What are the effects (pros and cons) of migrant workers going to work in the countryside?

Benefits: 1 Increase income: the income from work must be greater than that from farming. 2. Increase human capital: learn a trade and increase some knowledge. 3. Increase social capital: expand the network of relationships. Improve communication skills. 4. Improve the ability to pay for future generations' education: have the money to pay tuition fees for children and buy necessary learning tools. 5. Improve the ability to pay for the aged: have money to treat the elderly and buy health care products. 6. Promote the upgrading of rural consumption structure and improve the quality of life of farmers: The income of farmers who go out to work is basically taken home to build new houses and buy large household appliances. 7. It is conducive to the upgrading of agricultural industrial structure: some farmers go out to work, which relieves the pressure of land bearing, and also makes agricultural scale operation possible, and cash crops become the first choice for scale operation, thus improving the agricultural industrial structure. 8. Conducive to the upgrading of rural industrial structure: Some migrant farmers saw the potential of the rural local market and invested their accumulated capital in non-agricultural industries, thus improving the rural industrial structure. They either combined the skills they learned from migrant workers with local resources, or provided a market for the consumption of migrant workers' families, which prospered the rural market, facilitated the production and life of farmers, and even brought them new ideas and greatly improved the quality of life of farmers. Disadvantages: 1, alienating the relationship with relatives and friends in hometown and reducing the original stock of primary social capital. 2. It weakens the educational function in shaping children's personality, reduces the concern for children's learning and growth, and leads to children's sense of abandonment, thus increasing the probability of children's psychological and behavioral deviation. 3. False demonstration effect: Parents who go out all the year round are often generous to their children out of guilt, which makes children have the illusion that it is easy to earn money outside, leading to the emergence and spread of children's weariness of learning. 4. Weakening the support function for the elderly: Although going out to work has improved the economic support for the elderly, on the one hand, the elderly are already in a period of low consumption, on the other hand, the elderly need spiritual support more. So in general, the support for the elderly is declining. 5. Strengthen the negative effects of interaction between grandparents and grandchildren. Originally, children and grandchildren wrapped around their knees are the embodiment of family happiness, but if the elderly have only young grandchildren under their knees, they have to take care of their study and life. Grandparents have to put away their kind nature and put on the majesty of their fathers, which will inevitably cause tension between grandparents and grandchildren. On the other hand, some grandchildren who are still weak have to take care of their elderly and frail grandparents instead of their parents, which seriously affects their study and life. If there is a natural connection between grandparents and grandchildren, the interaction between the two generations will be a sexual interaction with melting pleasure. Without this link, its negative effects will be magnified many times, so that it becomes unbearable for them. 6. Enhance farmers' sense of deprivation and increase social unrest. In cities, migrant workers get the least for doing the same job, have no social security and are discriminated against by their own people. Once you are old and weak, you still have to go back to the countryside. In case of industrial accidents or occupational diseases, they are often sent back to their hometown in advance. If you ask for a salary, your life may also be in danger. In this case, farmers will feel desperate, and a desperate person may do something irrational, which will do great harm to society. 7. Make farmers "market-oriented" quickly, accelerate the atomization process of farmers, and weaken the cohesion of rural communities. Farmers don't understand the true meaning of market economy-market economy is legal economy, and everyone must abide by certain rules of the game. I only saw all phenomena centered on economic interests. As long as you can get economic benefits, no matter what means you take, it is understandable. Under this incorrect understanding, their speculative psychology is inflated, while over-constructing and utilizing social capital, they abandon the constraints of the original community ethics, and cheat in the countryside, at the expense of others and self-interest, in order to achieve the goal of getting rich. The villagers' value judgments are also biased. As long as they can bring themselves material benefits, they blindly worship and hope to cooperate with them in order to share a piece of cake, without pursuing the legitimacy of their actions at all. Those who get rich also lose their traditional social responsibility of "benefiting one party". Instead of returning to the countryside, they invested in industries that destroyed the environment and even poisoned young people. For example, black Internet cafes, which cannot hide in cities, are spreading in rural areas. Conclusion: the benefits of migrant workers in cities are mainly reflected in economic interests, and the disadvantages are mainly reflected in the social level. In the short term, the economic benefits outweigh the social benefits, so it is undoubtedly positive to work in cities. In the long run, the opposite is true. Therefore, when formulating rural policies, we should weigh more.

Generally speaking, migrant workers' entry into cities has played an important role in accelerating the process of urbanization in China and promoting the coordinated development of urban and rural areas. However, due to the low education level and overall quality of migrant workers, especially some bad living habits in rural areas, it will have some adverse effects on urban economic and social development.

On the positive side, there are mainly:

1. provides cheap labor. A large number of rural surplus labor forces have been transferred to cities, which has provided sufficient and cheap labor for the development of local industries, reduced production costs, improved the competitiveness of products in the market, and promoted commodity exports, making China one of the top ten foreign trade countries in the world in just over a decade since the 1980s, and maintained its trade surplus advantage for a long time.

It provides convenience for the life of urban residents. Many city residents are "picky" when choosing jobs, and even disdain some jobs. It is difficult to maintain the basic living order of the city without relying on migrant workers. Farmers who go to work in cities are generally temporary workers and contract workers. Their expectations of wages are not high, and they don't have too many requirements and considerations about working conditions, labor intensity, labor remuneration and social status. Some of them are engaged in some jobs that city residents don't want to do, such as digging sewers, environmental protection, construction, handling, family nanny and so on. The arrival of these migrant workers has brought great convenience to the lives of local citizens.

It has stimulated the development of commerce, transportation, post and telecommunications and finance. A large number of migrant workers have entered cities and become urban consumption groups. With the increase of population, their demand for food, non-staple food and daily consumer goods is also increasing. According to estimates, every 654.38+million floating population in big cities needs 50,000 kilograms of vegetables, 654.38+10,000 kWh of electricity, 24 million kilograms of water and 730 buses every day. Some of them engage in commodity sales activities between regions, which have also played a role in stabilizing prices and invigorating the market to a certain extent. Migrant workers go out seasonally every year, focusing on spring ploughing production, double robbing in summer and around the Spring Festival, forming three passenger peak periods in a year. In addition, migrant workers often contact their families and friends by telephone and letters, and send part of their wages back to their hometown, which virtually promotes the development of China's post and telecommunications, communications and financial industry.

The negative side is:

In the prosperous urban economy, migrant workers have made great contributions, but at the same time, they have also brought adverse effects on urban economic and social development.

1. has put some pressure on urban employment. Due to the entry of migrant workers, the number of job seekers in cities has increased. In the case of a certain number of jobs in cities, the contradiction between the employment of migrant workers and the re-employment of laid-off workers in cities has been caused to some extent.

2. Increased urban traffic burden. The increase of floating population makes the already tense urban traffic problem more serious. Migrant workers have high mobility frequency, high travel rate and large amount in cities, and mainly rely on urban public transportation, which makes traffic congestion and difficulty in riding more serious. Surveys in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Wuhan, Beijing and other cities show that the travel rate of floating population in big cities is generally above 90%, and about 80% of the trips are concentrated in the urban center, of which more than 60% rely on urban public transportation. According to the calculation of six major cities such as Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenyang and Wuhan, every reduction in the average speed of public transport vehicles 1km/h is equivalent to a reduction in the transport capacity of10.5 million public transport vehicles in six major cities. With the decrease of vehicle speed, the waiting time and ride time of urban workers are prolonged, and the average waiting time of urban workers is prolonged by about 1 hour. Therefore, each worker spends the equivalent of 50 working days every year.

3. It has brought potential hidden dangers to the social security of the city. In recent years, the crime rate in China's big cities has generally increased, and its important feature is the increase in the crime rate of floating population. On the one hand, many lawless elements hang out in the army of "migrant workers" and engage in illegal and criminal activities such as profiteering, theft and fraud. Because they cheat money by various illegal means, it is easy to cause fights, and some even develop to the point of robbery and looting, which poses a considerable threat to social and economic order. On the other hand, some migrant workers aim at "panning for gold" in big cities. But some people have low quality, only know how to make money, and have a weak legal concept. Some people are lucky enough to knowingly engage in illegal profit-making activities in big cities, such as operating without a license, driving up prices, and evading taxes. In addition, the marriage and love life of migrant workers, especially migrant women workers, is like a broken glass flower, which has a negative impact on society. In recent years, the cases of illegal cohabitation, third party involvement and mistress bigamy accepted by Guangzhou Women's Federation are on the rise, among which more than 90% of the women involved are migrant girls. What's more, they engage in prostitution, drug abuse and drug trafficking.

4. Increased the difficulty of family planning and urban environmental management. The fertility problem of migrant workers has also become a difficult point in family planning work in various places. At present, the floating population of childbearing age in Guangdong Province exceeds180,000, and its unplanned birth rate exceeds 20%. Many of them are family-style mobile, and some even go out to escape family planning. In the family planning inspection of the floating population in Haizhu District of Guangzhou, it was found that 80% of the floating population did not receive the marriage and childbirth certificate, and 80% of these people belonged to migrant workers from other provinces who came to work in Guangdong. At the same time, in the urban-rural fringe and urban centers where a large number of migrant workers live, due to the lack of management, garbage is often everywhere, sewage flows across the city, the city is chaotic, the incidence of human and animal diseases rises, and infectious diseases take advantage of it. Some migrant workers bring some bad habits from rural areas to cities, such as spitting and littering, which not only aggravate the spread of diseases, but also have a great impact on shaping the image of urban civilization and improving the taste of cities. It is estimated that every 654.38 million floating population in big cities will produce 654.38 million kilograms of garbage and discharge 23 million kilograms of sewage and pollutants every day. According to incomplete statistics, in order to solve the environmental problems caused by the floating population, a big city needs an additional investment of 60 million yuan on average.

Second, the countermeasures and suggestions

In order to effectively guide a large number of migrant workers into cities and improve the positive effect, we suggest:

1. Formulate and improve relevant laws and regulations to protect the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers. Migrant workers' employment in cities is an inevitable phenomenon in the process of urbanization and modernization in China. We should take active measures not only to ensure the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers, but also to promote the healthy development of cities. The state should formulate relevant laws and policies to ensure equality between farmers and citizens, equal market access opportunities, and the use of public goods. Clean up some existing policies and measures, remove obstacles for farmers to enter cities, relax the conditions for farmers to work and settle in cities, protect the legitimate rights and interests of migrant workers according to law, and gradually integrate floating population into cities.

2. Improve the overall quality of farmers. With the development of economy, all walks of life have higher and higher requirements for knowledge and skills. Therefore, the state should take relevant measures to improve the quality of the labor force. Combine basic education with vocational training, so that farmers can master the necessary basic vocational and technical skills and meet the needs of employment. At the same time, pay attention to the cultivation of migrant workers' ideological quality and political quality, and promote their overall quality. Conducive to the beautification and orderly management of urban environment.

3. Further deepen the reform of the household registration system. Today's household registration management system is still an important restrictive factor affecting farmers' work in cities to a large extent. Although some localities have formulated policies and taken measures to realize the unified management of urban and rural household registration, there are still non-national treatment in actual implementation. Therefore, we should speed up the reform of the household registration system, and the government should cancel the administrative examination and approval of enterprises using migrant workers and the restrictions on the professional jobs of farmers working in cities. Enterprises should break the boundaries of household registration and openly recruit for the society, which is in line with the employment conditions of farmers. Enterprises have the right to employ workers independently. Labor and social security departments and social insurance agencies should handle labor and social insurance procedures for them in time and implement one-stop service. So as to provide a fair environment for migrant workers to enter the city for employment.

4. Establish a social welfare and security system for migrant workers. Although migrant workers have created wealth in cities, the social security level of a large number of migrant workers is very low, and migrant workers are almost out of the existing social security system. At present, we should speed up the establishment of social security system for migrant workers. However, due to the constraints of subjective and objective conditions, the social security construction of migrant workers should not and cannot be ambitious and go hand in hand. Instead, we should adhere to the strategy of gradual progress in stages, establish the industrial injury insurance system, medical insurance system, especially serious illness insurance system, old-age insurance system, unemployment and maternity insurance system for migrant workers in turn, and gradually actively and effectively safeguard and realize their basic social security rights and interests. It is necessary to establish a social assistance system for migrant workers with the minimum living security as the core, and establish a social welfare system for migrant workers through occupational welfare and community service.