What are professional qualifications? What levels are there?

What are "professional qualifications"? What is "practice qualification"?

I think many people, like me, are very vague about this concept. When you see that the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Personnel have decided to launch a "practitioner qualification system" for bidding practitioners and conduct a "proficiency examination", you may be even more confused.

To this end, I specifically searched some websites, including: Baidu; Google; Yahoo; Tsinghua Online; relevant vocational qualification training websites and relevant websites of the Ministry of Construction, and initially understood the relevant concepts and meanings. Now I would like to report my experience to you:

First, basic concepts

Professional qualifications are the basic requirements for the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary to engage in a certain occupation.

Professional qualifications include professional qualifications and professional qualifications.

Practice qualification refers to the starting point standard for knowledge, technology and ability to engage in a certain profession (type of work);

Practice qualification refers to the government’s responsibility for certain tasks and strong social versatility. Majors related to public interests are subject to access control, which is a necessary standard for independent business practice or engaging in a specific professional knowledge, technology and ability in accordance with the law. A registration system is implemented for professional qualifications.

Second, the vocational qualification system with Chinese characteristics

What we call vocational qualifications now still has the characteristics of the planned economy of the past.

In the past, professional qualifications were originally called worker technical grades, which were the worker sequence under the old system and were managed by the Ministry of Labor.

The full title of the professional title was professional technical qualification, which was the cadre sequence under the old system. , under the management of the Ministry of Personnel.

Practice qualification is a certificate for admission to a special industry stipulated by the state. That is, one cannot engage in this industry without this certificate. This kind of qualification is managed by the competent industry department. For example, the practicing qualification of doctors is The Ministry of Health and pharmacists' qualifications belong to the Food and Drug Administration, the accountants' qualifications belong to the Ministry of Finance, etc. The technician's professional qualification is not a professional qualification.

As the Ministry of Personnel and the Ministry of Labor have been merged, they have become the new Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. New “professional qualifications” have begun to return to their original meaning.

Levels of third professional qualifications and professional qualifications

Professional qualification certificates are divided into five levels: National Vocational Qualification Level 5 (elementary), National Vocational Qualification Level 4 (intermediate), National Vocational Qualification Level 3 (Advanced), National Vocational Qualification Level 2 (Technician) and National Vocational Qualification Level 1 (Senior Technician).

The so-called "professional titles", that is, professional and technical qualifications, are divided into three levels: assistant engineer; engineer; senior engineer.

The so-called "full senior engineer" and "professor-level senior engineer" are not official national professional title series.

However, for other scientific research and teaching industries, professional titles have more levels and content. For example: teaching assistants in schools; lecturers; associate professors and professors; associate researchers and researchers in scientific research units; attending doctors in hospitals; deputy chief physicians; and chief physicians, etc.

Fourth: How many “professional qualifications” and “practice qualifications” do China currently have?

This is a difficult question to answer. At one time, the management of professional qualifications in China was relatively chaotic. Some departments and localities introduced their own management measures. As a result, no matter what the industry or the job, they all required "certificate to work." Even those who repaired new cars on the street, cleaned, etc. They are also required to hold a certificate to work.

The State Council Guobanfa [2007] No. 73 (December 31, 2007) issued the "Notice of the General Office of the State Council on Cleaning up and Standardizing Activities Related to Various Professional Qualifications." The notice clearly stipulates that the work on sorting out and standardizing professional qualifications will be led by the personnel and labor and social security departments of the State Council, and organized and implemented in conjunction with the development and reform, public security, supervision, education, civil affairs, finance, industry and commerce and industry authorities.

How many “practice qualifications” are there now? I haven't seen any official statistics.

A netizen replied:

Cost engineer, software engineer, quality engineer, electrical engineer, safety engineer

Supervision engineer, civil engineer, lighting engineer, consulting engineer, chemical engineer

Financial database engineer, equipment engineer, environmental engineer, network security engineer

System engineer, construction engineer, environmental engineer, hardware engineer, electronic engineer, engineer

PE engineer, registered structural engineer, safety engineer, sales engineer, cost engineer

Information system management engineer, public equipment engineer, 3G engineer, software testing engineer

Structural engineer, weak current engineer, public equipment engineer, communications engineer, environmental impact assessment engineer

Consulting engineer, supervision examination engineer, transportation Department Supervision Engineer Computer Engineer

Database System Engineer Mechanical and Electrical Engineer Quality Engineer System Integration Engineer

Recruitment Supervision Engineer Test Engineer Packaging Engineer Pre-sales Engineer Registered Chemical Engineer

Computer Engineer caxa, manufacturing engineer, garden engineer, equipment supervision engineer

Network engineer, mechanical engineer, licensed physician, licensed pharmacist, licensed nurse, etc. There are many more. I’m tired and I’m tired

For us to do specific work For the staff, the regulations are relatively clear. In terms of the professional qualifications of the director of the construction department, they mainly include the following: architect, surveyor, designer, urban planner, construction engineer, and cost engineer; property manager, structural engineer.

Fifth: Give examples

Due to my limited level of understanding, this example may not be very accurate. Please provide criticisms and corrections.

Assume that there are three classmates: Zhang San, Li Si and Wang Wu, who graduated from the "Civil Engineering" major of the Department of Civil Engineering, School of Architectural Engineering, Tianjin University in the same class in the same year.

In this way, their "academic qualifications" are all university graduates; their degrees are all "bachelor's"; and their "majors" are all civil engineering.

From now on, each performed outstandingly in different jobs. A few years later, they all obtained the "professional title" of senior engineer; this is called a "professional qualification."

Zhang San serves as a department manager in a consulting company affiliated to the Shanghai Architectural Design Institute. He is mainly responsible for the preparation of the bill of quantities and cost, as well as the calculation of the "minimum bid", etc. He needs to pass the "cost engineer" examination of the Ministry of Construction and obtain the professional qualification of "registered cost engineer" before he can carry out his work.

Li Si came to a large construction company in Sichuan. He mainly serves as a "project manager" and has successfully completed many large-scale projects. He should take the "Constructor" examination of the Ministry of Construction and obtain the professional qualification of "Registered Constructor". In the future, according to the regulations of the Ministry of Construction, he can continue to play his role only when "construction engineer" is used to replace "project manager".

Wang Wu went to a "medium-sized" bidding company in Beijing and served as the manager of the engineering bidding department. Previously, he worked for a large construction company for many years. It does not matter whether he has the qualification of cost engineer or supervisor. According to the documents of the National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Personnel, he should take the proficiency examination of the tenderer. After obtaining the certificate of passing the tenderer proficiency examination, in the future, according to the arrangements of the National Development and Reform Commission, if necessary, you can apply for and handle (no need to take another exam) the professional qualification certificate of the registered tenderer.