Hakka history

Hakkas in Luchuan account for 70% of the county's population of 800,000, with about 560,000 people. There are Hakkas in Pingle, Mapo, Shapo and Michang, which belong to Cantonese. Some are bilingual, and some Hakka dialects are changed into local dialects. Therefore, Luchuan is a basic Hakka county. Luchuan County is located at the southeast end of Guangxi, bordering Yulin and Bobai in the north, Beiliu in the east and Lianjiang and Huazhou in Guangdong in the south, with a total area of 1, 556,5438+0 square kilometers, six mountains, one water and three fields, with 400,000 mu of cultivated land and 5 fields per capita. The county seat is 300 kilometers away from Nanning. Han is from Hepu. Luchuan County was located in the Southern Dynasties and the Song Dynasty, and Chen Liang was demoted as a county. Luchuan County was restored in the Tang Dynasty (AD 62 1 year) and has not changed. It was divided into four parts (Wenshui, Long Hao, Longhua and Nanhe), and it was merged into one in the Song Dynasty (972). There are six rivers such as Kyushu River, Mima River, Husha River, Rongjiang River, Low Yang River and clear lake River, so it is named Luchuan (the homonym of "six" and "land").

Most Hakkas in Luchuan moved westward from Shanghang County, Fujian Province in the mid-Ming Dynasty, and also moved westward from Meizhou, Guangdong Province in the Qing Dynasty. After more than 500 years of hard work, it has become the hometown of Hakkas with a population of hundreds of thousands, and has become a Hakka settlement with a population of more than 2 million with Bobai, Hepu, Lianjiang and Huazhou in Guangdong. The Hakka dialect spoken in this area calls itself "Xinmin dialect", and people call it "Mujie dialect" and "Ya dialect" (namely Hakka dialect). Xinmin dialect in Lu Chuan County Records has initials 17, finals 66 and 6 tones.

Luchuan county is suitable for planting rice. Paddy soil is the most fertile, reaching more than 240 thousand mu, accounting for two-thirds of the rice area in the county. Distributed in relatively flat fields or places with good irrigation and drainage near villages and towns. Followed by fertile paddy soil, there is a small amount of saline paddy soil in limestone areas of Pingle and Luo Shan. Latosol is the most abundant soil in dry land, covering an area of more than 70,000 mu, accounting for 97.2% of dry land. There are many lateritic red soils in mountainous areas, accounting for 93 .5% of non-cultivated land. Dihua is a hilly area in the south of China. The Yunkai Mountains extend southward into two lines: east and west. There are 19 mountains above 500 meters above sea level, which constitute a grain flow of 200 miles. The county is located in the south of the Tropic of Cancer, with an average annual temperature of 265,438 0.7℃, 27℃-28℃ in July and 65,438 02℃-65,438 04℃ in 10, which belongs to a subtropical maritime climate. There is abundant rainfall, with the annual average rainfall of 1, 942.7mm, 1, 986, 5438+0, and the maximum rainfall is 3,037mm. Average rainy days 169. The average frost-free period is 359.438 0 days. For more than 400 years, there have been no destructive earthquakes, including 7 minor earthquakes in Ming Dynasty, 0/7 in Qing Dynasty and 7 in Republic of China. Flood is the main natural disaster. Relatively speaking, it is a blessed place for Hakkas to live and work in peace and contentment.

In modern history, the people of Luchuan actively participated in the revolution and opposed the rule of the Qing Dynasty and the Kuomintang, making great sacrifices and contributions. During the revolutionary movement of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, more than 2,000 Hakkas led by Lu Yinglai for a long time and Bobai Huang Wendi Jinwen in the Qing Dynasty went to jintian uprising. At the end of 19, a large number of Hakkas in Luchuan defected to the uprising army led by Li Liting, captured the county seat, and then besieged Yulin House and lost it, paying a heavy price. 1945 During the uprising in southeastern Guangxi, Sanshui and Tangzhai of Qingshui Lake were swept by the Kuomintang military and police, and many people died. During the War of Liberation, the People's Armed Forces Department of Luchuan established two regiments with 600 people from small to large. With the help of the People's Liberation Army, the Third Corps of Bai Chongxi was wiped out, and the commander of the Corps, Zhang Qian, was captured alive, and its 7th Army, 48th Army and126th Army were all wiped out.

Luchuan has outstanding people, and Hakka talents come forth in large numbers. In the Qing Dynasty, there were great officials Pang Shizhou (Guangdong salt envoy, Guangdong provincial judge, minister and slave) and Li (Hunan provincial judge, minister and slave), as well as Jinshi Jiang Ji, Ruan,,, Lu Junkun, Fan Jieyin and Wu Jinshi Xiao. During the Republic of China, famous war generals and politicians emerged, such as Hu Lin, the commander of the army, Lu Huanyan, the chairman and commander-in-chief of the army, Liao Lei. At present, deputy provincial leading cadres are Lin, Luo Peiyuan, Liu Yisheng and Qiu.

There are many overseas Chinese in Luchuan and many compatriots in Hong Kong and Macao. There are 824 overseas Chinese, 7625, their relatives 1358, overseas Chinese 17673, and 279 returned overseas Chinese, 653. Overseas Chinese in Luchuan are distributed in 17 countries and regions, including 48 households with 380 people in the United States, 380 people in Canada, Britain 12 households 105 people, and Germany1/household12/kloc-0. Japan 14 households 1 12 persons, Malaysia 29 1 2,634 persons, Singapore 12 1 0/278 persons, Thailand 20 households 238 persons, Indonesia 88 persons. Overseas Chinese love their homeland and talk about Hakka friendship. Overseas Chinese engaged in scientific research, industry, culture, education and health are very famous, including Indonesia, Lu Xingyi, Canadian Lin Bingcheng, Coco Qi, Yao Shenghua, Lu Yinan and Lu Yijia, American Lu Pingmei, Wu and Huang Mengchang, Indonesian Liu Zhenbiao, Liang and Liang Xiang Huai. There are 5447 people in 594 households in Luchuan, Hong Kong and Macao. Among them are Chen, Dai Zong, Liu Jiabin,, Tao Shoulin, Tao Jinchang, Lu Yilan, Huang Jinghe and Wen Zhaohu. Dai Zhong and Dai are members of Nanning CPPCC, and support the education in Nanning. Mr. Dai Zong is 87 years old and is still engaged in education at Muguang English College in Hong Kong. Mr. Dai is willing to serve as the executive director and deputy secretary general of Guangxi Hakka Overseas Friendship Association to strengthen overseas friendship. Chen and Dai Zhong gave a Toyota car to the Luchuan County Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese. Mr. He Tinghui once invested HK$ 2 million to run Luhui Garment Factory and silk flower Factory. Mr. Wang, Liu Jiabin, Chen and Chen Hualie invested 900,000 yuan to build a titanium dioxide factory. Mr. Luo Chang donated 48,000 yuan from the government to Ma Po Middle School. After 1987- 1989, Taiwan Province compatriots went back to Luchuan for sightseeing and visiting relatives for 269 times, 6 people went through the formalities of settling down and donated 50,000 yuan to run public welfare undertakings. Mr. Lu Chunqi, an old professor, said, "I am a poor professor. Just come back and have a look. "

Hakkas in Luchuan respect the old and love the virtuous, and Lin Aifen of Wushi Shajing Village served her mother-in-law Lin Zhiqing from 64 to 98. For more than 30 years, she was sent to the hospital when she was ill, lived together for a year, took medicine and defecated, and her condition gradually improved and she was able to walk. Four generations live under one roof and live in harmony. The old birthday star Xiao Gong (the father of Wencheng) and Bao Zhong (the father of Baozhong) both died at the age of 103. Hakka people are open-minded and hardworking, so they can live a long life.

Luchuan Hakkas attach importance to their hometown, live in harmony, and take gentleness, humility, kindness, courtesy, wisdom and faith as their traditional virtues. Now most people don't believe in ghosts and gods, but only worship their ancestors and pray for peace. I'm used to paying New Year's greetings during the Spring Festival. I don't kill animals and eat vegetarian food on the first day of the New Year. Wish each other "congratulations on getting rich", "good health" and "all the best", dance lions, sing and pick tea, and play tug of war. On the second day, I visited relatives and friends, welcomed guests, ate glutinous rice balls on the Lantern Festival, visited graves in Tomb-Sweeping Day, and worshipped ancestors and offered shrines in Chongyang. Dragon Boat Festival Zongzi; July 14 is the day of ancestor worship, and every village has "social workers". There are few temples. The wedding ceremony has been reformed, marriage is free and independent, and choice and comparison are respected. There are still many people who get married for money and ask for heavy gifts. Hakka girls have a strong sense of chastity and seldom sell themselves. Hakkas attach great importance to Yangzhai, saying that sunshine and ventilation are "vigorous", facing south and following the earth's magnetic field, seeking a good ecological environment. At present, Hakka dwellings in Luchuan are reinforced concrete structures; It is still a masonry structure, a poor household or a civil structure. Many small houses in rural areas are very comfortable and full of vitality, and household appliances have generally entered ordinary families. Almost every household rides a bike. Buses, trucks, minibuses and motorcycles have been widely used, and thousands of riding and rolling vehicles have brought Luchuan Hakka into the 2 1 century.

In terms of diet, Hakkas have always taken rice as the staple food, and red shavings, taro, yellow rice, millet, beans and pumpkins as non-staple foods. Most people eat ladle rice, which is scooped up with bamboo rice and put in bowls or wooden barrels. Save the porridge for lunch and feed the rest to the pigs. Meat dishes, braised pork for hundreds of years, boiled chicken, sweet and sour fish, ginger live duck, red roast goose, roasted pig's trotters ... for delicious food. Steamed braised pork is soft, smooth, fat, tender and sweet, and needs no chewing. It is a famous dish in Luchuan. The native chicken is tender and smooth with unique flavor. It is more coca-cola to add a good soy sauce with onion and garlic juice. White goose steak is also Hakka flavor; Eat the soaked water spinach, don't cut it, break it with your hands, put it in a boiling pot, remove the water and mix it with oil and salt. Even better, it is called "swamp water spinach", which is green and tender. There are also yellow croaker, vegetable brush and olive horn, all of which are Hakka's favorite hometown flavors since childhood. No matter where he goes in the world when he grows up, he still remembers the delicious old eight scenes in his hometown of Luchuan. Only the "hot spring bath day" still exists, and the ancient seven scenes have disappeared. The new tourist spot is Xielu Villa, which is the Shu Ren Bookstore in Lu Chunyan, built at 1920. The flower orchard is surrounded by pavilions, winding paths and beautiful scenery. Now it is a "holiday resort", and several buildings are famous for their "golden houses and charming houses". There are large and small caves 12 in Luo Shan Tianlong Longyan Scenic Area. Three is located in Longzhu Lake surrounded by Jishan Mountain, with an area of more than 20 hectares, sparkling and full of fish. In the Ming Dynasty, Xu Xiake visited here and wrote: "The Rocky Mountains are densely covered, from north to south. If you line the flag, it will not be a boundary!" There are rocks around Dakeng Village, such as high walls, and only one gap forms the east gate. Fiona Fang covers an area of 65,438+00 hectares and is home to dozens of families. The water is clear and beautiful, fruit trees are shaded, chickens crow and dogs bark, and it is also a "Peach Blossom Garden". The eight new scenic spots in Luchuan are: Hot Spring Bath Day, Longyan Scenery, Xielu Mountain Villa, fairy mountain Shepherd, Shishan Xue Rui, Lucheng Night Market, Panlong Bibo and Camellia Mountain Spring. Luchuan Hakka folk songs, vivid and interesting, appeal to both refined and popular tastes, praise love, satirize the cold world, complain about others, and stress benevolence and righteousness, are excellent traditional culture of Hakka. The plaintive song said: "Hard work, hard work, hemp baskets carrying water up the mountain, sad;" How much water does the hemp basket contain? How many meals can you eat when you are hungry? " "The pulse of rice falls in the wok, and the food is hungry before it is dry. "A lot of Hakka folk songs are love songs, such as cowboy-style love songs:" The top bee on the mountain drives the bee, and the leaves under the water drive the car; "The blind brother drives Cao Meng, and the eighteen girls drive their husbands." "A-mei was born with a fork in his chest." "Brother has no wife to carry water, and A-mei has no husband to collect firewood; A penny fell into the pond without a stick, and everyone was in a row. "

The Hakkas in Luchuan, with a history of more than 500 years, are willing to be friends and relatives of 4.5 million Hakka brothers and sisters in Guangxi. They will make great strides in the new era of 2 1 century, improve themselves and strive for self-improvement.

References:

Luchuan county annals

Respondents:121.31.127. * 20 10-4- 1 1 13: 44.

Kebao Hakka is a branch of the Han nationality, with remarkable characteristics, and it is also one of the nationalities with wide distribution and far-reaching influence in the world. Starting from the Yongjia Rebellion in the Western Jin Dynasty, Han residents in the Central Plains moved southward on a large scale, and arrived at the junction of Guangdong, Jiangxi and Fujian, where they mixed with local aborigines and intermarried with each other. After thousands of years of evolution, a relatively stable Hakka clan has finally formed. Since then, the Hakkas have taken Meizhou as their base and moved abroad in large numbers to various provinces in South China and even around the world. The four Hakka States are Meizhou, Ganzhou, Tingzhou and Huizhou. The stone wall in Ninghua, Fujian is the center of Hakka legend, and it is called "Hakka ancestral land".

There are many historical records of the migration of Han people from north to south, but there are different opinions in academic circles about the time when Hakka ancestors began to migrate on a large scale from the Central Plains. Some people think that it began in the Qin Dynasty, while others think that it began in the Han or Three Kingdoms, or the Eastern Jin, or the Tang Dynasty, or the Five Dynasties, or the Southern Song Dynasty. As a result, there are "the second theory", "the third theory", "the fifth theory", "the sixth theory" and "the ninth theory". It is generally believed that the Han people in the Central Plains have five large-scale explosive migrations, and their migration patterns and routes are generally from north to south, from east to west, from plains to hilly areas, along rivers to core areas, from home to abroad, and scattered all over the world. Not every migration is a Hakka migration, but there are strict differences. It is generally believed that the migration before the Five Dynasties is the migration of ancestors of Fujian and Guangdong (including hipsters, Cantonese and Hakkas), and the migration from the Five Dynasties to the Southern Song Dynasty is the real migration of Hakkas.

A. Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Mainly influenced by the Eight Kings Rebellion and Yongjia Rebellion, a large number of northern Han people moved south. The farthest migration started from today's Changzhi, Shanxi, and the most recent migration started from today's Lingbao, Henan, south, along the Ying, Ru, Huai and other basins, and along the Yangtze River to Hubei, southern Henan and the northern shore of Anhui and Jiangxi.

B. Late Tang and Five Dynasties

Mainly influenced by the Anshi Rebellion, the Huang Chao Uprising and the separatist regime of the buffer region, most of the people who moved far south crossed the river from Guangshan and Gushi in Henan, Shouxian and Fuyang in Anhui, and even moved to Minnan; Recently, it moved from the northwest or middle of the river to the south of Jiangxi or the west of Fujian, or the border between northern and eastern Guangdong.

C. Southern Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynasty

Influenced by the Jin people going south, the Mongols entering the Central Plains and the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty. After the failure of the anti-Yuan struggle led by Wen Tianxiang at the end of the Song Dynasty, in order to avoid the pursuit of the Yuan Dynasty, the Hakkas made an unprecedented migration, fearing not to go deep into the mountains and forests, and formed the characteristics of "there are guests in every mountain, but no guests to live in", which made the Hakkas have typical characteristics of mountain people. The war at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty touched the migration of Hakka people. Most of the emigration places are Fujian, and most of them are concentrated in Xunyan (Meizhou today, Jiaying House was established in Qing Dynasty). The main reason is that Xunyan is located in the east of Lingnan, the best way to the north, and there are many low-lying hilly areas for reclamation. In addition, it was once in ruins in the process of resisting Yuan Dynasty, that is, in response to "Lu Wen's call to join the army and be diligent, the cliff mountain was covered, the people in the whole state died, and the well city was empty." So the Hakkas moved from other cities to regroup. Because a large number of Hakkas moved to Xunyan in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, Meizhou became the hinterland of Hakka, the center of Hakka settlement and the "capital of Hakka".

D. late Ming and early Qing dynasties

On the one hand, the reason for migration is the expansion of internal population, on the other hand, it is the influence of Manchu nobles entering the Central Plains. Because there are many mountains and few fields, the contradiction between population and cultivated land is becoming more and more fierce, and people are constantly migrating abroad. For example, during the Jiajing period of the Ming Dynasty, people moved from Cheng Xiang and Changle to Haifeng, Guishan and Xin 'an, and from Tingzhou to Fuzhou. In the early Qing Dynasty, Kangxi moved from Jiaying and Shaozhou to Zengcheng, Huaxian, Xin 'an, Dongguan and Heshan with Guangzhou as the core. The "heavy boundary" moved to today's Baoan, Shenzhen, Hong Kong, Zhongshan, Taishan and other places, and "Huguang fills Sichuan" moved to Sichuan and Guangxi. After the failure of sending troops, many Hakkas moved to Taiwan Province with Zheng Chenggong in order to avoid being implicated.

During this period, the migration route was: mainly in the mountainous areas of Fujian and Guangdong, moving to the central and coastal areas of Guangdong, moving to Sichuan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan and Taiwan, and a small number of them moved back to the banks of Luoxiao Mountain in the north-central and western parts of Jiangxi, making Jiangxi Hakka divided into new and old customers.

E. During the Tongzhi period

Hakka Migration Caused by Guangdong West Road Incident and Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement.

After the Guangdong West Road incident, with the help of the government, most of the local Hakkas moved southward to Gao, Lei, Qin and Lian, especially Xinyi in Gaozhou and Xuwen in Leizhou, and even crossed the sea to Yaxian and Ding 'an in Hainan Island.

After the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, which was dominated by Hakkas, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty wanted to slaughter all the men, women and children who participated in the uprising, so many Hakkas changed their names or fled to other places. A large number of Hakkas fled to Hong Kong, Macau, Shantou, Xiamen and Haikou, and were forced to work as coolies in Singapore, Malaysia, Australia and North and South America, just like contracted Chinese laborers. During this period, it mainly moved from central and eastern Guangdong to the west, south and Hainan and Southeast Asia.

Hakka migration is not organized and led, but unorganized and very prosperous.