Explain the brief history of social security development in China. (200 words)

Looking back on the development history of China's social security for more than 50 years, the development of China's social security system can be summarized into three stages: from the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China to before the reform and opening up, it can be regarded as the first stage, characterized by unit security with state-owned units as the core; Since the city-centered reform and opening up in the mid-1980s, it can be regarded as the second stage, characterized by the establishment of a social insurance system focusing on professionals around the reform of state-owned enterprises; Marked by the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, we have entered a new stage with the goal of establishing a social security system covering urban and rural residents. Dividing into three stages is to make all comrades engaged in social security work have a sense that what we do today and tomorrow is not a simple "copy" of the past work, but a great cause that benefits the whole people at a new starting point and facing new goals.

The modern social security system has a history of 120 years. At present, nearly 200 countries and regions in the world have established various social security systems. Although there are various colors, there is a common law, that is, all countries choose and adjust the social security model and policy framework according to their national conditions-economic and social development, social and political system, historical and cultural background, etc. Since the reform and opening up, we have always adhered to the road of Socialism with Chinese characteristics. When talking about the construction of social security system, Vice Premier Zhang Dejiang also put forward the concept of China characteristics, which gave us great inspiration. We will implement the spirit of the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, accelerate the establishment of a social security system covering urban and rural residents, and set out from the national conditions of China to establish and improve a social security system with China characteristics. In my opinion, as far as the social security system is concerned, China has five characteristics:

First, the most populous country in the world. Population has a great influence on the choice of social security model. Looking back at history, in 1883, when the social insurance system was established in Bismarck, and in 1942, when beveridge wrote the report "Social Insurance and Related Services", the population of Germany and Britain only exceeded10 million; Even when the American Social Security Law was promulgated in 1935, the population was only a little more than 1 100 million. In China, a social security system covering more than 100 million residents in urban and rural areas should be established, and the population order is 10 times and 100 times that of others. The national characteristics of a large population determine that the perfection of China's social security system should take ensuring fairness as the essential requirement and the first principle. If countries are compared to vehicles running at high speed on highways, then other countries are light sports cars, with a maximum load of 3 tons, while China is a heavy truck with a load of 13 tons. In the face of all kinds of steep slopes, sharp bends and bumpy road conditions, if there is no stronger balance and stability function, our car will go astray. Therefore, we can't choose a personal account system model that completely lacks the function of mutual aid, but insist on putting fairness first. By promoting the equalization of public services, increasing the government's public financial input, and increasing the redistribution of social wealth, we will strive to achieve basic protection for everyone, prevent and eliminate polarization in the process of modernization, and promote social harmony, social justice and social stability. China's social security system needs inclusive institutional arrangements, but the characteristics of China's large population determine that GSP should not and cannot become the main system. Imagine that if we choose the high welfare system of "from cradle to grave", 654.38+0.3 billion people will seek the government and other governments, which will not only overwhelm our financial resources, but also cause the decline of national creativity and competitiveness. Therefore, China should take the contributory social insurance as the core system, adhere to the equality of rights and obligations, and prevent units and individuals from relying too much on the government and society. The conclusion is that the construction of social security system in China should adhere to the combination of fairness and efficiency. This kind of fairness includes not only making all people share the fruits of social and economic development on the macro level, but also realizing the rule fairness of equal rights and obligations on the micro level; This efficiency not only includes that the social security system is conducive to promoting sound and rapid economic development at the macro level, but also includes guiding and encouraging workers to pay more for more work, pay in advance, pay continuously and pay for a long time in specific policy design.

Second, it has been in the primary stage of socialism for a long time. A remarkable feature of the primary stage is the low level of economic and social development. This determines that China's social security system can only start from a low level, guarantee the basic needs of the people, and gradually improve with the economic development; Never be divorced from reality, write a "blank check" and raise your appetite. At the same time, this level of economic development also determines our path choice to improve the social security system. It is necessary to make up for the shortcomings of the system as a priority goal, first solve the problem of "from scratch" and then solve the problem of "from low to high" in turn. From the perspective of a complete national security system, the biggest institutional deficiency in China is the basic old-age insurance for farmers and the old-age insurance for migrant workers. These two problems are closely related to the process of industrialization, urbanization and marketization in China, and they are increasingly prominent. By 2020, China's urbanization rate will reach more than 60%, and the rural elite labor force will basically enter the city, while the old, weak, women and children will stay in the countryside. If we don't make proper institutional arrangements for the old-age security of farmers and migrant workers now, the social differentiation will be very serious, and it will be difficult to truly achieve the goal of a well-off society in an all-round way. The conclusion is that the reform of social security system in the past 20 years is centered on the city and promoted around the goal of enterprise reform; According to the requirement of "covering urban and rural areas" put forward by the 17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, to improve the social security system in the new period, we should give priority to solving the social security problems related to agriculture, and at the same time accelerate the expansion of the coverage of the existing security system, start from a low level and build a relatively complete institutional framework.

Third, the region is vast and the differences are huge. Some people say that "China's coastal cities are like Europe, and its inland villages are like Africa", describing the great difference. The huge differences between urban and rural areas and between regions determine the two orientations of China's social security system: first, to promote the integrity and unity of the system, strive to narrow rather than expand the differences, and make overall consideration, overall design and unified management of the social security system covering urban and rural areas to prevent the "fragmentation" of system design and the increase of friction in operation; According to the characteristics of each security project, improve the overall planning level and realize a wider range of unified policies and social mutual assistance; We should carefully leave an "interface" for the different social security system arrangements among different groups. Second, we should adapt to the imbalance of economic and social development between urban and rural areas and between regions at this stage, fully consider and reflect this difference under the unified institutional framework and legal norms, and give local flexibility; For higher demand beyond the basic level of protection, encourage the establishment of supplementary insurance and develop commercial insurance with preferential policies; In rural areas, we should continue to play the role of family and land security. The conclusion is: adhere to the combination of unity and flexibility, integrity and particularity, form a cohesive, transferable and cumulative policy and management platform, and form a multi-level social security system.

Fourth, the aging population is coming quickly. Most industrialized countries have entered the age of aging, and each country has its own problems in pension and medical security system. The characteristic of our country is that the population and fertility policy in a specific period leads to the early arrival of aging-all western countries are aging after industrialization, while our country is "getting old before getting rich"; Come quickly-the aging rate in western countries has risen from 5% to 10%, which generally takes more than 40 years, while China only needs 18 years; Long duration-Due to the huge population base, it is predicted that China will have a high-level maintenance period of about 40 years after entering the peak of aging in 1930s. This feature requires us to have a stronger sense of hardship and a longer-term strategic vision in system design. While solving the problems left over from history and enhancing the actual interests of all groups, we should also make policy and financial preparations for the future peak of population aging. The conclusions are as follows: First, accelerate the establishment of personal accounts for endowment insurance, improve investment policies, and realize the preservation and appreciation; Second, establish and improve a socialized and market-oriented management service system for the elderly, so that China's economic and social structure can better meet the needs of an aging society; Third, the issue of delaying retirement age will be put on the agenda sooner or later, but the employment factor should be considered comprehensively.

Fifth, there is a profound historical and cultural accumulation. China has a history of 5,000 years of civilization and more than 2,000 years of social and political history, which are basically governed by the central government. This unique historical and cultural background requires the establishment and improvement of China's social security system and the combination of government-led and social participation. Especially at this stage, the government, especially the central government, must play a leading role in the construction of social security system, actively promote legislation, increase financial input and provide more public services. The idea of pushing social security to the market in an all-round way is not suitable for China's national conditions. At the same time, carry forward the long-standing spiritual and cultural traditions of the Chinese nation, such as respecting the elderly and caring for the young, helping the poor and helping the poor, and collectivism, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of all sectors of society, develop social charity, support volunteer public welfare actions, encourage community groups and neighbors to help each other, give play to the role of social organizations in self-management and self-service, and advocate family harmony. Under the leadership of the government, all members of society should participate in the construction of social security.

These characteristics determine the starting point, strategic choice and basic principles of China's social security system construction. Only by accurately understanding and grasping the above characteristics can we form the consciousness of understanding and action, design, construct, manage and implement the social security system with China characteristics, and realize sustainable and benign development.