administration and graduate employment, so as to serve the social and educational decision-making. Since 200 1, the state has implemented the electronic registration system for academic certificates of higher education, and the Ministry of Education entrusts the "center" to be responsible for the technical and transactional review and filing of electronic registration of academic certificates, as well as online inquiry and certification services. The Center is a specialized institution authorized by the Ministry of Education to provide higher education qualification certification services in China. China Higher Education Student Information Network is the only website designated by the Ministry of Education to publish higher education information. "Center" provides two ways to inquire about academic qualifications: (1) Online academic qualifications inquiry: the system provides two service modes. One is for users who make sporadic inquiries, and they can inquire about graduate students, ordinary undergraduate colleges and adult undergraduate colleges after 200 1 by paying the inquiry fee through SMS, 168 voice message and PHS. 2. For users who inquire in batches, users can register and recharge online by purchasing a credit card, and then log in to the academic data since the credit employment inquiry 199 1. (2) Academic Certification: The main basis for the certification of "Center" is the national higher education academic information database since 199 1 authorized by the Ministry of Education. After examination, the China Higher Education Qualification Report (Qualification Report) will be issued, and the report will be electronically registered and provided with online inquiry. The scope of academic certification includes: postgraduate diploma, general college diploma, adult college diploma, self-study exam diploma, national diploma exam diploma, and online education diploma. The center provides academic certificates for job hunting, going abroad, entering higher schools and hanging certificates. , and issued a unified printed and numbered "China Higher Education Certificate". Any unit or individual can only apply for certification once to the center or the institution authorized by the center. The center provides both written and online certification results, and users can use the certificate number and report number on the certification report to apply for conditions: 20 10 master of in-service Education (ed. M) (1) Application conditions: Full-time teachers or administrators of cultural basic courses in ordinary middle schools, primary schools, kindergartens and other secondary schools who graduated from National Education University or above before July 3, 2007 and obtained graduation certificates (usually with degree certificates), as well as provincial, municipal, district and other secondary schools. Those who meet the registration conditions shall fill in the qualification examination form by the personnel department of their unit. (2) Education management, subject teaching (mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, geography, ideology and politics, Chinese, history, English, music, sports, fine arts), primary education, modern educational technology, mental health education, science and technology education, preschool education, special education, etc. 19 enrollment field. Among them, the field of modern educational technology is open to teachers engaged in information technology courses in primary and secondary schools. All education postgraduate training institutions can only enroll students in disciplines approved by the National Education Professional Degree Education Steering Committee, and must report the enrollment field in writing to the National Education Professional Degree Education Steering Committee for the record before the end of June. (3) Examination subjects: political theory, foreign languages (English, Russian, Japanese), pedagogy, psychology and professional basic courses, with a total of 5 subjects. Among them, political theory is organized by each enrollment unit, and the time is arranged by itself; National entrance examination of foreign languages (English, Russian, Japanese), pedagogy and psychology; Professional basic courses are proposed by all enrollment units, and the examination time is the same as the national examination time. The enrollment unit shall inform the candidates of the relevant examination information, or indicate it in its enrollment website or enrollment brochure. Candidates whose test languages are Russian and Japanese are limited to Inner Mongolia Normal University, Liaoning Normal University, Shenyang Normal University, bohai university, Yanbian University, Northeast Normal University, Jilin Normal University and Harbin Normal University. Importance (1) Employment Every time you graduate, finding a job is a headache for graduates and parents. It's hard to find a job, and the job fair can't squeeze in. Many units (especially state organs and institutions) require bachelor's or master's degree or above in recruitment, and junior college students are not qualified to apply for or take the exam. (2) Wage grading: China's state organs and institutions basically set wages according to academic qualifications, and the undergraduate salary is one grade higher than the specialist salary. More standardized enterprises also set wages according to their academic qualifications. (3) Personnel Reform Many units (especially state organs and institutions) have promoted cadres and campaign leaders with bachelor's degrees or above. Even if they are fully qualified, they are not qualified to be elected, but they can't seize the opportunity before them. (4) Postgraduate entrance examination has a bachelor's degree. You don't need a degree certificate, you can directly apply for the national unified recruitment of graduate students, while junior college students can only apply for graduate students with the same academic ability two years after graduation from junior college. Although the state stipulates that they are allowed to apply for graduate students with the same academic ability two years after graduating from junior college, many universities are actually reluctant to recruit junior college students, and will set obstacles in many aspects, requiring publishing papers and adding specialized courses. What level of English can they reach? In addition, an on-the-job master's degree requires a bachelor's degree. If it is a junior college, there is no chance to get an in-service master's degree in the future. (V) Textual research Many national vocational qualification certificates require a bachelor's degree or above. (six) civil servants need to pass the civil service examination before they can embark on civil service posts. Most civil servants require a bachelor's degree or above to qualify for the exam. Usually, only grassroots and hard work are left to specialists. (7) Studying abroad, many countries recognize our undergraduate education. With a bachelor's degree, you can directly apply for higher-level education abroad, and you don't need to waste time abroad, which will save a lot of money. (VIII) Evaluation of Professional Titles At present, almost all professional titles are linked to academic qualifications, and there is basically no opportunity to evaluate senior professional titles below junior college level, and the leaders in charge of many units are almost all held by people with senior professional titles. Without a senior title, you will lose many opportunities to be a competent leader, while without a bachelor's degree, you will lose the opportunity to evaluate a senior title. Applying for the present society is far from meeting the needs of society. Many friends missed their ideal jobs because of a paper diploma, let alone give full play to their talents. At this time, as a graduate of junior college, technical secondary school, vocational school and high school, it is very necessary for you to apply for academic education and training to upgrade your diploma and make your career and life more competitive! There are three main forms of academic education and training in Shenzhen: self-taught examination, adult college entrance examination and online education. They are all other forms of national education suitable for working people's non-ordinary higher education. The academic qualifications obtained are recognized by the state and electronically registered by the Ministry of Education, which can be found on the China Higher Education Student Information Network. At present, there are hundreds of majors trained by these three kinds of academic education, such as administrative management, business administration, electromechanical integration, architectural design and so on. Foreign Studies University, Jilin University, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Sun Yat-sen University and other institutions can apply for the exam, and the applicants accept the junior college and undergraduate level. The self-study exam can complete all the exam subjects and obtain academic qualifications within one year at the earliest. The online education system is generally 2.5 years, and the adult education system is the same as full-time education. At present, there are correspondence and part-time study methods, mainly for the convenience of on-the-job personnel to study while working. On-the-job personnel can only obtain the graduation certificate of the corresponding school after completing all the courses in the professional teaching plan and the practical courses (undergraduate candidates still need to pass the national examination and design or graduation thesis defense of the Ministry of Education) within the prescribed time limit of Shenzhen academic education and training. Academic education and training not only improves the academic qualifications and knowledge of on-the-job personnel, but also greatly helps on-the-job personnel to take the postgraduate entrance examination, take the national civil service examination, get a promotion and raise salary, and study abroad.