Introduction and details of shockley.

Name: william bradford, shockley, shockley.

Country or region: UK-USA

Subject: Physicists

Reasons for winning the Invention Award: I shared the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics with Bardeen and bratton for my research on semiconductors and the discovery of transistor effect.

Hewlett-Packard, the first citizen, is undoubtedly the earliest electronics company in Silicon Valley. This famous company, founded in 1930s, became the source of Silicon Valley history. However, it was not until the arrival of another famous figure in 1950s that the fire of Silicon Valley was really lit, and this land was lit with spectacular electronic light, that is, william shockley. It is physicist Dr. shockley's extraordinary business vision that created Silicon Valley, and it is also Dr. shockley's outstanding enterprise talent that created Silicon Valley. He was the first citizen of Silicon Valley.

Shockley 19 10 was born in London. When I was 3 years old, my parents and I moved to California. His parents, who were engaged in mining, instilled scientific ideas in him from an early age. Under the influence of Slater, a middle school teacher, he was admitted to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and stayed there to teach after receiving his doctorate in solid state physics. Soon, Kelly, deputy director of Bell Laboratories in New Jersey, came to Massachusetts to "dig corners" and poached shockley. After World War II, Bell Laboratories began to develop a new generation of electron tubes, and shockley was responsible for it. 1at noon two days before Christmas in 947, two colleagues in shockley, Walter Blatin and john bardeen, made a small model with several pieces of gold foil, a piece of semiconductor material and a bent paper rack, which can conduct, amplify and switch current. They called this invention "point contact transistor amplifier". This is the "transistor" that later triggered the electronic revolution. Shockley and these two colleagues won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956. This is an electronic signal amplification component that replaces vacuum tubes. It is a powerful engine of electronics and is called "the most important invention in the 20th century" by the media and scientific circles. Others said, "Without Bell Labs, there would be no Silicon Valley."

1948, shockley and others applied for a patent for transistor invention. In 1949, shockley proposed an idea of a junction transistor with better performance, which can be amplified by controlling the current on the thin base of the interlayer. 1950, junction transistor was successfully developed. 1955, the industrial refining technology of high-purity silicon has matured, and transistor radios made of silicon wafers have also come out. Shockley, who works in Bell Laboratories, can't sit still.

Shockley is not satisfied with this invention, but hopes to commercialize it and put it on the market. Shockley hated Bell Laboratories for making money with his invention, and the transistor produced was extremely unstable, which damaged the inventor's reputation. In addition, shockley has a natural organizational ability and enterprise, and he wants to be a millionaire. It is convenient for him to return to his hometown of Santa Clara Valley (Silicon Valley) on 1955. This land, whether it is climate or environment, seems to be the most ideal place to start a transistor factory, and it is also a treasure-house for launching a science and technology competition.

The arrival of shockley, the "father of transistors", indicates that Silicon Valley has ushered in a new era of electronic industry. California on the west coast is the latest place to welcome the sun in the United States, but the sunrise of a brand-new computer industry has risen since then. When shockley came to Palo Alto, he knew very well what would happen in Silicon Valley through his many old contacts in the electronics industry. Arnold Beckman is a chemistry professor. When he was studying at California Institute of Technology, he started a company in Stanford research area-Beckman Instruments, which produced scientific measuring equipment. Beckman provided financial support for shockley to start a company. 1956, shockley won the nobel prize in physics.

Shockley established shockley Laboratory Co., Ltd. in Lookout Mountain in Silicon Valley. The electronics industry began to wait for his move, because this guy is so talented that he seems to be able to accomplish anything. What he did was as sensational as Sir Newton's announcement that he would build a workshop designed by himself in17th century in Britain. There is a first-class climate and geographical location here, but shockley also needs another key condition: talent.

For the selection of talents, shockley's vision is absolutely as keen and original as his technical vision. He returned to the popular east coast of the United States, posted recruitment information, and longed for talented people to fight the world with him. The work letters sent to Wang Shan were all written by elites in the field of electronic research in the United States at that time. As a talented Bole, shockley has hired eight outstanding talents. This is an unprecedented collection of great talents. They are all under 30 years old and are at the peak of their talents, which is very effective. Joan Henny from California Institute of Technology holds two doctoral titles: Cambridge University and Geneva University. Victor Grinik is a researcher at Stanford Research Institute. Eugene Clayton, the oldest of eight people, is only 29 years old, and he is a manufacturing engineer in General Electric Company. Gordon Moore is from the Applied Physics Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University; Robert noyce, who wants to be the most famous scientist, comes from Filko-Ford Company. Besides, Julius, Blank, Jay Raster and Sheldon Roberts are all extraordinary people. Without shockley, these people wouldn't be in California. As soon as shockley arrived, Silicon Valley was on fire.

It was shockley that triggered the chain reaction of entrepreneurs who formed the semiconductor industry in Silicon Valley. Noyce and Moore left shockley together in 1957 and founded Fairchild Company. The latter two co-founded Intel at 1968. Roberts Clayton, Raster and Henny left Fairchild in 196 1 to start another Anelc semiconductor company. Henny later left in 1964 and founded United Carbon Electronics Company, and founded Intersil Company in 1967.

Genius and Waste shockley is not only one of the most talented figures in the 20th century, but also one of the most elusive figures.

Everyone is eager for shockley's name and wants to do something big. But when they first arrived at the shockley laboratory, everyone was surprised: the so-called laboratory was bare white walls, concrete floors and rafters outside. More importantly, shockley is also a great man. This great scientist, whom young people admire and admire in seminars and speeches, is the worst boss. 1956 65438+ 10, shockley was awarded the nobel prize in physics. At 7 o'clock that morning, he received a phone call from Stockholm, Sweden. Shockley took his young scientists to the luxurious Dinah cabin restaurant in the city for a breakfast party to celebrate. Everyone is very excited and feels how extraordinary they are. Because which company is led by a Nobel Prize winner? They think it's time to change the whole world.

It's a pity that this joy is so short-lived.

The great man's market knowledge is fragmentary and his ambition is too great. I don't know anything about management skills or even the ability to deal with people, but I am very self-righteous. A Silicon Valley manager who knows shockley very well said that he is "a genius and a complete waste".

According to Gordon Moore, shockley's initial goal was to produce transistors for 5 cents each. This price 1980 can't be reached, let alone 1955. After the product plan failed, he asked the company to focus on basic research. "Obviously, shockley wants to invent a landmark product and put it into commercial production. After the failure of this effort, he still wants to spend everyone's time and energy on the creation of new things instead of improving transistor technology. "

This aimless method makes no products come out in shockley Lab. In the next two years, only one kind of diode was introduced, which is a relatively simple device, not a transistor.

As a manager, shockley gradually isolated himself. Shockley always talks to people like a child, and his attitude is getting more and more arrogant. So it was 1957, and seven out of eight people had the idea of job-hopping. Shockley's self-centered style soon paid off. His disciples proposed to study integrated circuits, and put several silicon transistor circuits into a transistor-sized position through diffusion. But shockley rejected their proposal and planted a bomb.

Shockley, the first foundling, was not satisfied with the title of famous scientist. He is also determined to surpass the great corporate scientists in 1930s and 1940s, and corporate aristocrats such as Hugh Park Chung-soo and Packard of Hewlett-Packard. Although shockley succeeded in surpassing them intellectually, his qualities and personality as an entrepreneur made it impossible for him to catch up with them forever.

While he was still ambitiously building his business dream, his carefully selected swift horse was already plotting against him. Most people were dissatisfied at first and wanted to leave this place according to their own ideas, but we all decided to leave at the same time. There was no real venture capital industry at that time. It is not easy for seven young people to find their own way without telling shockley. They decided to stay together. Noyce said: "Obviously, the first thing to do is to find a job in the company, because it is not feasible to hire such a large class of people." One of them wrote a letter to an investment bank named Hayden Si Tong and received a reply soon. "Well, hold on, we'll get someone to get you out."

Hayden Si Tong also needs funds. Finally, the 23rd company, fairchild Photographic Equipment Company in New Jersey, is interested. Its young president Alien Battlefield has always wanted to create a high-tech company. However, Carter still has doubts when agreeing to invest, because none of these seven people have management skills. So seven people began to seduce robert noyce, the last holdout of shockley Company, with high salary. Because he is the only one among eight people who seems to have some leadership skills. It didn't take much effort. Although Noyce was valued by shockley, he had no illusions about shockley. So eight people quickly submitted their resignation letters to shockley. Shockley was shocked and then flew into a rage, calling them traitors and "eight rebels".

As a result, "Rebellion Eight Gangs" has become one of the most famous allusions in Silicon Valley.

1960, shockley Laboratory was sold to Clevette Laboratory, 1965, and then resold to AT & amp； T. 1968, permanently closed. Now the original building has become an audio shop.

Shockley invented the transistor, but it didn't work. Shockley wants to be the master of Silicon Valley, but he can only be a passer-by, the first abandoned child in Silicon Valley. Only a hasty stroke has been left in history.

Shockley's paternalism made the old scientist lose face in front of the younger generation. His dream of making money was completely shattered and he was forced to give up his job and teach. 1958, shockley started taking part-time courses at Stanford University at the invitation of Terman. 1963, he officially left the semiconductor company he founded and became a famous and unsuccessful professor at Stanford University.

Some people say that Shockley is a retribution for Silicon Valley. Because after shockley, the standard originally founded by HP, a standard to measure the quality, life and professional ethics of high-tech companies, disappeared. People want to set up their own companies according to HP's model, but the tragedy of Silicon Valley is that these attempts have failed to varying degrees. Shockley's legacy is everywhere in Silicon Valley. Since then, shockley, rather than Hugh Park Jungsu or Packard, has become a typical manager of Silicon Valley. Shockley turned the company into a pure money-making machine; Shockley built the company in a dry and narrow valley, not in the green hills of Palo Alto; It's a company run by shockley. At first, I completely ignored the needs of employees. Some people attribute the characteristics of shockley Lab to greed, genius, disintegration of loyalty, ambition, tragedy and sudden destruction, which constitute the periodic characteristics of the future Silicon Valley.

In 1970s, this great professor suddenly became interested in ethnology and eugenics, and publicly expressed his belief that not all people are at the same level in heredity, nor did they evolve on the same basis. He admitted that he had contributed to the so-called "Nobel Library" (the embryo selection repository built in Escondido, California). Even more striking, he published a paper claiming that the IQ of blacks is 20% lower than that of whites. This is a terrible scene. Angry black students burned an effigy of shockley on campus. No second Nobel Prize winner in physics has ever had this experience.

These controversial activities, which were widely reported by the media, unfortunately concealed shockley's scientific achievements and his contribution to the entrepreneurial wave in Silicon Valley. Like frederick terman, shockley should be regarded as the founder of Silicon Valley.

Shockley died on 1989. The name of a generation of scientists has been rewritten in this way.