What are the customs of Qiang people?

1. Festival

Qiang people attach importance to the Spring Festival. The Spring Festival, also known as "Chinese New Year", is an important day for the Qiang people's annual festival. Starting from the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month, every household should sweep the dust, respect the stove and prepare rich new year's goods. On New Year's Eve, pig's head meat will be burned to sacrifice ancestors and gods. The whole family sat together for a reunion dinner, and then sat around the fireplace to celebrate the New Year. Generally speaking, on the first day of school, you don't work or go home. Visits between relatives and friends began after the second day of junior high school. On the fifteenth day of the first month, the Lantern Festival will be celebrated, and on the thirtieth day of the first month, new year's goods will be delivered. Every household decorated with lanterns and held various entertainment activities.

In addition, the Qiang people also have festivals such as Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival and Double Ninth Festival, but the most distinctive is the Qiang people's calendar year and folk song festival.

In the Qiang calendar year, the Qiang language called "Japan, the United States and Kyrgyzstan", that is, "auspicious days." Also known as "off-year". At first, it was an important festival, offering sacrifices to God and ancestors after harvesting food in autumn, and making a wish to God. It is held on the first day of the tenth lunar month every year, and the celebration time varies from place to place, usually three to five days, and some villages have to wait until the tenth day. The main activities are hoping to worship God and eat banquets. The Qiang nationality once stopped in the 1980s. /kloc-resumed in 0/988 and became a festival of the Qiang people. Every year, various celebrations are held in Qiang areas.

Mountain Festival is one of the most solemn traditional festivals of Qiang people. Also known as Zhuan Shan Hui, Ta Tian, Shanwang Hui, Hui Hui or Diaodiao Hui. It is an activity of the Qiang people to worship the white stone, which represents many gods such as gods and mountain gods. It is also a grand ceremony for people to pray for the prosperity of people and animals, bumper crops, peaceful places and lush forests in the coming year. Due to the climate differences in different places, the time and frequency are not uniform, including the first month, April and May, and once or twice or three times a year.

The leading singing festival is called "Waer Russian foot" in Qiang language. Mainly popular in Qugu area of Maoxian county. It is held every year on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month (if a woman aged 0/3 to 50 in our village dies, it will not be held that year). In memory of Sister Sharon, the goddess of song and dance in the sky. The whole festival lasts for 3 days. Women show their abilities, enjoy dance salons, and farm work and housework are run by men.

marry

Before the founding of New China, the marriage of Qiang men and women followed the instructions of parents and matchmakers, and there appeared such marriage forms as "belly marriage", "embrace marriage", "boy marriage" and "buying and selling marriage". Marriage pays attention to the right family, and there are customs of changing rooms, adopting children and robbing marriage. After the founding of New China, autonomous marriage gradually became the majority. But the traditional etiquette procedure has been preserved to this day. With the development of Qiangzhai economy, people's lives have been improved, and the ancient wedding ceremony has also added new content. The combination of tradition and modernity gives full play to the traditional culture of the Qiang people and adds a festive atmosphere.

Wedding ceremonies mainly include engagement and marriage. In Qiangzhai, the matchmaker is called "matchmaker". If the man is interested in the woman, the man's family will prepare gifts and invite Grandpa Hong to propose marriage to the woman's family. The woman's family can only get married with the consent of her mother's uncle. After that, Grandpa Hong will go to the woman's house to eat "Xu Kou wine" with gifts such as pork fat and wine. A few months or years later, the man's family asked Grandpa Hong to bring gifts to the woman's home to "order wine" to entertain close relatives, and asked Shibi to calculate the birthdays of both parties and set a wedding date. Immediately, the man's family should prepare a heavy gift to the woman's house to report the date, and hold a banquet at the woman's house, that is, "order a lot of wine" as a formal wedding ceremony to celebrate the woman's family.

Since then, the two families have begun to prepare for the wedding, expecting the good day of "the woman's house stays overnight and the man's house holds a banquet". "Flower Night" refers to the festive party held by the couple, which is the most solemn wedding procedure. It is usually held the night before marriage. The man's party is called "Flower Night for Men" and the woman's party is called "Flower Night for Women". Men celebrate their marriage and women see them off. On this day, there are mixed wine and 12 plates of "dried vegetables" (peanuts, walnuts, red dates, persimmons, apples, oranges, sweets, etc.) at the wedding woman's house. Full of happiness, auspiciousness and celebration.

The eloquent wedding team sent by the man's family will be warmly welcomed. According to custom, both sides should hold a singing contest. Singing is to ask and answer questions, with a wide range of contents and random and interesting forms. The next morning, my uncle put red silk on the bride wearing a wedding dress, and the bride cried to get married and bid farewell to her parents, brothers and people. At the door of the man's house, Shibi will make a ceremony of offering sacrifices to the gods, and then he will bless the new couple after driving away the "Shaqi" attached to the bride. Everyone held a "hanging red" ceremony for the couple. Newcomers salute in front of the shrine, first of all, thanks to ancestors' pioneering, second to parents' nurturing, third to husband and wife to grow old together, fourth to children and grandchildren, then to relatives and guests, and finally to each other.

After the memorial ceremony, the bride officially became the man's family. Afterwards, everyone feasted their eyes. That night, the man's parents lit incense and worshipped God to bless the couple. All the guests danced a cheerful salon dance around the bonfire in the courtyard dam. The next day, Xie Keri, the host will prepare two more tables for Xie Ke. The couple should bring a pig's head and a pig's tail to thank Grandpa Hong, indicating that there is a head and a tail, and the circle is full. On the third day after marriage, the newlyweds will "return to the door". The groom and brothers sent the bride home with wine and meat on her back. The groom only stays in the woman's house for a few days, while the bride can stay for a few days, months or even longer, and then the husband takes her back to start family life.

3. Funeral

The burial methods of Qiang nationality are cremation, earth burial and rock burial.

Cremation has the longest history. Appreciation of Lu Chunqiu says: "The shackles of Qiang people are not worried about their fatigue, but about their death without burning." Taiping Yu Lan quoted the lost article of Zhuangzi: "When the Qiang people die, they will burn their ashes." Until the middle of the Qing Dynasty, the shaba, Chibusu, Jiaochang and other places in Maoxian County still kept cremation. Every family has its own fire cemetery.

Influenced by the Han nationality, the feudal dynasty advocated that burial is the main burial method in most areas and has been preserved to this day. Every village has the custom of helping with the funeral without invitation. When you lose your family, you need to inform your relatives in time and tell your mother's uncle what happened before and after the death. Please explain the sacrifice of killing sheep and calculate the burial time. Usually three days later, people bury the dead in the land of geomantic omen. His family will light a bonfire in front of the new grave, burn cypress branches, worship incense wax, tobacco, alcohol and meat as a memorial. After three days of burial, prepare sacrifices and repair the cemetery. At this time, the funeral etiquette came to an end.

Cliff burial mainly exists in some places in Beichuan. If a child dies before the age of three, it should be wrapped in a bee bucket or a simple wooden box and placed in a rock cave.

Extended data:

history

Since 1950s, Neolithic cultural sites have been discovered in the upper reaches of Minjiang River and along Zagunao River in Wenchuan County, Jiangwei City in Weizhou County, Jianshanzhai in Lixian County and Yingpanshan in Maoxian County. Many sarcophagus tombs from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Western Han Dynasty were also found, such as the sarcophagus tombs of Cuo ji shan, Moutuo and Jiashan in Lixian.

Unearthed cultural relics include pottery, stone tools, wood, bronzes and so on. These archaeological discoveries not only show that Qiang people have lived and multiplied in today's region for a long time, but also provide new information and clues for exploring the origin of ancient culture in the upper reaches of Minjiang River.

Qiang people originated from the ancient Qiang people. The ancient Qiang nationality was famous for herding sheep, which was not only an important part of the Chinese nation, but also had a wide and far-reaching influence on the historical development of China and the formation of the Chinese nation.

"Qiang" was originally a general term for nomadic tribes living in the western part of the motherland in ancient times. Today, the Yellow River, Huangshui River, Taohe River, Datong River and the upper reaches of Minjiang River in Gansu and Qinghai are the activity centers of the ancient Qiang people. According to historical records, during the Yin and Shang Dynasties, Qiang was one of its "square countries", and a leader held an official position in North Korea. Some of them live a nomadic life without a fixed place, while others are engaged in agricultural production.

"Ode to the Book of Songs of Shang Dynasty" records: "Once upon a time, there was a soup, I was A Qiang, and I dared not come to enjoy it, and I dared not come to the king ..." This reflects the close relationship between the ancient Qiang and the Yin merchants. Many records about "Qiang" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions show that Qiang people were very active on the historical stage at that time.

In the Zhou Dynasty, another Qiang species, Ginger, was closely related to Zhou, and a large number of Qiang people were integrated into China. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the Yi Qu State established by the Qiang people covered the present areas of Longdong, northern Shaanxi, Ningxia and the south of Hetao. It is an important force for the Central Plains countries to unify Lian Heng, and it has been at war with Qin for more than 1.7 years. Zhurong, dominated by Qiang people, was gradually annexed by Qin.

The Qiang people living in Gansu, the upper reaches of the Yellow River in Qinghai and the Huangshui River Basin are still in a state of "less food and more livestock, shooting for things". It is recorded in The Biography of Western Qiang in the Later Han Dynasty that when Gong Li was in the Qin Dynasty, the Qiang people were captured without swords and fled back to their hometown to teach them to "farm animals". From then on, the Qiang people began to have primitive agricultural production, population increase and economic development.

Since then, the Qiang people have further developed and differentiated. "Biography of Western Qiang in the Later Han Dynasty" said: "When Jian's great-grandson forbeared, Qin Xiangong was first established ... and his descendants were attached to the south, so he gave a branch to Hequ, which was thousands of miles to the west, far away from others, and there was no more traffic. Later generations are all their own species, so they can plant whatever they want, or they are cattle species, and the more they die, the more they die. Or white horse species, Guanghan Qiang is also; Or for the wolf species, Wudu Qiang is also. " During this period, under the pressure of Qin, the Qiang people in the northwest migrated on a large scale.

Qiang people were widely distributed in Han dynasty, and there were many tribes. In order to isolate the relationship between Xiongnu and Qiang people, the Han Dynasty set up four counties in Hexi Corridor, namely Dunhuang, Jiuquan, Zhangye and Wuwei, established a local administrative system, and set up important positions such as protecting Qiang captains to manage Qiang affairs. At the same time, a large number of Qiang people moved in, which were geographically divided into strong in the east and strong in the west.

Dongqiang, who entered the Central Plains, lived in the Games, mixed with the Han nationality, married and merged, engaged in agricultural production, and the private economy developed to a certain extent, gradually entering the feudal society. Most of the western Qiang people who have not entered the Central Plains are scattered in the northwest and southwest, including Geqiang people in the southern margin of Tarim Basin in Xinjiang, Faqiang people in Yarlung Zangbo River Basin, Tangmao people, Yak Qiang people in the southwest, Baima Qiang people, Qingyi Qiang people, Shen Lang Qiang people and Ranyi Qiang people. Yak Qiang originally distributed in Li Shen County (now Jiuxiang Town, Hanyuan County, Sichuan Province), and then went south to Qi Yue County (now Anning River Basin and the lower reaches of Yalong River in Sichuan Province).

Baimaqiang is mainly distributed in the northwest of Mianyang City, Sichuan Province and the south of Wudu City, Gansu Province. Qingyi Johnson lives in the area of Ya 'an City in western Sichuan today. Join the Wolf Qiang, mainly in Wudu City, Gansu Province, especially in the Bailong River area. Ran Yiqiang is distributed in the upper reaches of Minjiang River and the vast areas in northwest Sichuan. "Biography of South Man and Southwest Yi" contains: "However, Yi was created by Emperor Wu, thinking that there are six Yi, seven Qiang and nine Bianshan in Wenshan County, each with its own tribe", which shows that Qiang people account for a large proportion.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Fu Jian of Miao nationality established the pre-Qin regime, and Yao Shi of A Qiang in Nan 'an established the post-Qin regime. The post-Qin regime was located in the south of the Northern Wei Dynasty and the north of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and ruled the Qiang people and all ethnic groups in the Central Plains for 33 years. After that, several Qiang tribes rose one after another. That is, Dangchang Qiang in Longnan, the junction of Sichuan and Gansu, and Deng to Qiang in the upper reaches of Minjiang River have existed for more than 140 years. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, most Qiang people in the north have basically integrated into the Han nationality.

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Qiang tribes living in Gan Qing and the southeast of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau included Dangxiang, Dongnv, Bailan, Xishan Eight Countries, Baigou and Guo Fu, among which Xishan Eight Countries were collectively referred to as the mountainous departments in the west of Chengdu Plain and the upper reaches of Minjiang River. They are between the Central Plains Dynasty and the Tubo forces. Some were assimilated by Tubo, some were attached to the original dynasty, or assimilated by Han nationality, or survived in the cracks, which were preserved and developed independently in the long-term uncertain situation of Tang and Fan.

After the Song Dynasty, some Qiang people who moved south and Xishan Qiang people developed into Tibetan and Burmese people, and some developed into today's Qiang people. According to the widely circulated narrative poem "Qiang War", in ancient times, the Qiang people lived in the northwest prairie and were forced to move westward and southward due to war and natural disasters. A Qiang people who went south met a powerful "Geji".

When the two sides were at war, the Qiang people were preparing to abandon their land and go far away, but they were inspired by God in their dreams. They tied wool around their necks as a symbol and used hard dolomite and wooden sticks as weapons to defeat the "Geji people". Finally, they were able to live and work in peace and contentment and were scattered to nine places. This legend reflects the migration history of Qiang people, and confirms the origin of Qiang people by combining historical documents and archaeological materials.

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, some Qiang people moved from Sichuan to Tongren, Guizhou, and the distribution pattern of Qiang people basically took shape.

After 1840, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country. Like other ethnic groups in China, the Qiang people are also faced with imperialist aggression and exploitation and oppression by the feudal ruling class. To this end, the Qiang people, together with the people of all ethnic groups in China, fought bravely and unyieldingly against imperialism, the reactionary government and the feudal ruling class and made their own contributions to the independence and liberation of the Chinese nation.

184 1 During the Opium War, Qiang, Tibetan, Yi and other ethnic groups formed an army of 2,000 people and went to the front line in Zhejiang, which dealt a heavy blow to the British invaders in the Zhenhai Campaign in Ningbo. 1894, a remnant chieftain named Kun exploited his own people by virtue of feudal privileges in Qiang areas, which aroused strong opposition from more than 70 Qiang people in Hei Hu Zhai and other places.

They unanimously listed 23 counts of crimes of Kun Tusi to the Qing government, fought face to face with the remnants of feudal Tusi, and finally forced the Qing Dynasty to "take off its top hat and hand it over to the state for inspection". 1905, the Qing dynasty set up an "official salt shop" in Maozhou to specialize in salt and profit from it, which aroused the armed resistance of the Qiang people and forced the Qing government to announce the cancellation of the "official salt shop" and allow salt to be bought and sold freely.

192 1 year, after the birth of China * * * Production Party, the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle of Qiang people entered a new historical stage. The Qiang people in Jiashanzhai, Tonghua Township, Lixian County, in order to resist the excessive taxes and levies of the Kuomintang government, ganged up and killed the head of the evil group. From 1924 to 1926, the Tibetan and Qiang people in Lixian rebelled against the oppression of feudal warlords. More than 2,000 people captured Lixian and attacked Wenchuan, Maoxian and Songpan. This struggle lasted for three years and dealt a heavy blow to the arrogance of the Kuomintang reactionaries.

During the period of 1935, the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants passed through the Qiang area on the Long March. Under the leadership of the Party, the Qiang people established the revolutionary regime of workers and peasants and launched a vigorous agrarian revolution. They love the people's army and actively join it. More than 1000 people in Maoxian alone participated in the Red Army's northward anti-Japanese war, and tens of thousands of migrant workers provided logistical support for the Red Army. After the Red Army went north to resist Japan, the Kuomintang made a comeback and practiced white terror rule in the Qiang area. The Qiang people, tempered by the revolution, continue their heroic and unyielding struggle against the reactionaries.

From 65438 to 0942, "Maobei Incident" broke out in Maoxian County. In the name of "shoveling cigarettes", Maoxian District Commissioner and county magistrate sent troops to ransack some villages in Xiling Township, Maoxian North Road, causing strong indignation among local Qiang and Han people. They wiped out the security squadron that went to search, took advantage of the situation to attack Maoxian, defeated the Kuomintang troops guarding the city and surrounded the county seat. Although this struggle finally failed because of the buy-off and division of the Kuomintang, the momentum of the struggle gave the enemy a powerful blow and showed the indomitable revolutionary struggle spirit of the Qiang people.

From 65438 to 0947, the Qiang people in Longping and Sanqi townships of Maoxian county set off another armed uprising, which was called "Longping Incident". The incident originated from the contradiction between the Kuomintang government and some of the upper ruling classes of the Qiang people, and later developed into an armed uprising of the Qiang people against the Kuomintang rule. This struggle eventually failed because of the betrayal of the Qiang ruling class, but it once again showed the great strength of the people.

References:

Qiang _ Baidu Encyclopedia