Ask about the staffing of a general concert or symphony orchestra.

There are mainly three groups of musical instruments in western orchestras:?

String group-It consists of the first violin group (Violino, Italian, the same below), the second violin group, the viola group, the cello group and the double bass group, and the string group is not a transposed instrument. ?

Woodwind band- There are many kinds and arrangements of woodwind instruments, such as flute (Flauto), Oboe (Oboe), clarinet (common in bB and A) and bassoon (Fagotto, also transliterated in French). These instruments are fixed in the woodwind group of the orchestra, and the number is determined by the composer. Piccolo, an instrument to expand the tenor range of the flute), British sound tube (Corno? Ingersoll), lyric oboe (oboe? D'amore), oboe (oboe? Baritone), oboe (oboe? Soprano, the above four instruments are all instruments to expand the oboe range, of course, they also have their own characteristics), alto clarinet (? Contralto/Kono? Bassetto), clarinet (Clarinetto? Piccolo), bass clarinet (clarinet? Bassoon, the above three pieces are auxiliary instruments of clarinet, and of course, the range is expanded), saxophone (saxophone/Sasofono, saxophone-soprano is bB tenor saxophone, saxophone-alto is bE alto saxophone, saxophone-tenor is bB tenor saxophone, saxophone-bass saxophone) and double bass bassoon. ?

Copper tube group-The copper tube group is relatively stable compared with the woodwind group, and the musical instruments have not changed much. There are: 4 horns (Corno, also known as French horn, F key), 2 trumpets (Tromba, D, bE, E, F key), 2 trumpets, 4 trombones (with alto, bass and double trombones) and 2 tubas. The above three groups of musical instruments all exist in western orchestras (the name of orchestral music has been embodied), and the following are more common:

Percussion instrument group-timpani is the most common one, and there are three kinds of timpani: the big timpani can play the big group F~ the small group C; The small timpani can play the big group bB~ the small group F; Medium-sized timpani is more common in the big character group A~ small character group E, but also in the big character group G~ small character group D?

Other instruments include Tamburo and the middle drum (Casa? Rullante), drums (Gran? Casa), Tamburrino, Tamburo? Provenzale), triangle iron (Triangolo), Castagnetti, cymbals (Piatti), gongs (Tam-Tam), Zhong Qin (Armonica), xylophone (Xilofono/Silofono), campana?

Other musical instruments-Harp (Arpa, Harp-French), Guitar (Chitarra, Guitar-English), Mandolin (Mandolin), Celesta, Piano (Piano-English)?

The above instruments have appeared in orchestras of past dynasties, and of course, some ancient instruments will not be mentioned one by one. ?

The number of instruments in the band will be different in each period, and the classification method is based on the number of each instrument in the woodwind instrument group. At present, orchestras with two controls and four controls are more common: the two controls are flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon; The four controlled bands are flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon, plus piccolo (flute), English clarinet (oboe), bass clarinet (clarinet) and bass bassoon (bassoon). In addition, the number of musical instruments in the brass group is: No.6, No.4, No.3, 1; String instruments: 1 Violin No.6 ~18, Violin No.2 16, Viola 12, Cello 10, Double Bass 8, Harp1. Percussion instruments include: 4 timpani drums, cymbals 1, piano 1, drums, tambourines, chimes, triangle iron, gong, xylophone and Zhong Qin. ?

The placement of musical instruments varies according to different periods. If we are in the audience and the orchestra is on the stage, the arrangement of each instrument group is as follows:

Baroque period: Harpaichord (now discontinued) was in the front and middle of the stage, the first and second violin groups were on the left and right sides of the stage, viola group and cello group were arranged in the middle of the back of the violin group, and the last row was oboe, bassoon, timpani and old trumpet (Tromba? Naturale), double bass. There are fewer musical instruments in this period. ?

Classical period: musical instruments were no longer placed in the center of the stage, but the conductor stood; First of all, the two violins are placed in the same way as in the Baroque period. The viola group is behind the first mention, next to the cello group in the middle of the stage, and the double bass group on the right; Behind the cello is clarinet and flute, and behind the double bass is oboe and bassoon; In the last row, from left to right, there are speakers, timpani and old trumpet. ?

Romantic school, about19th century: woodwind group and violin group are the same as those in classical period, but a harp is added between the first violin and viola (on the left side of the stage); At this time, the copper tube group is already quite large. The last row of the stage is horn, timpani, trumpet, trombone and tuba from left to right.

Modern times, since the 20th century: the first position remains unchanged, the second one mentions the position of viola in19th century, cello and double bass are in the position of second violin in19th century, and viola is in the middle of the stage; The position of the harp remains unchanged; Due to the increase of musical instruments, the woodwind group occupies a larger position than before. Usually behind the viola, there are two rows. The first row goes from left to right.

Piccolo, flute, oboe and bassoon, the second row is bass clarinet, clarinet, bassoon and bassoon; Behind the woodwind group is the copper tube group, followed by the horn, trumpet, trombone and large from left to right; Finally, the percussion group. In addition, due to the rich knowledge of acoustics since the 20th century, many conductors have their own arrangement methods. ?

As for the piano concerto, just add the piano to the orchestra (it will be placed in the middle of the stage).