Educational Psychology: A Brief Discussion on the Causes of Forgetting-2020 Tianjin Teacher Recruitment

In psychology, the reasons for forgetting are more important. This part of the content is mainly tested with multiple-choice questions. In this article, we will combine common test questions and lead you to sort out some of the content. I hope it will be helpful to everyone in your preparation for the test.

The main reasons that affect forgetting include the following aspects:

1. The theory of memory trace decline (automatic fading) - Pavlov

Proposal: Forgetting It is the result of memory traces not being strengthened and gradually declining and eventually fading. In the learning process, when students learn corresponding knowledge points, they will easily forget them if they do not review them in time.

2. Interference Suppression Theory - Jenkins and Darren Basch

Claim: It is believed that forgetting is caused by interference from other stimuli between learning and recall. This theory can be illustrated by proactive inhibition and retroactive inhibition.

Proactive inhibition: The interference of previously learned material on the recall or recognition of later learned material.

Retrophotographic inhibition: The interference of later learned material on the recall or recognition of previously learned material.

The serial position effect means that people have found that when recalling a series of materials, the order of the materials has an important impact on the memory effect. In one experiment, the experimenter asked subjects to learn a vocabulary list of 32 words, and then asked them to recall them after learning. They did not need to follow the original order when recalling. It was found that items presented last were recalled first, followed by those presented first, and the middle portion of the word list was recalled last. In terms of recall accuracy, the words presented last were forgotten the least, followed by the words presented first, and the middle part was forgotten the most. This phenomenon that occurs when recalling serial material is called the serial position effect. The material presented last is the easiest to recall and the least forgotten, which is called the recency effect. The material presented first is easier to recall and less likely to be forgotten, which is called the primacy effect.

For example: the learning effect is good in the morning because there is no influence of proactive inhibition on morning learning; the learning effect is good in the evening because there is no influence of retroactive inhibition at night; the learning effect is not good at noon because noon is the time. Affected by proactive inhibition and retroactive inhibition.

3. Assimilation Theory - Ausubel

Claims: Forgetting is actually a process of simplifying the organization and cognitive structure of knowledge, that is, replacing low-level ones with high-level concepts and laws Concepts cause low-level concepts to be forgotten, thereby refining and simplifying understanding and reducing the burden of memory. This is a kind of active forgetting. Used to explain the retention and forgetting of meaningful learning, he believes that in truly meaningful learning, successive learning does not interfere with each other but promotes each other, because meaningful learning is always based on the original learning, and the latter Learning is the deepening and expansion of previous learning. For example, when primary school students learn arithmetic, they used to count on their fingers. Later, once they learned the advanced forms of arithmetic, they forgot the lower forms. This is a kind of assimilation theory.

4. Motivation theory - Freud

Claims: It is believed that forgetfulness is caused by the repression of emotions or motivations. If this repression is relieved, memory can be restored. During the exam, Xiao Ming was so nervous that he couldn't do all the questions he knew how to do.

5. Extraction failure theory

Forgetting is because we did not find appropriate extraction clues when extracting relevant information. Once we have the correct clues, the information we need after searching will be lost. can be extracted. Failed extractions are due to missing leads or wrong leads. Extracting information is like looking for a book in a library. We don't know its title, author, and search number. Although it is placed in the library, it is difficult for us to find it. Therefore, when memorizing material, we try to remember as many other clues to the material as possible, which will help us retrieve it more easily when needed.

Combined with common test questions, we will consolidate this part of the content accordingly.

1. In the TV series "Seven Me", the male protagonist forgets that his name is Shen Yuanye because of his childhood pain and guilt towards the female protagonist. This phenomenon is in line with ( ) forgetting theory.

A. Interference suppression theory B. Assimilation theory C. Retrieval failure theory D. Motivation theory

1. Answer D. Analysis: This question examines the reasons for forgetting. The motivation theory was proposed by Freud. This theory maintains that many forgetfulness occurs neither due to the decline of memory nor the interference of experience, but because individuals often suppress painful memories, such as shame, fear, and guilt. Privacy is always forgotten through attempts to suppress it. In the question, the male protagonist's forgetfulness was caused by his childhood pain and guilt towards the female protagonist. It was caused by repressing painful memories. Therefore, it is consistent with the forgetting theory of motivation theory. Item D is correct. Item A: The representatives of the interference suppression theory are Jenkins and Darren Basch. This theory contends that forgetting is caused by interference from other stimuli between learning and recall. This theory can be illustrated by proactive inhibition and retroactive inhibition. Forgetting of short-term memory is mainly due to interference. If it does not match the question, it will be excluded. Item B: The representative figure of the assimilation theory is Ausubel. This theory advocates that forgetting is actually a process of simplification of knowledge organization and cognitive structure, that is, replacing low-level concepts with high-level concepts and laws, causing low-level concepts to be forgotten, thus refining and simplifying understanding and reducing the memory burden. It is a kind of active forgetting. If it does not match the question, it will be excluded. Item C: The representative figure of the failure to extract theory is Tulwin. This theory asserts that information stored in long-term memory will never be lost. Forgetting is caused by lost clues or wrong clues. Once the correct clues are available, the required information can be retrieved after searching. . If it does not match the question, it will be excluded. Therefore the correct answer is D.

2. Zhang Chao likes to study knowledge that needs to be memorized in the morning and evening. He believes that the learning effect in the morning and evening is better than that during the day, because the interference in the morning and evening is ().

A.Double inhibition B.Proactive inhibition C.Single inhibition D.Retroactive inhibition

2. Answer C. Analysis: This question examines the interference theory in forgetting. According to the interference suppression theory of Jenkins and Darren Brazil, there are often two possible interferences in the learning experience: one is proactive inhibition, that is, the original learning interferes with subsequent learning; the other is retroactive inhibition, That is, the interference effect of later learning materials on previous learning. And the more similar components the two materials have, the stronger the interference will be. A good learning effect in the morning is not subject to proactive inhibition but only retroactive inhibition. A good learning effect in the evening is not subject to retroactive inhibition but only proactive inhibition. Both morning and evening are single inhibitions; during the day, students are subject to both proactive inhibition and It is inhibited by inversion, so it is affected by double inhibition. The question stem describes the effect of learning in the morning and evening, so the question is C.

Analysis