A summary of the application of GPS technology in mineral resources exploration and development

(Chongqing Land Resources and Real Estate Information Center, Chongqing, 4000 15)

GPS technology has been widely used in data collection, positioning, navigation and measurement in all walks of life. With the implementation of the "Golden Earth Project", the application of GPS technology in mineral resources exploration and development will reach a new climax, so as to build a new management system of "looking up to the sky and looking up to the earth online". Therefore, on the basis of discussing the application of GPS technology in various aspects of mineral resources exploration and development, this paper analyzes the problems existing in the application and looks forward to the application prospect of GPS technology in mineral resources exploration and development.

Keywords: GPS；; Mineral resources; Application; summary

GPS is widely used in land change investigation, resource inventory, landslide deformation monitoring, real-time monitoring of large-scale structural displacement, land subsidence monitoring, real estate survey, and all outdoor data collection, positioning, navigation and measurement. Because the exploration of mineral resources, the delimitation of mining areas and the determination of ore body scale all need fixed-point survey, GPS technology can be used to improve work efficiency. The Technical Requirements for Prospective Investigation of Strategic Minerals formulated by China Geological Survey also clearly requires that GPS should be used for fixed point, positioning and measurement when mapping, exploration and inspection of mineral geology.

On April 5, 2006, the first science and technology conference since the establishment of the Ministry of Land and Resources was held in Beijing. The meeting takes the development of resource investigation and monitoring technology and the implementation of "golden soil project" as important tasks, which will set off the climax of the wide application of GPS technology in land and resources management. Therefore, this paper will discuss the application, existing problems and application prospect of GPS technology in mineral resources exploration and development.

Application of 1 GPS technology in mineral resources exploration and development

1. 1 drilling position

The application of GPS technology in drilling positioning of drilling rig is far superior to the naked eye control of operators. That is, by installing GPS and related software for drilling guidance, we can know the drilling position and drilling situation at any time. The application of GPS in drilling location can reduce the field survey work, create conditions for putting forward better blasting design, and make the hole arrangement more accurate and shorter. Drilling data can be directly provided to the loading truck; At the same time, it can also avoid over drilling and under drilling.

1.2 vehicle equipment monitoring and dispatching

For a large mining area, it is necessary to know the position and state information of trucks, shovels and other equipment at any time for monitoring and dispatching. Using the traditional manual scheduling method, it is difficult for the dispatcher to dynamically know the position and state of all the electric shovels on site, and it is difficult to make optimal scheduling. Therefore, it is difficult to give full play to the efficiency of large-scale mining and transportation equipment and tap the production potential because of extensive dispatching and command. Using GPS can accurately determine the elevation of forklift at any time, so that the staff can immediately find out whether the forklift is working in the correct position.

In mining area, after installing GPS on cars, managers can know the running route of cars in the whole mining area at any time, check whether the unloading position of cars is correct, know the speed and dispatch cars. The establishment of intelligent transportation system based on GPS/GIS technology can achieve optimal scheduling with the least number of trucks and shovels under certain mining conditions, and greatly improve the efficiency of mining operations. The system can collect a wide range of data through vehicle-mounted terminals (GPS receiving equipment, communication control equipment, etc.). ) installed on trucks, shovels and other tools, and then transmit the data to the central computer in real time through wireless communication. The central computer can quickly calculate according to the mine data (operation plan, road network), make a scheduling scheme, and send scheduling instructions to the shipping equipment to achieve optimal scheduling.

1.3 calculation of surface ore heap

Mineral materials and fuels are important assets of large metallurgical mining enterprises, so it is necessary to measure the volume and weight of such assets. Because mineral materials and fuels are generally distributed widely (from several km2 to tens of km2), not only their shapes are complex, but also their instantaneous access changes greatly, which brings great difficulties to asset evaluation. At home and abroad, aerial photogrammetry, ground stereo measurement and laser scanning of portal equipment are mainly used to measure volume. However, due to the limitations of these methods, such as expensive equipment, high measurement conditions, unsatisfactory accuracy and long measurement period, the popularization and application of these methods are limited. Although the three-dimensional fast calculation method combining electronic total station with computer is accurate, fast and flexible, it needs more manpower and material resources and takes a long time.

GPS-RTK technology is a method to determine the three-dimensional coordinates of the measured point. In order to carry out GPS-RTK survey, at least one reference station and one mobile station are needed. The mobile station can quickly determine the position of the measuring point by receiving the correction parameters and direct satellite signals sent by the reference station. Practice has proved that the application of GPS-RTK technology to the calculation of above-ground mineral resources has the advantages of accuracy, flexibility, rapidity, saving money, time and labor. At the same time, the combination of GPS-RTK technology and GPR technology can also effectively calculate the shallow underground mineral reserves.

1.4 mine environmental monitoring

Environmental problems that often occur in the exploration and development of mineral resources, such as water and soil pollution, air pollution (dust and toxic and harmful gas pollution), noise pollution, light pollution, radiation pollution and other environmental hazards; Occupy and destroy natural environmental resources such as land resources, water resources, forests and grasslands; Causing soil erosion, soil erosion, land desertification, geological landscape damage and other geological environment damage; Induced collapse, landslide, debris flow, ground cracking, ground collapse, ground collapse, river bank breach, seawater intrusion and other geological disasters. With the development of mining industry, the environmental pollution caused by mining is becoming more and more serious. For large mining areas, it is necessary not only to continuously monitor the environment, but also to effectively manage and quickly process all kinds of monitoring data so as to take timely countermeasures. The combination of GPS and GIS constitutes an environmental monitoring and analysis system, which can monitor and deal with the environment at any time. Various environmental sensors (such as instantaneous spectrometer, infrared radiometer, thermometer, pH meter, noise meter, etc.). ) combined with GPS receiver, the data collected by the sensor are input into the database together with GPS data, and the monitoring data are displayed and analyzed by GIS. This is not only convenient for the organization and management of monitoring data, but also convenient for the analysis of monitoring data, understanding its influence scope and development law, and providing decision-making basis for further disaster prediction and disaster prevention and mitigation.

1.5 geophysical and geochemical exploration

In geochemical exploration, it is necessary to set up a survey network for soil geochemical survey, determine the sampling points in river sediments and determine the location of rock survey. The conventional survey network layout method is that surveyors make control and baseline first, and then use compass and survey rope to layout the survey network, while the positioning of river sediment and rocks is often based on topographic maps and markers. Conventional methods are time-consuming and laborious, and the work is difficult. If GPS technology is used for measurement, it can bypass the control measurement link, save the measurement time, reduce the requirements of measurement conditions and reduce the work intensity. Similarly, for the gravity measurement in regional geophysical survey, the traditional gravity point elevation measurement adopts the methods of air pressure height measurement and aerial photograph prick, which is not only complicated in operation, but also heavy in workload and low in accuracy. The use of GPS technology can not only improve the accuracy of measuring points and reduce the work intensity, but also solve the problem of difficult visual positioning under poor visibility.

1.6 deformation monitoring

Mining in the mining area will inevitably cause surface movement and deformation in the mining area, such as displacement, inclination and settlement of buildings and structures, and overall subsidence of the mining area, so it is necessary to monitor the deformation of the mining area. The conventional monitoring technology is to monitor the settlement of foundation through leveling; The displacement and overall inclination of the foundation are monitored by triangulation. Because the monitored object usually has large geometric size, complex monitoring environment and high technical requirements, it is not only time-consuming and laborious to monitor with conventional technology, but also has low automation. GPS technology has the advantages of continuous, real-time and high degree of automation, and plays an important role in deformation monitoring that traditional measurement can't match.

There are two main methods for GPS deformation monitoring in mining area. One is to regularly arrange GPS receivers at monitoring points for deformation monitoring, and process the data in stages, and analyze the deformation according to the multi-period monitoring data. The second is the application of GPS real-time monitoring, that is, placing GPS receivers at deformation monitoring points for all-day GPS monitoring, or measuring several periods of time every day according to the actual situation, and directly transmitting the observation data into GPS calculation software to calculate the baseline variation and three-dimensional coordinate variation. Practice shows that GPS real-time measurement can monitor the nonlinear deformation of the surface and accurately establish the dynamic motion model of the surface movement.

1.7 Delineate the mining area

In the management of mineral resources, it is often necessary to delimit the mining area. In order to prevent disputes in mining areas, it is necessary to accurately measure the coordinates of inflection points in mining areas. Because most mining areas are remote and the terrain conditions are complex, it is time-consuming and laborious to use traditional survey methods, while GPS technology can reduce a lot of manpower and improve work efficiency. Generally speaking, GPS single-point positioning is in the range of 30m ~ 100 m. Although it is simple and easy to operate, the positioning accuracy is too low to meet the positioning requirements. Although GPS static measurement has high accuracy, it is difficult to find known control points. Relatively speaking, the use of hand-held GPS measurement system is more convenient for field work, with the characteristics of short observation time, high precision and no need for intervisibility.

Handheld measurement includes reference station system and mobile system. The general reference station system is located in the office, the antenna is placed on the roof, and the mobile system moves with the measured point. The basic principle is that the reference station system and the mobile system observe the carrier phase signal of GPS satellite synchronously, and the error caused by ionosphere and troposphere is eliminated by using the differential positioning principle, thus improving the measurement accuracy. The coordinates of the point to be measured can be obtained by solving the baseline and coordinate conversion parameters with random software. Practice has proved that the positioning accuracy of hand-held GPS measurement system can reach 0.5m in the range of 30km, which fully meets the requirements of mining area demarcation.

1.8 Establishment of control network in mining area

Mining area control network is the basis of surveying, mapping, exploration, design and production construction in mining area. Using GPS technology to lay mine control network not only has high accuracy, but also has uniform accuracy; The GPS control network is basically not limited by the side length, and the side length can vary greatly, which is more convenient and flexible than the conventional triangulation network, and it does not need intervisibility between points. The research shows that the use of GPS technology to establish a plane control network only requires 40%, 265,438+0% of the working time and 35% of the operating expenses of the normal survey control network at the same level.

1.9 Hydrogeological survey

In the hydrogeological investigation of mining area, it is necessary to determine the position of each measuring point. Using compass and terrain features to fix points is not effective, and using hand-held GPS to measure fixed points can greatly improve the accuracy of points. Practice shows that the accuracy of single point positioning can be controlled within 5m by using hand-held GPS receiver in hydrogeological survey, which fully meets the needs of work and solves the problem of point accuracy in geological mapping under different topography and difficult conditions.

1. 10 geological mapping

Geological survey, geophysical survey, chemical survey, geological engineering survey, etc. It is necessary in geological exploration. Traditional measuring equipment mainly uses total station, compass, measuring rope and so on. The work intensity of surveyors is high and the work efficiency is low. The application of GPS greatly improves the efficiency of surveying and mapping, especially the cooperation between handheld GPS and surveying and mapping software, which can not only download the data collected in the field from the receiver conveniently, but also import GIS data into the receiver to facilitate the field work.

In addition, GPS technology is also applied to mine penetration and mine air shaft positioning.

Problems and application prospect of GPS technology in mineral resources exploration and development

2. 1 There is a problem.

(1) Although GPS is widely used, it has not been widely used in the exploration and development of mineral resources due to reasons such as capital, technical level and ideological understanding, and its application maturity is low.

(2) Due to the large investment and high maintenance cost in establishing the GPS station network, the technology of using the GPS station network in China is still immature, and RTK technology is still mainly used in the exploration and development of mineral resources. It is necessary to establish control points and set up reference stations near the survey area, which brings inconvenience to practical work and uneven distribution of accuracy.

(3) Because the exploration and development of mineral resources are mainly carried out in the wild, the occlusion of terrain and trees often affects the reception of GPS, which makes it difficult for GPS technology to be widely used in the exploration and development of mineral resources.

(4) At present, although the application of GPS technology in mineral resources exploration and development is gradually expanding, the application system is still in a fragmented state, with no unified platform support and no unified industry standard.

(5) The backward construction of basic geographic information, the failure to form a good use and update mechanism, and the control of electronic maps between departments and regions have seriously affected the extensive and in-depth application of GPS.

2.2 Application prospect

(1) With the implementation of gold soil engineering, the gradual establishment of industry standards, the construction of basic geographic information and the integrated application of "3S" technology, a good application environment will be created for the application of GPS technology.

(2) As the infrastructure for obtaining spatial information, GPS station network has broad application prospects. Some major cities in China have successively established GPS station networks, which will further promote the application of GPS technology in mineral resources exploration and development.

(3) With the continuous improvement of GPS receiver, the volume is getting smaller and smaller, the weight is getting lighter and the price is getting cheaper, and the development and utilization of data post-processing software, the application field of GPS technology in mineral resources exploration and development will continue to expand and develop.

(4) Using GSM and CDMA digital mobile communication network has the advantages of wide coverage, high system reliability and convenient construction of control center. The combination of GPS, GSM and CDMA will become a new bright spot in the exploration and development of mineral resources.

(5) Develop various positioning systems, research and apply the combined positioning technology of GPS and GLONASS, gradually solve the problem of poor reception of GPS signals under complex conditions (such as mountains and forests), improve positioning accuracy and reliability, and promote the application of GPS technology in mineral resources exploration and development.

(6) By 2008, Galileo system will be running soon, and its civil accuracy can reach 1m, which can meet most positioning and navigation needs without differential processing, and it is cheap and reliable to use, which will make positioning technology more widely used in mineral resources exploration and development.

With the implementation of "Golden Land Project", GPS technology will play an increasingly important role in land and resources supervision. Although there are still some problems in the application of GPS technology, it will be widely used in the exploration and development of mineral resources with its own technical characteristics and advantages.

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