Advantages and disadvantages of aggregation effect

Advantages and disadvantages of agglomeration effect "agglomeration effect" refers to the economic effect produced by the spatial concentration of various industries and economic activities and the centripetal force attracting economic activities to a certain area, which is the basic factor leading to the formation and continuous expansion of cities. Industrial agglomeration is the aggregation of innovative elements and the amplification of competitiveness. Michael. Porter believes that the geographical agglomeration of industries can have a wide and positive impact on the competitive advantage of industries. Judging from the competition in the world market, enterprises in industries with internationally competitive products tend to live in groups rather than separate. Why does agglomeration contribute to competitive advantage? Porter pointed out: Cluster can improve productivity, provide continuous power for company reform, promote innovation and promote the birth of new enterprises.

1) the influence of industrial agglomeration on improving productivity. The geographical concentration of enterprises in the same industry can enable manufacturers to obtain the services of suppliers more efficiently, find and recruit employees who meet their own intentions, get the information needed for competition in this industry in time, and get supporting products and services more easily. All these enable enterprises in the cluster area to produce products or provide services with higher productivity, which is conducive to gaining more competitive advantages than enterprises outside the cluster area.

① suppliers. Many enterprises in the same industry gather together to provide a stable market for suppliers of various inputs. There are a large number of specialized suppliers in the cluster area, which brings convenience to the supply of various inputs needed by an industry. In addition, the transaction cost of obtaining local inputs is lower, and the inventory can be greatly reduced. Adjacent to each other, the risk of overpricing or default of suppliers will be reduced accordingly. Geographical proximity can also promote communication and enable suppliers to provide spare parts, installation and troubleshooting services.

② Recruit employees. With the deepening of enterprise division of labor and technical specialization, the cost of recruiting suitable employees is also rising. Agglomeration means more opportunities and lower mobility risk, which leads to the gathering of talents. The search cost and transaction cost paid by enterprises are greatly reduced.

③ Professional market. Industrial cluster not only gathers suppliers, but also gathers merchants, or a cluster itself is a large-scale market of this industry.

4 professional information. Due to the geographical concentration of enterprises in the same industry, all kinds of information related to market and technology competition are rapidly accumulated and transmitted in the region, which is very important to the competition of enterprises. In the Silicon Valley of the United States, there are a large number of new technology companies such as semiconductor circuits and digital technology. Multinational companies have set up branches here and even moved their headquarters here. A very important factor is that they can get the latest competitive information in the industry in Silicon Valley.

(5) Supporting products and industries. The concentration of enterprises makes it easier for an industry to obtain the support of supporting industries and supporting products.

6. Public goods and infrastructure. The geographical concentration of enterprises can obtain investment from public institutions such as * * *, which can reduce the cost of public goods such as infrastructure. In addition to * * * investment, some intermediary service institutions, guild organizations, education and training institutions, inspection and certification institutions, etc., which are produced at the same time with the agglomeration area, also have a positive effect on the productivity of enterprises.

2) The influence of agglomeration on regional innovation. Agglomeration is a necessary condition to realize regional innovation. Industrial agglomeration is the mother of the birth of new enterprises. Because the concentrated customer base reduces the investment risk of setting up new enterprises, investors can easily find market opportunities. Working in places where industries are concentrated, entrepreneurs are more likely to find the gap between products or services and be inspired to set up new enterprises. In addition, the entry threshold of industrial cluster area is lower than that of other areas, and the required equipment, technology, inputs and employees can be solved in the area, so it is much easier to start a new enterprise than in other areas. The customer and market information that an enterprise needs, entrepreneurs may have it before the establishment of a new enterprise.

Agglomeration promotes the collective learning of entrepreneurs. In concentrated areas, there are learning by doing and learning by using, which is different from the one-way dissemination of knowledge and information, but a process of knowledge innovation, which often involves the reorganization and dissemination of the original technology to create new production methods and new consumption patterns, usually in production practice outside R&D activities.

The contribution of agglomeration to innovation also lies in informal communication between the same industry. This kind of informal communication is not realized by contract, such as face-to-face contact between employees of different companies, after-work chat and so on. , so that different ideas collide with each other in communication and produce new sparks.

3) The influence of agglomeration on competition. Competition is an important source for enterprises to gain competitive advantage. Agglomeration brings competition and intensifies the competition among enterprises in the same industry. Competition is not only manifested in the competition for the market, but also in other aspects. The comparison of the same place and the same industry has a yardstick for performance evaluation, which also brings competitive pressure to enterprises. Enterprises with good performance can gain the honor of success, while enterprises with poor performance or even mediocrity will feel the pressure. Constant comparison generates constant encouragement.

The aggregation of enterprises in the same industry leads to fierce competition, and the existence of competitors is of positive significance.

First of all, the existence of competitors forces enterprises to continuously reduce costs, improve products and services, and catch up with the wave of technological change. Competitors are just around the corner. Enterprises can never be complacent and must gain a competitive advantage in the competition. This kind of incentive can never be overestimated.

Secondly, competitors can make enterprises gain a better position in the competition. The performance is as follows: ① competitors can absorb periodic demand fluctuations, so that enterprises can make full use of their production capacity. (2) Competitors, as a standard of comparison, can improve the ability of the new opposite sex. (3) Competitors serve certain market segments and unload the burden of enterprises in these markets. The existence of competitors reduces the risk of enterprises encountering antitrust. The risk of anti-monopoly litigation in western countries often leads enterprises with high market share to be cautious, which is not conducive to their competitive advantage.

Also, competitors have many benefits to the structure of the whole industry. The performance is as follows: ① Increase the industry demand, improve the industry visibility, and the entry of competitors can sometimes bring credibility to the products of the whole industry. (2) provide the second or third source of goods. For the procurement of some important raw materials and inputs, buyers often want to have a second or third source to prevent or reduce the risk of supply interruption or limit the bargaining power of suppliers.

Finally, competitors can help develop markets for new products or emerging industries. The performance is that competitors are actually sharing market development costs with enterprises; The existence of competitors reduces the risk of the buyer. Competitors also help to promote technology standardization. If competitors and enterprises adopt the same technology, it will help speed up the process of legalization or standardization of technology. If only one enterprise advocates a certain technology, the buyer is often unwilling to accept it as a technical standard, which may inhibit early purchase and wait for technological change.

Agglomeration enhances competition, and competition also enhances the competitiveness of industrial clusters, which makes the competition between enterprises start at a higher level. The result of competition is not a zero-sum game, but a positive sum game. In order to get information and encouragement from competitors, competitors constantly improve management, organize production in a more effective way, and constantly discover new market opportunities. As a result of competition, enterprises in industrial clusters have more competitive advantages than those scattered around the country, and it is easier to enter the forefront of the industry through competition.

Bubble self-aggregation effect

Does the "agglomeration effect" apply to all service industries? That's not true. When the scale of agglomeration exceeds the scale of enterprise agglomeration, it is easy to produce problems such as urban environmental pollution, crowded transactions and increased production costs. This is the reason why the country is developing to establish small and medium-sized towns.

When some polluting enterprises and some enterprises that need clean resources gather, the effect will also develop centrifugally. Because polluting enterprises will make clean energy demand enterprises have to spend more on resource cleaning and affect product quality to some extent. Therefore, the benefits of agglomeration effect should not be absolute.

Advantages and disadvantages of greenhouse effect, also known as "greenhouse effect", is the common name of atmospheric heat preservation effect. The atmosphere can make the short-wave radiation of the sun reach the ground, but the long-wave radiation emitted by the ground is absorbed by the atmosphere, which raises the temperature of the ground and the lower atmosphere. Because its function is similar to the greenhouse for cultivating crops, it is named the greenhouse effect. If this effect does not exist in the atmosphere, the surface temperature will drop by about 330℃ or more. On the other hand, if the greenhouse effect continues to strengthen, the global temperature will continue to rise year by year. Since the industrial revolution, carbon dioxide and other heat-absorbing greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere by human beings have increased year by year, and the greenhouse effect of the atmosphere has also been enhanced, which has caused a series of serious problems such as global warming and attracted the attention of all countries in the world.

Greenhouse has two characteristics: the temperature is higher than that outside, and it does not dissipate heat. Glass greenhouses and vegetable greenhouses that can be seen in life are typical greenhouses. Glass or transparent plastic film is used as a greenhouse, so that sunlight can directly shine into the greenhouse and heat the indoor air, and the glass or transparent plastic film can prevent the indoor hot air from emitting outward, thus keeping the indoor temperature higher than the outside and providing conditions conducive to the rapid growth of plants.

The greenhouse effect caused by environmental pollution refers to the phenomenon that the earth's surface becomes hot.

It will bring the following serious consequences:

1) the increase of pests and diseases on the earth;

2) sea level rise;

3) Abnormal climate, increasing ocean storms;

4) The land is dry and the desertification area increases.

Scientists predict that if the earth's surface temperature continues to rise at the current rate, by 2050, the global temperature will rise by 2-4 degrees Celsius, polar icebergs will melt greatly, resulting in a sharp rise in sea level, and some island countries and coastal cities will be submerged, including several famous international cities: new york, Shanghai, Tokyo and Sydney.

How is the greenhouse effect produced? What can we do?

The greenhouse effect is mainly caused by excessive burning of coal, oil and natural gas in modern industrial society, which releases a lot of carbon dioxide gas into the atmosphere after burning.

Carbon dioxide gas has the functions of heat absorption and heat insulation. The result of its increase in the atmosphere is the formation of an invisible glass cover, which prevents the heat radiated by the sun to the earth from spreading to outer space, and as a result, the surface of the earth becomes hot. Therefore, carbon dioxide is also called greenhouse gas.

Human activities and nature also emit other greenhouse gases, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, low-level ozone and nitrogen oxides. On earth, plankton in the ocean and forests on land, especially tropical rainforests, can absorb a lot of carbon dioxide.

In order to reduce the excessive carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, on the one hand, people need to save electricity as much as possible (because power generation needs to burn coal) and drive less cars. On the other hand, protect forests and oceans, for example, don't cut down forests and prevent the oceans from being polluted, so as to protect the survival of plankton. We can also protect green plants by planting trees, reducing the use of disposable wooden chopsticks, saving paper (paper wood) and not trampling on the lawn, so that they can absorb more carbon dioxide to help slow down the greenhouse effect.

In order to reduce the excessive carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, on the one hand, people need to save electricity as much as possible (because power generation needs to burn coal) and drive less cars; What can absorb a lot of carbon dioxide on the earth are plankton in the ocean and forests on land, especially tropical rainforests. Therefore, on the other hand, we should protect forests and oceans, such as not cutting down forests and polluting the oceans, in order to protect the survival of plankton. We can also protect green plants by planting trees, reducing the use of disposable wooden chopsticks, saving paper (paper-making wood) and not trampling on the lawn, so that they can absorb more carbon dioxide and help slow down the greenhouse effect.

I don't know when the movie star effect "a good car with beautiful women" came into being, nor when it was preset by insiders and laymen in the automobile industry, which also led to a large number of "flooded" models at this auto show. This is the status quo. In terms of visual impact, when a beautiful woman meets a car, the irresistible temptation of generate instantly blooms at the auto show; In practical terms, are new cars and concept cars dazzling? Or sexy car models are more eye-catching? At this year's Auto Expo, almost all brands and manufacturers tried to increase their brand awareness and attention through the form of "showing car models". Standing in any corner of the exhibition hall, the audience can clearly see that the car models on each booth are competing for beauty, and even some viewers will choose the booth to visit based on the beauty of the car models. As far as I know, Bentley began to choose cars through various channels three months in advance. But the brand of Bentley coincides with the clothing of Bentley car model. Like previous auto shows, the car model is dressed in an elegant dark red slim dress, striving to highlight the uniqueness and dignity of Bentley brand; But "one mountain is higher" is the Audi booth, which has always been brilliant in car model selection. Audi's car models invited this year are supermodels; Similarly, the booth of Hyundai Motor invited the top three contestants of Miss International in 2006; Even Laure Shang, the national champion of "Super Girl" this year, appeared at the Brilliance Auto booth. Then, why do exhibitors spend a lot of energy and money on choosing car models and celebrity endorsements? Its most direct purpose is to attract people's attention at the auto show, to achieve the purpose of brand culture promotion and final car sales at the auto show, relying on these supermodels and star effects. Undeniably, the early star advertisements really created the charm of the brand with the charm of the stars! For example, the Runfa brand of 100 took Chow Yun Fat, a Hong Kong film star who held up half the sky at that time, as the spokesperson, and Fage's gentle smile and the scene of him washing his hair for beautiful women really fascinated many consumers. Products quickly spread all over the country, becoming a household name brand! Jordan endorsed Nike and launched the popular Jordan series of sports shoes, which was immediately sought after by young people. Even admirers lined up all night just to buy a pair of Jordan shoes. This fully shows that the star effect has started the brand, and the brand relies on the popularity of stars and people's love for them to achieve the purpose of publicity. Star effect has its positive significance, and the role of celebrity endorsement brand is understandable. Of course, no matter what star, it can't be perfect. Our media should have a correct public opinion orientation and not turn stars into gods. Undeniably, cultural celebrities such as cultural sports stars have strong influence and appeal among teenagers. This should be analyzed calmly, treated dialectically, guided by the situation, and pursued advantages and avoided disadvantages. In addition, brands using stars as spokespersons also have to bear certain risks. The right or wrong of the stars used directly affects the credibility of the brand, and the Mao Ning incident has greatly reduced the star brand. Brands should be careful when asking stars to advertise, because scandals and scandals of stars may damage the brand image. But the protagonist of the auto show is the car, and the stars usurped the role of the host, which led people to "look at the stars" and ignore the car itself. This is not the original intention of the exhibitors. It is really not the purpose of the auto show to take a photo with the car model and treat the car as a decoration. Even after the exhibition, there was a heated discussion about which booth model was beautiful and which booth star was famous, but nothing was said about the new cars launched by various automobile manufacturers. Is this the publicity effect that exhibitors want to achieve? This has completely deviated from the purpose of car dealer participation.

How to further promote the spatial agglomeration effect of mass creation The so-called agglomeration effect refers to the economic effect produced by the spatial concentration of various industries and economic activities and the centripetal force to attract economic activities to a certain area, which is the basic factor leading to the formation and continuous expansion of cities. Of course, you can't reach this level without your own strength. Simply put, whoever has the biggest fist is the boss. Today it's Tencent's turn to create space, and tomorrow it's someone's turn. Uncle Xiang can naturally meet here.

Can you explain the agglomeration effect in economics in detail? Agglomeration Economy (Agglomeration Interest) (Agglomeration Effect)

Agglomeration economy (agglomeration interest) (agglomeration effect) refers to the fact that an industrial sector

The new effect of concentrating doors in specific areas to reduce production costs. Because of the division of labor and cooperation, expanding the scale of production and saving the use of infrastructure will reduce the production cost.

Advantages and disadvantages of celebrity effect composition After children became famous all over the world, people all over the world quoted the names of smart children. Some people use his name to do business, some people use his name to open schools, and some people use his name to sell water tanks and some electrical appliances.

In this way, Sima Guang's name is a household name, and everyone in today's world knows it. Therefore, the parents of every family require their children to be as resourceful and brave as Sima Guang.

Sima Guang's school in Tang Xue is often visited. Those people want their children to go to this famous school. In an instant, the school was crowded with students, and people who wanted to study lined up as long as the train.

In desperation, the academy had to expand its scale: several acres of land were expanded, but the number of people queuing did not decrease at all, but increased. Because everyone in the family knows that this prestigious school is going to expand its enrollment, but it's not like this!

Desperate and forced, the college had to open branch schools, expand the number of teachers and expand the capacity of the school, so as to barely cope with the past. But what should we do next? There are also high school classes. There are so many people that we don't know what to do.

Advantages and disadvantages of greenhouse effect