Hong Kong's geographical location, history, customs, food and architecture.

Hong Kong is the People's Republic of China (PRC) Special Administrative Region. It consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula and New Territories (including Lantau Island and more than 230 islands). Located in South China, China, east of the Pearl River Estuary, and connected to Shenzhen, Guangdong by Shenzhen River in the north; The west faces Macao across the sea; South of the South China Sea in China.

The geographical coordinates of Hong Kong are east longitude 1 14 15' and north latitude 22 15'. It is located along the coast of South China, east of the Pearl River Estuary in Guangdong Province, China, and consists of Hong Kong Island, Kowloon Peninsula, inland areas of the New Territories and 262 islands (outlying islands). Hong Kong borders Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province in the north and Wanshan Islands, Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province in the south. Hong Kong faces Macau across the sea in the west, with a distance of 6 1 km, Guangzhou 130 km in the north and Shanghai 1200 km in the north.

The areas of the three major parts of Hong Kong are: Hong Kong Island is about 8 1 square kilometer; Kowloon Peninsula is about 47 square kilometers; The New Territories and 262 outlying islands are about 976 square kilometers. Hong Kong has a total jurisdiction area of 2,755.03 square kilometers, including land area 1 104.32 square kilometers and water area 1650.64 square kilometers.

Hong Kong is a highly prosperous international metropolis, the third largest financial center in the world after new york and London, and also known as "Newland Port" with new york and London in the United States, enjoying a high reputation internationally. Hong Kong is also an important financial, service and shipping center in Asia. It is famous for its clean government, good public order, free economic system and perfect legal system, and has the reputation of "Pearl of the Orient", "Gourmet Paradise" and "Shopping Paradise".

Before 1840, Hong Kong was a small fishing village. During the period of 1842- 1997, Hong Kong became a British colony. After the Second World War, Hong Kong's economy and society developed rapidly. It is not only known as one of the "Four Little Dragons in Asia", but also one of the richest, most developed and highest living standards in the world. 1 July 9971day, People's Republic of China (PRC) officially resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong. Hong Kong maintains a capitalist system and enjoys a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign affairs and national defense. Hong Kong is a place where Chinese and Western cultures blend together. It is also an important shipping hub and one of the most competitive cities in the international and Asia-Pacific regions, ranking first in the world in the index of economic freedom for 2 1 year in a row.

In the Neolithic Age, there were already human activities in Hong Kong.

After Qin Shihuang unified China, in 2 14 BC (the 23rd year of Qin Shihuang), the Qin Dynasty in China sent troops to pacify Baiyue, established Nanhai County, and incorporated Hong Kong into the territory, belonging to Panyu County. From then on, Hong Kong was placed under the jurisdiction of the central government and clearly became the territory of the Central Plains Dynasty at that time. The central plains in a broad sense refers to the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River). From this time until the Qing Dynasty, with the spread of Central Plains civilization to the south, Hong Kong gradually developed.

In the Han Dynasty, Hong Kong belonged to Boluo County, Nanhai County.

In the sixth year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 33 1 year), Hong Kong belonged to Baoan County, Dongguan County. In the sixth year of Emperor Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the eastern part of Nanhai County was set aside, and another Dongguan County was set up, which governed six counties including Baoan, Xingning and Haifeng. The jurisdiction of Baoan County includes today's Hong Kong, Shenzhen and Dongguan, and the county seat is today's Shenzhen Nantou City.

Dongguan County was abolished in Sui Dynasty, and its jurisdiction was merged into Nanhai County, guangzhou fu. Baoan County was changed to Nanhai County, and Hong Kong was still managed by Baoan County.

In the second year of Tang Zhide (AD 757), Baoan County was changed to Dongguan County, and Hong Kong still belonged to Dongguan County.

During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, a large number of mainland people moved to Hong Kong, which promoted the great development of Hong Kong's economy and culture. In the Yuan Dynasty, China was a province of Jiangxi Province. The Yuan Dynasty set up inspection departments in Tuen Mun in the southwest of Hong Kong and Tuen Mun in the outer port of Guangzhou, and stationed troops to prevent pirates from invading and defend the Guangzhou area.

During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, some places were set aside from Dongguan County to establish Xin 'an County, which was later Hong Kong. Hong Kong Island became a British colony from Wanli (A.D. 1573) to Daoguang 2 1 year of Qing Xuanzong (A.D. 184 1 year) and has been under the jurisdiction of Xin 'an County, guangzhou fu.

1662 The Qing Dynasty sent troops to the New Territories and ordered villagers to braid their hair. During the Qing Dynasty, Hong Kong has always occupied an important position in foreign trade, because Hong Kong and Guangzhou are as close as lips and teeth, and Guangzhou is the only commercial port open to the outside world in the Qing Dynasty.

Before the British occupation of Hong Kong, Hong Kong was basically a desert island. Some fishermen live in Stanley, Datandu and Shipai Bay in the south of the island, and Agongyan and Shuijing Bay in the east. In other places, such as Huangniyong, Dengdizhou and Seven Sisters, there are some small village bays. At that time, there were about 3000 residents on the island. [5] In the early years, the British took a fancy to the potential of Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong to become an excellent port in East Asia. Until the defeat of the Qing Dynasty in the late19th century, the territory was ceded to Britain in batches and became a British colony.

In the 22nd year of Daoguang reign of Qing Dynasty (1842), the Opium War between China and Britain, the defeat of the Qing court, and the cession of Hong Kong Island to Britain. In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), Kowloon Peninsula was ceded to Britain. In the 24th year of Guangxu (1898), the New Territories were also forcibly leased by the British, and the whole territory of Hong Kong was under the British administration. The three parts of Hong Kong (Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and New Territories) come from three unequal treaties in different periods.

184 1 year 65438+1October 26th: After the First Opium War, Britain occupied Hong Kong Island. Later, the Qing government tried to recover lost territory by force, and Daoguang issued many orders for this. However, the Qing Dynasty could never defend its territorial integrity.

1August 29th, 842: The Qing government signed the unequal treaty of nanking (formerly known as Jiangning Treaty) with Britain, and ceded Hong Kong Island to Britain.

1860 65438+1October 24th: China and Britain signed the unequal Beijing Treaty, ceding the area south of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula to Britain.

1June 9, 898: Britain forced the Qing government to sign the Regulation on Expanding Hong Kong's Boundary, and leased 262 islands north of Boundary Street in Kowloon Peninsula for 99 years (ending at1June 30, 997).

194165438+February 25th: During World War II, the Japanese invaded Hong Kong, and the British troops stationed in Hong Kong were unable to resist. At that time, Governor Yang had no choice but to declare surrender. Hong Kong was occupied by Japan.

1945 September 15: Japan signed a surrender in Hong Kong after its defeat and withdrew from Hong Kong.

After World War II, Hong Kong's economy and society developed rapidly, becoming the third largest financial center in the world after new york and London. It has not only become one of the "Four Little Dragons of Asia", but also the financial, service and shipping center of Asia.

1982 to 1984, China and Britain hold talks on the implementation of Hong Kong's future. 1984, 12 and 19 signed the Joint Statement of the People of China and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on the question of Hong Kong, and decided 1997. China promised to implement one country, two systems in Hongkong. Hong Kong will maintain its capitalist system and its original way of life, and enjoy a high degree of autonomy in all matters except foreign affairs and national defense, that is, "Hong Kong people ruling Hong Kong with a high degree of autonomy".

1 July 19971day, China resumed the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong, and Hong Kong became a special administrative region of People's Republic of China (PRC). According to the Basic Law of the People's Republic of China (PRC) Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong's previous economic model, laws and social systems will remain unchanged for 50 years, and "one country, two systems" will be implemented. Except for national defense and foreign affairs, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region enjoys a high degree of autonomy.

On July 9th, 20 15, the Legislative Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region passed the decision to designate September 3rd, 20th15, the 70th anniversary of the victory of China people's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, as a one-off extra public holiday and legal holiday. Unless otherwise stipulated by law, all banks, educational institutions, offices of public institutions and government departments are not required to work. According to the Employment Ordinance, this day is also a statutory holiday.

The topography of Hong Kong is dominated by hills, and the highest point is Tai Mo Shan, which is 958 meters above sea level. There are not many flat lands in Hong Kong, about 20% of which belong to lowlands, mainly concentrated in the northern New Territories, namely Yuen Long Plain and Fanling Lowland, which are alluvial plains naturally formed by rivers. Secondly, the reclaimed land located in the Kowloon Peninsula and the northern part of Hong Kong Island expanded from the original narrow flat land. Although it is customary to take one from Hong Kong Island, the largest island in Hong Kong is Lantau Island, which is more than twice the size of Hong Kong Island.

Hong Kong has a subtropical climate, with a high annual temperature, with an average annual temperature of

Victoria harbour, hong kong

Victoria harbour, hong kong

22.8℃。 Summer is hot and humid, and the temperature is around 27~33℃. It is cool and dry in winter, but it rarely drops below 5℃. It is rainy from May to September, and sometimes it rains heavily. There are typhoons from time to time between summer and autumn. There are many typhoons in Hong Kong from July to September, but tropical cyclones with different intensities may strike from May to165438+1October. In the western North Pacific, East China Sea and South China Sea, an average of 30 tropical cyclones are formed every year, half of which reach typhoon intensity, and the highest wind speed is above118 km/h. The average annual rainfall in Hong Kong is 22 14.3mm, with the highest rainfall in August and the lowest rainfall in 65438+ 10. In addition, the high-rise buildings in the urban area of Hong Kong are concentrated and densely populated, and the microclimate formed is easy to produce the heat island effect, which leads to the obvious temperature difference between the urban area and the suburbs. It is difficult to blow away the "suspended particles" in the air in the urban areas with high-rise buildings. Hong Kong is in a humid subtropical environment with abundant runoff and developed surface water system. But the water system is limited and there are no big rivers. Besides Shenzhen River, which is the boundary river between Hong Kong and Shenzhen, there are mainly Chengmen River, Wutong River, Lincun River, Yuen Long River and Jintian River. Most rivers are less than 5 miles in length, and the velocity and discharge are closely related to seasonal rainfall, which is extremely unstable in the middle of the year. It is difficult to maintain the flow or cut off the flow in dry season, and the riverbed is exposed or partially exposed. In the rainy season, it is easy to reach the full bank water level and flood. Shenzhen River originates from Niuweiling in Wutongshan, flows into Shenzhen Bay from northeast to southwest, and leaves Lingdingyang. The total length is 37 kilometers, and the drainage area is 3 12.5㎞? Which side of Shenzhen is 187.5㎞? , Hong Kong is 125㎞? . Wutong River is the main tributary of Shenzhen River.

The population density of Hong Kong is increasing every year. According to the official data of 20 1 1, the population density of Hong Kong is the third in the world. By the middle of 20 14, the total population of Hong Kong was about 7,234,800, an increase of 47,300 compared with the same period of 20 13, and an increase of 45 1.300 compared with the middle of 2004. Most Hong Kong people live in tall buildings. In recent ten years, residential buildings have been built with more than 30 to 40 floors, some even reaching 70 floors, and commercial buildings can reach about 100 floor. Moreover, a family of four can only live or own space with an area of 400 to 1000 square feet (about 37.2 to 74.3 square meters, 12.3 to 30.7 ping). Therefore, despite the high population density, Hong Kong still retains a large number of undeveloped rural land.

Hong Kong began to carry out family planning in 1960s, advocating two children per family, so as to reduce the high birth rate at that time. However, in 2006, the birth rate in Hong Kong was the lowest among 226 countries and regions in the world-only 9.6 newborn babies per 65,438+0,000 people. On the other hand, Hong Kong has the highest life expectancy, 80.5 years for men and 86.7 years for women. With the increase of average life expectancy, population aging will become more and more serious. 20 1 1 year, the population aged 65 and above will account for 13% of the total population, and it is expected to increase to 27% in 2033.

The population of Hong Kong is mainly Chinese, accounting for nearly 95% of Hong Kong's population. Most of them are from the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong. They mainly speak Cantonese and English, and Mandarin is also very popular. Some of them moved to Hong Kong with a temporary mentality. Even if a regional fraternity or chamber of commerce is established in Hong Kong, it is still marked by the word "visiting Hong Kong". There are more than 550,000 foreign passports in Hong Kong, with Indonesians and Filipinos as the largest number of foreigners, followed by Europeans and Indians. Like people in Indonesia and Thailand, Filipinos who settled in Hong Kong are mostly domestic helpers, and some Filipino singers and musicians who settled in Hong Kong after World War II play in lounges or leisure places. In addition, there are no fewer South Asians recruited and recruited by Britain from India, Pakistan and Nepal during the British occupation. They worked as police and soldiers (such as Juka soldiers), bank guards, construction workers or taught English in public schools and subsidized schools in Hong Kong. Most of the British who settled in Hong Kong were senior managers and professionals of large enterprises and government departments who came to work and settle in Hong Kong during the British occupation, as well as English teachers in public and subsidized schools. Most Japanese who have settled in Hong Kong are middle and high-level Japanese-funded enterprises who have come to work and settle in Hong Kong.

Since 2000, there have been more women than men in Hong Kong. At that time, the ratio of men to women was 967 men for every 65,438+0,000 women, and the gap has been widening in the past few years. In 20 1 1 year, there are 460,000 more women than men, and there are only 876 men for every 1000 women.