What is the content of the Beijing Treaty?

The main contents of the Beijing Treaty

The Qing Dynasty confirmed the validity of the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty.

The Qing Dynasty ceded the Kowloon Peninsula in Xin 'an County, Guangdong Province (now south of Hong Kong Boundary Street) to Britain.

The Qing dynasty opened Tianjin as a commercial port;

Raise the compensation for the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty to 8 million taels;

Allow western missionaries to rent and buy land and build churches in China;

Allow foreign businessmen to recruit Han people to work as cheap labor (coolies) abroad.

The signing process of Beijing Treaty

The Beijing Treaty is an unequal treaty that Britain, France and Russia forced the Qing government to sign to end the Second Opium War after the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing in 1860.

On September 2 1, 65438, 860, the news that Baliqiao fell and the British and French allied forces advanced on Beijing reached Beijing, and the Qing court was extremely shocked. Emperor Xianfeng was desperate. He immediately ordered Zai Yuan and Yin Mu to draw lots on the same day, dismissed the imperial envoys and sent his sixth brother Prince Gong? Continue to make peace for the plenipotentiary. He himself fled to chengde mountain resort (Jehol Palace) in the early morning of the eighth day with his empresses, princes and a group of princes and ministers. After Emperor Xianfeng fled, Beijing fell into extreme chaos. Officials, businessmen, people, etc. Nine times out of ten, he has fled the city; Things in the salary table suddenly became several times more expensive; The six departments and nine ministers of the Qing court were incompetent, distracted and unable to cope with it. Most office workers are scattered around.

Beijing was the capital of the Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. After continuous construction, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it has become a powerful city. At that time, thousands of cannons were erected on the city, and moats were dug in the outer and inner cities. There are about 6.5438+0.5 million defenders inside and outside the city. At the same time, teachers from mainland provinces are coming one after another. Although there is no defense preparation in advance, as long as the civil and military officials have the determination to stick to it to the death, carefully plan the offensive and defensive strategies, boost morale and stabilize people's hearts, it will be enough to attack the city.

Meng Douban, commander of the invading army (1796- 1878) also admitted: "The siege of such a city, especially without siege guns, is likely to be protracted." Unfortunately, all the princes and ministers who stayed in Beijing thought that "the city could not be defended", and they completely lost their confidence in resistance and were not prepared at all.

Prince Gong Yi? (1833-1898, Ai Xinjue Roche, the sixth son of Daoguang Emperor, half-brother of Xianfeng Emperor, decorated with a white flag) Afraid of the enemy, thinking that the situation is dangerous, the war and defense are in a dilemma. For example, "As long as there is a line, he will not hesitate to compromise", that is, there is no way out except to kneel down for peace. He sent a note to the ministers of Britain and France, demanding a truce.

After the battles of Zhangjiawan and Baliqiao, the British and French allied forces suffered heavy casualties and their troops were exhausted. They were in urgent need of soldiers and bullets from Tianjin, so they agreed to resume the broken negotiations in Tongzhou to prepare for the attack on Beijing. After nearly half a month of negotiations, there was no result.

On August 2 1 day, after a rest, more than 10,000 British and French troops invaded Beijing. As there is not a soldier and an officer to defend within 0/0 mile of the eastern suburb/Kloc, Enemy at the Gates will soon be reached. According to the information provided by Ignatief, a British-French allied force, the defenders of the Qing army are concentrated in the East City, while the North City is the weakest place.