What treaty did the British and French allied forces force the Qing government to sign after the Yuanmingyuan was burned?

1860, British and French allied forces occupied Beijing, looted and burned Yuanmingyuan. The Qing court signed the Beijing Treaty between China, Britain, France, China and Russia.

The Beijing Treaty, including the Sino-British Beijing Treaty, the Sino-French Beijing Treaty and the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, was an unequal treaty signed by the Qing government of China, Britain, France and Russia after the Second Opium War in 1860.

Sino-British Beijing Treaty

The Qing government signed a treaty with Britain on 1860 10124 October, and the British representative was Earl Erkin. The English page of the contract is *** 10, and the main contents of the terms are as follows:

1, the Qing Dynasty confirmed the validity of the Sino-British Tianjin Treaty;

2. The Qing Dynasty ceded the Kowloon Peninsula in Xin 'an County, Guangdong Province (now south of Hong Kong Boundary Street) to Britain;

3. Tianjin was opened for trade in Qing Dynasty;

4. Raise the compensation of Sino-British Tianjin Treaty to 8 million taels;

5. Allow Western missionaries to rent and buy land and build churches in China;

6. Allow foreign businessmen to recruit Han Chinese to work as cheap labor (coolies) abroad;

It is worth noting that the Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1985 did not abrogate this treaty, but stated that Hong Kong (that is, Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and the New Territories) is the territory of China, that the British government will return Hong Kong to the people of China and the government of China on July 1997, and that the China government will exercise sovereignty over Hong Kong on the same day. According to international law, this treaty is still valid and has not been abolished.

Sino-French Beijing Treaty

The Qing government signed a treaty with France on1October 25th, 1860+65438, with Baron Gro as the representative of France. The contract has 27 pages in French, and its main contents are as follows:

1. The Qing Dynasty ratified the Sino-French Tianjin Treaty, and the compensation was raised to 8 million taels.

2. Return the previously confiscated Catholic property;

3. Paragraph 7 of the China Treaty clearly stipulates that French missionaries rent and buy fields in various provinces and build their own houses, but there is no such provision in the French text;

4. The Qing Dynasty agreed to open Dalian as a commercial port;

Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty

The Qing government signed a treaty with Russia in1860114 10. The Russian side was represented by Count ignatieff. There are 43 pages in Russian in the contract. At the end of the war between Britain and France, Russia claimed to have contributed to Britain and France in mediating the war before, forcing the Qing government to sign this treaty. At that time, Emperor Xianfeng left Jehol and was responsible for all the aftermath. Eager for peace, they signed the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty. The main contents of this regulation are:

1. The Qing Dynasty recognized the effectiveness of the Aihui Treaty of 1858, and owned about 400,000 square kilometers of land from the east of the Wusuli River to the sea (including Sakhalin Island and the ice-free port Vladivostok) which was originally regulated as "* * *" by China and Russia. Since then, China has lost its access to the Sea of Japan in the northeast.

2. Delineate the western border between China and Russia, starting from Sabindabaha, passing through Zhai Cendre and Temurtujur (now Lake Issyk-Kul) to the vast-Chinese border bounded by mountains, rivers and present-day China's permanent residence in Kalun;

3. Open Zhangjiakou, Cullen and Kashgar as commercial ports;

4. Russia has established consulates in Cullen and Kashgar.

These two treaties demarcate the modern eastern border between Russia and China. In addition, the treaty also stipulated the direction of the western section of the Sino-Russian border in principle, which became the boundary basis for the demarcation of the northwest border between China and Russia in later 1864. China ceded to Russia more than 440,000 square kilometers of Russian territory to the east and south of Balkhash Lake and to the north and south of Zhaishan Dele.