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Gerund is an indefinite verb, which has the characteristics of both verbs and nouns. It can dominate the object and can also be modified by adverbs. Gerund changes in tense and voice.

Explanation: If the ing form of a verb is a noun, the word is called a gerund.

First, the role of gerund

Gerund has the nature of noun, so it can be used as subject, predicative, object, attribute and so on in a sentence.

1 as the subject

Reading is an art. Reading is an art.

Mountain climbing is really interesting. Mountain climbing is really interesting.

Working under such conditions is not a pleasant thing, but a painful thing. Working under such working conditions is not pleasant, but painful.

Gerund is the subject, sometimes it is the formal subject first, and the gerund is placed at the end of the sentence. This usage is often used in idioms. For example:

Water under the bridge. Water under the bridge.

Persuading such people to join us is a waste of time. Persuading such people to join is a waste of time.

It is difficult to get on the crowded tram. It's really difficult to get on this crowded car.

It's fun to play with children. It's good to play with children.

You can't joke about such things. This kind of thing is no joke.

Several types of gerund as subject

Gerund can serve as various sentence components that nouns can serve in sentences. Here we only discuss the case where gerund is the subject in the sentence.

Gerund as the subject has the following common situations:

1. Put it directly at the beginning of the sentence as the subject. For example:

Swimming is a good exercise in summer.

2. Use it as the formal subject and put the gerund (real subject) at the end of the sentence as the post-subject.

When gerund is used as the subject, it is not often used as the antecedent subject, but after some adjectives and nouns. For example:

It's no use telling him not to worry.

The adjectives commonly used in this structure are: better, wonderful, pleasant, interesting, stupid, difficult, useless, meaningless, valuable and so on.

Note: adjectives such as important, necessary and necessary cannot be used in the above structure.

3. Used in "There be" structure. For example:

There is no telling when he will come. It's hard to say when he will come back.

4. Ellipsis structure for notification form. For example:

No smoking.

No parking.

5. Compound structure with gerund as subject

When a gerund has its own logical subject, it can often be preceded by the possessive case of a noun or pronoun to form a compound structure of the gerund (at this time, the possessive case of a noun or pronoun is the logical subject of the gerund). The compound structure of gerund can also be used as the subject in a sentence. For example:

Their help is a great encouragement to us.

6. examples

Shopping, fishing and cycling are all common gerunds.

Secondly, the comparison between gerund as subject and infinitive as subject.

Both infinitive and gerund can be used as subjects. The meaning is similar. But gerunds are often used to express general or abstract actions, and infinitives are often used to express specific or specific actions. Comparison:

Smoking is not good for health.

It is not good for you to smoke so much.

note:

1) In spoken English, infinitives with nouns as subjects at the beginning of sentences are common.

2) In such things as "It's no use …", "It's no good …", "It's fun …" and "It's a waste of time …", gerunds are usually used as real subjects:

It's useless/useless/a waste of time to talk about that.

It's useless/useless/a waste of time to talk about that.

3) In interrogative sentences, the compound structure of gerund is usually used as the subject instead of the compound structure of infinitive:

Does your words mean anything to him?

Does that mean anything to him?

4) In the "There be" sentence, only gerund can be used, but infinitive can't be used as the subject:

It's hard to say what will happen.

It's hard to say what will happen.

5) When the subject and predicate in a sentence are non-finite verbs, the principle of consistency should be followed, and the subject and predicate should be unified in form:

I'll believe that when I see it.

* Seeing is believing.

2. As an object

(1) as the verb object

When an indefinite verb appears after some verbs, you can only use gerund as the object, not infinitive. This kind of common verbs are: suggest, allow, permit, avoid, consider, enjoy, finish, give up, can't help it, imagine, contain, keep, continue, mind, miss, postpone, delay, practice, resist, suggest, rely on, think, start, succeed, worry, break out, insist, can't stand, get used to it. For example:

They kept walking and talking. They have been walking and talking.

I find it pleasant to walk along the seashore. Walking on the beach is really a pleasure.

(2) As the object of preposition

We are considering making a new plan for the next $ TERM. We are considering making a new plan for next semester.

Shall we take a break or start working? Shall we rest or start working?

(3) As the object of adjectives

This music is well worth listening to again. This kind of music is worth listening to several times.

We are busy preparing for the coming sports meeting. We are busy preparing for the coming sports meeting.

3. As a predicative

When gerund is used as predicative, the subject of a sentence is often a noun indicating inanimate things or a nominal clause guided by what. Predicative gerund and subject are usually equivalent, indicating the content of the subject, and subject and predicate can be interchanged.

Your task is to clean the windows. Your task is to clean the windows. Cleaning the windows is your task. )

What I hate most is being laughed at. What I hate most is being laughed at by others. Being laughed at is what I hate most. )

4. As an attribute

Gerund as an attribute usually indicates some purpose of the modified word. For example:

Walking stick = walking stick = walking stick

Washing machine = machine for washing = machine for washing

Reading room = a room for reading.

Tape measure = tape measure for measurement = tape measure for measurement

Sleeping pills = sleeping pills = sleeping pills = sleeping pills are used for sleeping.

Second, the logical subject of gerund.

Gerunds with logical subjects are called gerund compound structures. When the logical subject of the gerund is inconsistent with the subject of the sentence, the possessive pronoun or the possessive case of the noun should be added before the gerund to form the compound structure of the gerund. Possessive pronouns (possessive nouns) are logical subjects and gerunds are logical predicates. Gerund compound structure can be used as subject, object and predicative in a sentence, which is equivalent to subject clause, object clause and predicative clause respectively. For example:

She came to help attract us all. He came to help inspire me. She came to help encourage all of us. )

Jane's carelessness caused so much trouble. Jane's carelessness caused a lot of trouble. Jane's carelessness caused so much trouble. )

What troubles them is that they don't have enough food. What bothers them is the lack of food. What troubles them is that they don't have enough food. )

In spoken English, when the gerund compound structure is used as the object, the personal pronoun objective case is generally used to replace the possessive pronoun, and the ordinary case is used to replace the possessive case of the noun, but it cannot replace the subject at the beginning of the sentence. For example:

Do you mind if I use your computer? Do you mind using your computer?

The father insisted that his son go to college. The father insisted that his son go to college.

Mary is ill, which makes her mother very upset. Mary is ill, which makes her mother very anxious.

His smoking worries his family. Smoking makes his family very angry.

In the following cases, the logical subject of gerund must use the ordinary case or personal pronoun object of noun:

A. unnamed words

The door suddenly closed and the baby was awakened. The baby was awakened by the violent door closing.

B. There are life nouns, but they express general meanings.

Have you ever heard of women practicing boxing? Have you ever heard of female boxing?

C. juxtaposition of two or more live nouns

Do you remember your parents telling me about it? Do you remember that both your parents and I told you about it?

Thirdly, the tense and voice of gerund.

The tense and voice of gerund are as follows:

tense

Main dynamic

passive voice

general formula

writing

Being written

perfective

Finished

It's already written

Its negative form is to add not before doing.

1. The action represented by the gerund general formula is usually a general action, that is, an action that has not happened clearly in the past, present or future, or an action that occurs at the same time as the action represented by the predicate verb. For example:

I hate talking to such people. I hate talking to such people.

Being concerned is not a good habit. Carelessness is not a good habit.

2. The action indicated by the gerund perfect occurs before the predicate verb action. For example:

T remember seeing him before. I don't remember seeing him before.

Thank you for taking the trouble to help. Thank you for your hard work.

3. The logical subject of gerund is also the receiver of gerund action, and gerund uses passive voice.

(1) The action represented by its general formula occurs at the same time as or before the predicate verb action. For example:

T like being laughed at in public. I don't like being laughed at in public.

(2) The action indicated by its perfect form occurs before the predicate verb. For example:

I'm glad you were awarded a medal. I'm glad that you can get such a medal.

(3) In some verbs, we often use the general form of gerund to express the perfect form, although the action occurs before the verb action, which seems to be a powerful habit. For example:

Please forgive me for being late. Please forgive me for coming late.

T remember meeting somewhere. I can't remember where I have seen it before.

Thank you for giving us some help. Thank you for giving us so much help.

(4) In most cases, avoid using the gerund passive perfect, and use the general form instead, so as not to make sentences appear cumbersome, especially in oral English. For example:

I forgot being taken to the city zoo. I was once taken to this zoo, but I forgot.

(5) The general form of gerund passive voice is isomorphic to the general form of present participle passive voice, but it has no meaning and cannot be omitted. For example:

She is afraid of being brought to the public. She is afraid of being brought to the public.

Fourth, frequently asked questions:

1) When the gerund is the subject, the predicate verb is singular.

2) In gerund and infinitive, the object as a preposition is gerund.

3) The negation of gerund is directly placed in front of a negative word, and the logical subject is given through the objective case or possessive case of pronoun.

Example:

I hope to come back this afternoon.

You call me. You call me. It's right to call you by your name)

4) Some words can only be followed by gerunds.

Acknowledge; Appreciate; Avoid; Celebrate; Consider; Meditate; Postpone; Delay; Deny; Disgust; Suspend; Don't like it; Controversy; Enjoy; It needs; Escape; Excuses; Explain; Fancy; Feel like; Complete; Forgive; Can't help it; Obstruct; Imagine; It involves; Keep; It means; Mention; Mind; Miss; It needs; Pardon; Extension; Practice; Prevention; Memories; Report; Resentment; Resist; Risk; Suggestions; Understand; understand ...

5) Besides, there are some common sayings associated with -ing.

It's useless; It's nothing/nothing/almost nothing/useless; It's no/almost no/almost useless; Very worthwhile; Spend money/time; No; Meaningless; Nothing is more useful/meaningful than ... ...

6) Some words can be followed by infinitives and gerunds.

Remember, forgetting, trying, stopping, continuing, stopping and meaning can all be followed by infinitive and -ing, but their meanings are totally unacceptable.

Example:

Remember to do/are doing:

I remembered to post the letter. (of future/past future actions)

I remember posting the letter. (I remember doing so)

Forgetting is similar to remembering.

The usage of regret:

I regret to inform you that ... (I regret to inform you that ...)

Twenty years later, I left this company and got worse. )

Try and try:

You really must try to overcome your shyness.

② Try to practice for five hours every day.

Similarities and differences between gerund and present participle

Gerund and present participle are the same in form, and -ing is added at the end of verb prototype. In modern grammar, these two forms are considered as "-ing". Another similarity between these two forms is that they are both variants of verbs, and both retain some characteristics of verbs. They can all bring their own objects and adverbials to form gerund phrases or present participle phrases as sentence components. For example:

He will certainly be very happy to speak in public.

He is always in high spirits when he speaks in public.

She hates speaking in public.

She doesn't like to speak in public.

Difference:

1? Gerund and present participle can be predicated after the copula, and the differences are as follows:

(1) As an predicative, the gerund and the subject refer to the same thing. At this time, the verb is equivalent to "yes". Usually, the position of the subject and the predicative is interchanged, and the grammar and meaning remain unchanged. For example:

My hobby is swimming. It's my hobby to swim instead.

(2) The present participle as a predicative is mainly used to explain the nature of the subject and cannot be interchanged with the subject, for example:

This story is very interesting. What is interesting is the story.

2? Both gerund and present participle can be used as attributive modifiers. The difference between them is that:

When gerund modifies nouns, it mainly indicates the purpose of nouns, but what is the nature of participle modifying nouns now? State or action, etc? Try to compare:

A boy on a swing and a bathing suit.

The former means "the boy swimming", that is, the present participle swimming means the action of the modified noun boy; The latter means "bathing suit", that is, a suit for swimming. Gerund swimming indicates the purpose of the suit?

A sleeping child and a sleeping car

The former means "sleeping child", that is, sleeping child, and the present participle sleeping means that the modifier child is in a state; The latter means "sleeping car", that is, a car for sleeping.

passive voice

First, the use of passive voice:

1. The passive voice of simple present tense: is/am/are+ past participle of transitive verb.

Our classroom is cleaned every day.

I was asked to study hard.

Knives are used to cut things.

2. The passive voice composition of the general past tense: the past participle of the was/were+ transitive verb

A new shop was built last year.

Dinosaur eggs were laid a long time ago.

3. Passive voice in the present perfect tense: has/have+been+ past participle of transitive verbs

This book has been translated into many languages.

Many countries have launched many artificial satellites into space.

4. Passive voice in the general future tense: past participle of will+be+ transitive verb.

A new hospital will be built in our city.

More trees will be planted next year.

5. Passive voice of modal verbs: past participles of modal verbs +be+ and transitive verbs.

Young trees must be watered often.

Your mistake should be corrected at once.

The door may have been locked.

Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.

6. Passive voice in the present continuous tense: am/is/are+being+ past participle of transitive verbs.

Uncle Wang is repairing my bike. →

Tom is repairing my bike.

They are planting trees over there. →

They are planting trees over there.

7. Passive voice of infinitive: to+be+ past participle of transitive verb

There are two books to read. →

There are more than twenty trees to plant.

Second, how to change the active voice into the passive voice?

It's easy to change the active voice into the passive voice. You can follow these steps:

1. Find the predicate verb first;

2. Find the object after the predicate verb;

3. Use the object as the subject in the passive voice;

4. Pay attention to the changes of person, tense and number.

For example: 1. Bruce writes a letter every week. Bruce writes a letter every week.

Li Lei repaired the broken bike this morning. Li Lei repaired the broken bike this morning.

He has written two novels so far. He has written two novels so far.

They will plant ten trees tomorrow. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.

Lucy is writing a letter now. Lucy is writing a letter.

You must lock the door when you leave. When you leave, the door must be locked.

Three, the use of passive voice should pay attention to several issues:

1. intransitive verbs have no passive voice.

/kloc-what will happen in 0/00 years.

Dinosaurs died out about 65 million years ago.

2. Some verbs use active forms to express passive meanings.

This pen writes well.

This new book sells well.

3. Sensory verbs or causative verbs use infinitives that omit to. There is no to in active voice, but when it becomes passive voice, it must be added to it.

Example: let sb do sth → sb+be forced to do sth.

See sb do sth.

A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by. When a girl passed by, she saw my wallet drop.

The boss asked the little boy to do heavy work. The boss asked the little boy to do heavy work.

4. If the verb with double objects is changed into the passive voice, and the direct object (object) is the subject, then a preposition should be added after the verb, which is determined by the matched verb, or the indirect object plus the passive voice and only the object.

He gave me a book. He gave me a book. Or he gave me a book.

He showed me a ticket. He showed me a ticket. Or he showed me a ticket.

My father bought me a new bike. My father bought me a new bike. Or my father bought me a new bike.

5. When some verb phrases are used in the passive voice, we should regard the verb phrases as a whole and not lose the prepositions or adverbs.

We can't laugh at him. He can't be laughed at by us.

He listens to the radio every day. He listens to the radio every day.

The nurse is taking care of the patient. The nurse is taking care of the patient. & lt/CA & gt；