Does anyone know the most famous laboratory in the world?

Brief Introduction of World Famous Laboratories in the 20th Century

In the 20th century, all kinds of physics laboratories mushroomed, and the research work was widely carried out. It can be said that the laboratory is the cradle of science and the base of scientific research. The following are some representative physics laboratories that have played or are playing an important role in scientific development, and make some introductions respectively.

The first kind is the laboratory established in and attached to the university. In addition to Cavendish Laboratory of Cambridge University, there are many famous laboratories, including the physics laboratory of Moscow University, the cryogenic laboratory of Leiden University in the Netherlands, the Jefferson Physics Laboratory of Harvard University, the Lawrence Radiation Laboratory of Berkeley, California, and the physics laboratory of Manchester University. Most of them are based on basic research, each with its own specialties. For example:

I'm at Leiden Cryogenic Laboratory in Holland.

At the beginning of the 20th century, under the leadership of K.Onnes, this laboratory was in a leading position in the field of low temperature. He was the first to realize the liquefaction of helium and discover superconductivity, and has been in a leading position in the field of cryogenic superconductivity. Especially through the development of large-scale industrial technology laboratories, a new era of big science has been opened. The Netherlands is a small industrial country, and the experience of Leiden Cryogenic Laboratory in the Netherlands is particularly worth learning and learning from.

Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA

It is the birthplace of electron linear accelerator, which was founded in 1930s when the economy was in depression. Lawrence, the founder, built the first batch of accelerators with his unique organizational skills and fully tapped the manpower, material resources and financial resources of the United States. Under his leadership, laboratory members carried out extensive scientific research, discovered a series of overweight elements, and opened up research directions such as radioisotope and heavy ion science. It is the pioneer of a series of famous laboratories in the United States: Livermore, Los Alamos, Brookhaven, etc. It is also a model of hundreds of accelerator laboratories in the world.

The second kind of laboratories belong to national institutions, and some even international institutions, which are jointly undertaken by several countries. Most of them are engaged in basic metrology, high-tech projects, super-large scientific research projects and national defense military tasks. For example:

Third, the German Imperial Institute of Technical Physics (PTR for short)

The Imperial Institute of Technical Physics was established in 1884, which is equivalent to the German National Bureau of Metrology and is famous for its accurate measurement of thermal radiation. /kloc-At the end of 0/9th century, researchers in this institute devoted themselves to the study of blackbody radiation, which led Planck to discover the action quantum. It can be said that this laboratory is the birthplace of quantum theory.

Fourth, the National Physical Laboratory (NPL)

The British National Physics Laboratory is a long-standing research center of measurement standards in Britain, which was established in 1900.

The year of 198 1 is divided into six departments: electrical science, material application, mechanics and optical metrology, numerical analysis and computer science, quantum metrology, radiation science and acoustics.

As a measurement center of highly industrialized countries, it has extensive daily contact with national industries, government departments and commercial institutions, and as a national representative institution, it has contact with international organizations and national measurement centers. It also advises the government on environmental protection issues, such as noise, electromagnetic radiation and air pollution. There are about 1 1,000 scientific and technical personnel in the British National Physics Laboratory, of which 1 1,969 is the largest.

V. European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN)

Established in 1954, CERN is the largest international experimental organization. Its establishment, principles, organization, topic selection, funding and implementation of research plan are all very distinctive. 1983, W and Z0 particles were found here. The following year, two physicists in the center, Lu Biya and Vandermeyer, won the Nobel Prize in physics.

CERN was initiated by UNESCO and planned by 1 1 European countries from 195 1. Now it has 13 member countries. The funds are shared by member States, and the director is appointed by the Council for a term of five years. Under the management committee, research committee and experimental committee, the organization is lean and well managed. There are 6,000 employees, most of whom are recruited. In the past 30 years, proton synchrocyclotron, proton synchrotron, cross storage ring (ISR), super proton synchrotron (SPS) and large electron-positron collider (LEP) have been built successively, and it has the largest hydrogen bubble chamber (BEBL) in the world.

As an international experimental institution, CERN has abundant financial, material and technical resources. Because this work involves many countries and organizations, various contradictions and frictions will inevitably appear in the construction and research. However, through consultation and cooperation, the work is progressing smoothly, and the huge plan can be fulfilled on time, and one after another remarkable achievements have been achieved (see: High Energy Physics, No.3, 1985, p.26).

The third kind of laboratory is directly under the Ministry of Industry and Enterprise, serving the development and research of industrial technology. The most famous ones are Bell Laboratories and IBM Research Laboratories.

Sixth, Bell Laboratories

Bell Laboratories, formerly known as Bell Telephone Laboratories, was established in 1925 and is one of the most influential research laboratories run by industrial enterprises. The main purpose is to carry out research in communication. There are 20,000 researchers, 6 research departments, 14 branches and 56 laboratories, and the annual funding reaches $2.2 billion, of which 10% is used for basic research. Besides radio electronics, there are also high levels in solid-state physics (including magnetism, semiconductor and surface physics), astrophysics, quantum physics and nuclear physics. This research institution has a large number of high-level researchers. For decades, the Nobel Prize in physics has been won by Davidson, who invented electron diffraction; Shockley, Badin and Bratin who invented the transistor; Downs and Sholow who invented the laser; Theoretical physicist Anderson; Penzias and radio astronomer Wilson.

The experience of Bell Laboratories is noteworthy. Industrial enterprises attach importance to scientific research, especially basic research; Development and research of the trinity; Leaders have foresight and courage, and are good at grasping dynamic new topics. These are all useful experiences.

Seven, IBM research laboratory

IBM, the abbreviation of International Business Machines Corporation, has developed into a multinational company and is in a leading position in the field of computer production and innovation in the world. Established in 19 1 1 year, formerly known as C.T.R. It consists of three companies that produce statistical machinery and time recorders. These companies were established in 1889, 1890, 189 1 year respectively. By the end of 1984, IBM had more than 39,000 employees and its business covered 130 countries.

IBM Research Laboratory, also known as IBM Research Department, has 3,500 researchers (including many postdoctoral and visiting scholars), specializing in basic scientific research and exploring product-related technologies, which is characterized by combining the two. Scientists working here, on the one hand, promote basic science, on the other hand, put forward new scientific ideas beneficial to practical application. The research department has four research centers:

(1) Thomas j Watson research center, new york, USA. Engaged in computer science, input/output technology, productive research mathematics, physics, memory and logic. Physics includes condensed matter physics, ultrastructure, materials science, microscopy, surface physics, laser physics, astronomy and elementary particles.

(2) almaden Research Center, California, USA. Besides computer science, we also study high temperature superconductivity, plasma, scanning tunneling microscope and synchrotron radiation.

⑶ Zurich Research Center, Switzerland. Emphasis is placed on laser science and technology, especially semiconductor lasers, optical storage, photoelectric materials, molecular beam epitaxy, high temperature superconductivity, ultramicroscopic technology, etc. , but also information processing and other computer science research.

(4) Tokyo Research Center, Japan. It is divided into computer science research institute, new technology research institute and Tokyo Science Center, and mainly studies the production and innovation of computers.

In the 1980s, the IBM Research Center achieved fruitful results, and its members won two Nobel prizes in physics: first, G.K.Ginnig and H.Rohrer won half of the 1986 Nobel Prize in physics for inventing the scanning tunneling microscope; Secondly, Bede (1990- 1998) won the Nobel Prize in physics for discovering the high-temperature superconductivity of metal oxides.

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