Introduction and detailed information of Yushitai

Historical introduction

Before the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, the Yushitai only heard about events and had no judicial power. During the Zhenguan period, the Yushitai set up a prison to accept special litigation cases. After the fourteenth year of Kaiyuan (AD 726), a special censor was appointed to serve as the censor, and one person took turns handling the lawsuits every day. From then on, all major cases were jointly tried by the Yushitai, the Ministry of Punishment, and the Dali Temple. Dali Temple is responsible for interrogating prisoners and drafting verdicts, and the Ministry of Punishment is responsible for reviewing and reporting to the Yushitai for supervision.

The Yushitai is headed by the Yushi doctor, and the Yushi Zhongcheng is the deputy, who leads the censors, serves the censors in the palace, and supervises the censors. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, there was a shortage of censors and officials, and censor Zhongcheng was the actual chief official. In the Song Dynasty, the censor was an official who sent salary and ignored the affairs of the censor. Supervisory affairs were actually handled by officials such as Shizhong and Shiyi from the Ministry of Menxia. In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the Yushi Dafu and the Yushi Zhongcheng were co-located, but the Yushi Dafu ignored the affairs of the Yushi Taiwan and still took the Yushi Zhongcheng as the chief official.

In the first year of Guangzhai of the Tang Dynasty (AD 684), the Yushitai was changed to the Zuosu Zhengtai, which was responsible for the supervision of Beijing officials and the army. The Yousu Zhengtai was responsible for local supervision affairs. Later, the left platform can also monitor the place. The two stations dispatch special envoys to inspect prefectures and counties in the spring and autumn every year. Those dispatched in the spring are called custom envoys, and those dispatched in the autumn are called integrity inspection envoys. In the first year of Shenlong (AD 705), it was changed into the Left and Right Yushitai. The right platform was abolished in the first year of Tai Chi (712 AD), restored the following year, and then abolished again later. The Tang Dynasty also set up a Yushitai in Luoyang, which was called the Eastern Capital Liutai. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, foreign officials such as Jiedu envoys and governors could carry the title of Yushitai, which was called Waitai.

After the restructuring of Yuanfeng in the Song Dynasty, the Yushitai official office was restored, with the same duties and responsibilities as those of the Tang Dynasty, but there was no Liutai, and foreign officials did not carry the title of Yushitai.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the censorship system was unprecedentedly developed. The censorship platform was directly established in the local area, which stood side by side with the Privy Council and the Ministry of Commerce.

In the Ming Dynasty, the Yushitai was abandoned and replaced by the Metropolitan Inspectorate, which was later established in the Qing Dynasty. Functions and powers

Yushitai is a supervisory agency established in the Han Dynasty and is responsible for supervision. Origin of the name

During the reign of Wu Zetian, it was renamed Suzhengtai. In addition to the Yushitai in the Yuan Dynasty, there were also the Yushitai of various Daoxing in the south of the Yangtze River and the Yushitai of various Daoxing in Shaanxi. In the early Ming Dynasty, the Yushitai was also established. In the 15th year of Hongwu (1382), it was renamed the Metropolitan Procuratorate, and the name of the Yushitai was abolished. However, it is still called the Yushitai in articles. For example, Huang Daozhou of the Ming Dynasty wrote in "The Biography of Yuan Gong (Yuan Keli) of Jiehuan": "When he was at the Yushitai, when his censor was angry, he used the imperial staff and all the censors came to visit. * Begging for help, the above meaning of "Assistant Minister" Organizational Settings

The Yushitai was renamed the Ducha Yuan in the Ming Dynasty and remained in use until the end of the Qing Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, the Metropolitan Procuratorate consisted of the Experience Department, the Department of Affairs, the Zhaomo Institute, the Department of Prisons, and the Thirteen Supervisory Censors, etc. It was completely a supervisory agency. However, according to Zhou Hongzu's "Ancient and Modern Book Engravings", there were as many as 33 types of engravings by the Duchayuan in the Ming Dynasty, and they involved many categories. Such as "Encyclopedia of Algorithms", "Seven Political Calendars", "Thousands of Gold Treasures", "Direct Interpretation of Martial Arts", "Historical Records", "Selected Works", "Annotations to Du Poems", "Thousands of Scholars Annotating Su Poems", "New Voices in the Prosperous Age" ", "Taiping Yuefu", "Yuyinhai Pian", "Picture Surveying the Sea", "Tangyin", "Shiqinglu", "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin", etc., all had their engravings by the Metropolitan Procuratorate Travel the world. This is really a strange historical phenomenon. In essence, there are probably two major social reasons: First, in August of the first year of Hongwu (1368), the state issued an order to exempt books from tax. As we all know, as long as something is exempt from taxes and the industry becomes profitable, all units and individuals in society will flock to it. In the Ming Dynasty, the Metropolitan Procuratorate also wrote important documents, driven by tax exemptions and high profits. Second, the basic national policy of the Ming Dynasty was to emphasize literature over martial arts, so the culture was developed and there was a great demand for books. Especially after the mid-Ming Dynasty, as capitalism sprouted, the urban population increased, and the commodity economy developed, engraving books was both marketable and profitable, so many institutions, private houses, and bookstores competed to engrave books. In the 11th year of Hongzhi (1498), the "Xinjian Dazi Kuibenquanxianxianxianqianxiangjuanjiaxixiangji" engraved by the Yuejia Bookstore in Jintai has an advertising sign at the end of the volume, saying: "We would like to rewrite the drawings based on the scriptures. , participated in the editing of the large-character edition, and combined the singing and pictures.

When staying in a guest house, traveling in a boat, or taking a leisurely stroll, you can have this overview all the time, singing clearly and refreshingly. "Fully reflects the development status of the commodity economy at that time. In this social environment, not paying taxes, making profits, generating income, and making up for the lack of funds are probably the fundamental reasons why the central government is engaged in book engraving. Institutional staff, Dr. Zhongcheng

There are generally one official, the third rank, and the second rank, the middle minister. : The first one is called Taiyuan, which serves as the censor Li Yan; the second one is called Dianyuan, which serves as the censor Li Yan; the third one is called Chaoyuan, which oversees the censor Li Yan. If there is no complaint, the third division will interrogate him. It is called Yushi Dafu, Zhongshu, and Menxia. When there is an impeachment, the Yushi will be the official, and when it comes to major matters, it is just a signature. If you are lucky, take a road car as a guide. When you go to the meeting, you will lead the class of Zheng Baiguan. Chi Ming will be listed in Liangguan, and the two censors will supervise the class. The second queen, the civil servants of the fifth rank and above and the ministers of the two provinces, the supervisory censor, Yuan Wai Lang, and Dr. Taichang are called regular counselors, and the military officers of the third rank and above are called the ninth rank official. Those who are in charge of Zhechong will be given the title of Sixth Grade Officer every five days. Students from Hongwen, Chongwen Hall, and Guozijian will join the imperial court at four o'clock. Those who come to the court with kindness will be given the title of ninth rank or above, from October to February. , the hakama pleats are for the dynasty; there are ke for the fifth rank and above, but not for the Tibetan officials and the fourth-rank officials who are not honest officials. Those with the same official position will have the first title, and the title will be the same as the teeth. , when the honorary officers are combined in the same class, the civil and military officers will be subordinate to the civil and military officers, followed by the military officers and the honorary officers. Those with the same rank and different surnames will be the descendants of the civil and military officials. Those who are inferior will be ranked according to the king's rank; those who are appointed by the county prince to serve in positions below the third rank will be ranked above those who are not civil and military officials. The heir king will be ranked below the prince and Taibao, followed by the county prince, and the prince will be ranked below the third rank. Those who live under the fourth rank are those who live under the fourth rank, those who live under the fourth rank, the uncle who lives below the fifth rank, the son who lives above the fifth rank, and the male who lives under the fifth rank. Those who are ranked above the rank of official, and those who are ranked below the same rank are ranked above and below the rank of official. Those who are not ministerial officials in the civil and military ranks are all called "Zhu Gong". If you don't pass the four sides of the gate, you will not refuse to see him. The governor, governor, and governor will wait for orders at the side gate. After thanking the Zhengyamen, he returned to the side gate and presented his thanks to Shuo. In the second year of Long Shuo's reign, he changed his name to the imperial censor Zhongcheng. The censor's platform was called Xiantai, and the official was called Da Si Xian. In the first year of Empress Wu's civilization, the censor's platform was renamed Su Zhengtai. Military; the right platform is responsible for Chazhou County and provincial customs. The left platform is also responsible for Chazhou County. In the spring, eight people are appointed, and in the autumn, they are called Liancha. There were vacations, school inspections, staff examinations, and examinations. In the third year of Shenlong, they were all abolished. In the middle of the year, he was appointed Shangshu Province and was assigned to Zuotai. After a month, Youtai was abolished. After reaching virtue, all the Taoist envoys and ministers served as assistants, and they were all appointed as censors, which were called the outer stage. There were also inspections, inspections, interior tours, and inner worship services, either concurrently or in charge, and the same was true for all the envoys and subordinate officials. At the beginning of Huichang, he was promoted to doctor and middle minister. In the Eastern Capital, there was one Zhongcheng, one serving the censor, two serving the censors in the palace, and three supervisory censors. After the Yuan Dynasty, the Zhongcheng was not placed, but the serving censors, the serving censors in the palace, and the supervisory censor stayed. Taiwan affairs, and the censors of the three academies are not always available. Shi Yushi

Six people, starting from the sixth rank. He is in charge of correcting and elevating hundreds of buildings and joining the imperial edicts. He knows how to push, play, and miscellaneous matters. All the directors of the three divisions will go straight to the court with those who give the affairs of the country and the people of the school. If the three ministers are appointed instead of their chiefs, they will consult with the doctor of the Ministry of Justice, the doctor of Yuanwai, the director of Dali, and the judge. In case of impeachment, the official and the prime minister will perform the impeachment. For important events, wear a royal crown, red robes, silk clothes, and a white gauze singlet; for small events, wear regular clothes. For a long time, one person knows the miscellaneous things, which is called Zaduan. In the palace, he supervises the duties, names, transfers, and imperial examinations. Zhuan Jue, who is responsible for the internal affairs of the palace, is also called Taiduan. This time one person knew the public's mistress. One person knows the next time.

The first is to detect the good and evil of officials; the second is to detect the scattered household registrations, the disappearance of registration accounts, and the uneven distribution of taxes and servitude; the third is to detect the lack of diligence in the inspection of farmers and mulberry trees, and the depletion of warehouses; the fourth is to detect the evil spirits and thieves who are not doing anything to make a living. It is caused by selfishness; fifth, it is to detect those who are virtuous, filial and brotherly, outstanding and talented, and who hides hidden utensils and use them at the right time; sixth, it is to detect those who are cunning officials, powerful clans, mergers and abuses, and those who are poor and weak and cannot redress their grievances. Whenever a large victory is achieved in a battle, several prisoners will be captured, their merits will be judged and rewarded, and then they will be reported. Farming, coining, Lingnan and Qianfu electing replacements, and also picking up merits and demerits. When the prisoners are executed, they will come with Zhongshu Sheren and General Jinwu. When the state is taboo, he will observe the temple separately with the imperial censor in the palace. Come to banquet shooting, practice shooting, and the large and middle temples, and listen to those who are not as good as the ceremony.