Request:France's social security system

People often say that France is a western capitalist country with the color of "socialism", and this kind of "socialism" in the eyes of the people is the high welfare and social security system that everyone can enjoy. Since April 1898, when the first law on compensation for work-related accidents was introduced, the French social security system has evolved and developed over more than 100 years, gradually forming a set of social insurance system (Sécurité sociale) with wide coverage, deep social security content and perfect procedures. In terms of the content of the insurance services provided, there are three main areas: medical care for illness (maternity, disability, death, work accidents, occupational diseases, etc.), retirement and family benefits. Sickness insurance is the most widespread, and even foreign students who come to France to study benefit from it. "The right of everyone to receive medical care has long been a social principle and a social awareness, and the welfare system, which provides for the welfare of widows, orphans, orphans, invalids and the disabled, is as proud as the spirit of liberty, equality and fraternity*** and the spirit of the French people. The welfare system, like the spirit of "liberty, equality and fraternity "*** and the French people are proud of, has also formed a special social security model in France.

Medical insurance for a wide range of people

The French sickness medical insurance system was established in 1945, and has developed to cover most of the people's medical needs, and is known as one of the most generous medical insurance systems in the world. According to the insured person's mode of income, those who participate in the health insurance include salaried persons (i.e., practitioners who receive wages from their employers); freelancers (including craftsmen, tradesmen, artisans, agricultural operators, and clergymen, etc.); and those who do not have income from their occupational activities (including unemployed persons, retired persons, students, housewives, and persons serving a prison sentence, etc.). In addition, the same principle applies to all foreigners legally present in France, and even those without legal status have access to the relevant medical services under certain conditions. In this way, health insurance in France is a universal basic social security system, and the government's mandatory collection of insurance premiums ensures that it is widely available to all.

For the salaried class, the employee's health insurance premium accounts for about 19.6% of the total salary, which is shared proportionally between the enterprise and the employee, usually 6.8% is deducted from the employee's total salary, and the rest is paid by the enterprise. Freelancers pay a percentage of their income, while people with no income are entitled to health insurance for a small or even no premium, e.g. university students pay around €190 a year for basic health insurance. Unemployed people can apply for free CMU.

The CMU provides a high level of reimbursement for illnesses

In addition to the basic health insurance, which is generally available to all, there are also various voluntary mutual insurance services. The latter is a kind of supplemental insurance, which mainly covers the expenses that cannot be reimbursed by the basic medical insurance. According to the health insurance regulations, 70 per cent of the insured person's medical expenses are reimbursed by the basic health insurance, while the remaining 30 per cent are the patient's own expenses, and if he or she also participates in the mutual insurance service, the portion borne by the individual will be reimbursed again, or even completely. This multilevel, complementary health insurance service will eventually form a health insurance network covering the entire population.

In 2004, the French government reformed the health insurance system by introducing a series of new regulations that must be strictly adhered to in order to be fully covered. The new rules require each insured person to first choose a "médecin traitant" (lead doctor) for himself, similar to the role of the "family doctor". Each visit to the doctor begins with an initial diagnosis by the Médecin traitant, and if further treatment is needed, a specialist is recommended by the Médecin traitant. In addition, the patient's medical summary report and medical file are also written and managed by the lead doctor. The Government hopes that the lead doctor can help patients rationally and efficiently combine diagnostic resources, in particular, to ensure that patients are provided with consultation services in the first instance, so as to minimize the blindness of "seeking medical treatment when in emergency". Of course, there are exceptions, such as ophthalmology, dentistry, gynecology and long-term chronic diseases or emergency treatment under special circumstances, in which the patient can directly contact the doctor for treatment without going through the lead doctor. On the contrary, the costs incurred by not following the health insurance process to see a doctor, the patient will not be reimbursed accordingly to compensate.

Despite the complexity of the process, patients can be assured that most of their treatment, medication, and even hospitalization costs will be reimbursed at a high rate. The French spirit of equality, fraternity, mutual assistance and solidarity is fully reflected in the health insurance system, and the more difficult and complicated cases, the more serious diseases, the more the insured can enjoy nearly 100% medical reimbursement. The first thing that you need to do is to get your hands on some of the most popular products in the world, and you'll be able to do that for a long time.

First of all, the cost of treatment is related to the doctor that the participant sees. According to the agreement signed between the doctor and the social security institution, the status of the doctor is different, the consultation fee standard is different, and then affect the reimbursement rights. The first type of agreement is the doctor who charges the patient a fixed fee for the consultation; the second type of agreement is the doctor who can "moderately increase" the fee on the basis of the fixed fee; the third type of non-agreement is the doctor who decides on the consultation fee at his own discretion, and the patient receives very little reimbursement from the social security institution. Therefore, it is very important to choose the right doctor to achieve both treatment and reimbursement. According to the regulations, non-consenting doctors are required to show patients the prices of various consultation fees before treatment. In the case of the first two types of doctors, 70% of the consultation fee will be reimbursed through the universal health insurance, and the rest will be reimbursed through the supplementary health insurance or borne by the patient.

Secondly, the costs of various examinations, such as laboratory tests, radiographs, and reports, can be reimbursed in a complementary way under the basic health insurance and the supplementary insurance. Then the drug reimbursement, in line with the principle of giving priority to major diseases and expensive drugs, the French pharmaceutical management department shall reimburse 65% ~ 100% of the drugs that are used for major diseases or diseases for which there is a lack of effective treatments and that have a significant advantage over the alternatives, such as drugs used for the treatment of cancer, leukemia, AIDS and other serious diseases, etc., which are reimbursed 100% under the basic health insurance; and drugs used for the treatment of general serious diseases that have a certain application value or have a significant advantage over the alternatives. The drugs used for the treatment of general illnesses, which have a certain application value or have an advantage over alternative drugs, are reimbursed 35% to 65%, such as the drugs used for the treatment of diabetes, which are reimbursed 65%; and lastly, the drugs used for common illnesses and the regular medicines are generally reimbursed 35%, or even not reimbursed, and the price of these drugs is lower, and most of them belong to the over-the-counter medicines.

Lastly, the reimbursement of hospitalization costs. According to the French sickness health insurance regulations, all in public hospitals or private hospitals signed health insurance agreement, 80% of the hospitalization medical fees paid directly by the social security center; in the private clinic without the signing of the health insurance agreement, the patient needs to pay all the costs, and then the relevant medical information will be passed on to the social security center to obtain partial reimbursement of the cost of hospitalization meals and additional care costs to be borne by their own, but the patient's transportation costs can be reimbursed 65% of the hospitalized patients. Meals and additional care during hospitalization are paid for by the patient, although transportation costs for escorting the patient to the hospital are reimbursed at 65%. In addition, when a patient is hospitalized for some serious or chronic diseases such as cancer, AIDS, hypertension or other hereditary diseases, the social security center can reimburse all the related medical expenses. The French system of universal primary health care is more caring and compassionate to the seriously ill.

Reform of the health care system requires caution

As for the reimbursement process, the French government is also trying to simplify the relevant procedures, and in June 2001, a kind of electronic health care card - social health insurance card (Carte vitale) began to enter the people's lives, this stored personal health insurance information. This electronic card, which stores personal health insurance information, has greatly improved the efficiency of payment and reimbursement. This electronic card, which stores personal health insurance information, has greatly improved the efficiency of payment and reimbursement. With this card, people can purchase medicines from pharmacies and go through hospitalization procedures without having to pay cash, and the reimbursements are processed in a timely manner by hospitals and social security centers through a network of information reception. Undoubtedly, the social health insurance card has become another important "credit card" that the French carry with them.

However, such a high-welfare health care system also brings a heavy burden of expenditure to the French government, and the state subsidy is an important source of funding to maintain the operation of health insurance. With the aging of society, the collection of social security contributions is far from being able to meet the treatment costs of the insured, the state financial allocation is increasingly difficult, the public **** deficit is rising. Therefore, the reform of the health care system has also become the government's top priority, this piece of health insurance "cheese" in the end how to move? After moving how effective? Need to take time to seriously study.