How do entrepreneurs in Kunming look at the balance sheet? —— Mande Enterprise Services opened the first public welfare online finance and taxation salon.

20 16 At 9: 00 pm on August 24th, the office area of Mande Enterprise Service Project Team of Mande Enterprise Service Network was still brightly lit. What is going on here is the first public welfare online finance and tax salon held by Mande Enterprise Service.

Only six hours after Sharon's announcement, it attracted the attention of hundreds of friends on the road to entrepreneurship. This salon was conducted in the form of QQ group voice and graphic live broadcast, and our specially invited senior accountant had a good interaction with entrepreneurs.

Of course, due to the initial organizational reasons, friends also put forward valuable suggestions on how to improve the live broadcast form in the future.

The following are the knowledge points of this salon compiled by Mande enterprise service personnel staying up late for everyone. Dry goods are in the front, high-energy warning!

How do start-ups view balance sheets?

( 1)

For start-ups, the first topic we share today is to let business owners understand the financial statements given to you by financial personnel.

First, share the first statement-balance sheet.

The left side of the balance sheet reflects the assets of the enterprise, and the right side reflects the liabilities and rights and interests of the enterprise.

First of all, let's take a look at the subject of monetary funds. Monetary funds reflect the capital stock of enterprises, which are embodied in bank deposits, cash and other monetary funds. Other monetary funds refer to the third monetary form besides cash and bank deposits, which may exist in the form of bank drafts or cashier's checks.

The amount of money owned by an enterprise can mark its debt repayment and payment ability, and it is also the main indicator for investors to analyze and judge the financial situation of an enterprise. It plays a link role in the process of financial capital circulation. For commercial enterprises, it is necessary to maintain a certain amount of money and a certain stock of monetary funds.

Let's look at the accounts receivable of current assets. As an entrepreneur, we can see the financial statements. Accounts receivable can reflect the goods and services of the enterprise and the amount of monetary funds receivable but not yet received. You can reflect the occupation of funds in this part of the enterprise and the liquidity of commodity transformation called money through the turnover times of accounts receivable. The calculation method is: turnover times of accounts receivable = net sales income/{(opening accounts receivable+opening accounts receivable) /2} Note: the net sales income should be deducted from the discounts and concessions given to customers. The higher the index, the shorter the number of days per week, indicating that the enterprise accounts receivable management is better. Bosses can analyze this indicator and see if they can provide this indicator through some marketing schemes in order to recover the funds occupied by customers in advance. For example, the net sales income of Aihua Company is1500,000, the accounts receivable and notes receivable at the end of the year are 20.5 million yuan, and the accounts receivable and notes receivable at the beginning of the year are1070,000 yuan. Assuming that the bad debt reserve at the beginning and end of the year is zero, calculate the turnover rate of the company's accounts receivable of 20 12. The calculation process is as follows: accounts receivable turnover rate =15010/{(2050+1070)/2} = 9.62 times, and the average collection period =360/9.62=37 days. It takes 37 days for enterprises to recover their funds and convert them into cash.

Other receivables in current assets are mainly reflected in employee loans or deposits paid by us. Other receivables mainly depend on employees occupying other receivables in the form of loans. We need to clean up regularly every month to prevent the company's funds from being occupied by employees. Business owners can ask financial personnel to regularly clean up other accounts receivable and analyze the aging.

Prepayment reflects the prepayment of our enterprise, which is a kind of creditor's right for the enterprise. The main purpose of reading this is to see part of the money paid to the supplier in advance in our purchase contract. In this transaction, we may not actually get the goods, but this part of the money is also occupied by our funds.

Inventory. Inventory reflects the products, commodities, recycled products and materials (including finished products, semi-finished products, commodity packaging and other low-value consumables) consumed by enterprises in providing services. We can reflect the speed of enterprise inventory turnover by looking at the inventory turnover rate. Inventory turnover rate = cost of sales/{(opening inventory+ending inventory) /2} For example, the annual sales cost of Aihua Company in 20 12 is132.3 million yuan, the opening inventory is16.4 million yuan, and the ending inventory is 6.05 million yuan. Calculate the inventory turnover rate of this company. Inventory turnover times =13230/{(1640+605)/2} =11.79 times, inventory turnover days = 360/11.79 times.

The right side of our statement reflects current liabilities and the bottom reflects shareholders' equity.

First, let's look at the accounts payable on the right side of the balance sheet. It reflects the liabilities of enterprises, that is, the debts incurred by enterprises when purchasing materials, commodities or providing services. When we look at this balance sheet, we can focus on our accounts payable. This is a report given to you by our accountant at the end of the month. Then we can reflect our accounts receivable and accounts payable from this report and find out what our debts and claims are.

The balance sheet mainly reflects three parts: the assets and liabilities of the enterprise, and the shareholders' and owners' rights and interests obtained after deducting the liabilities from the assets.

Share the second table with you: income statement.

The income statement consists of several parts: income, cost and period expenses, which is our operating profit.

The sum of main business income minus main business cost, main business tax and surcharge in the income statement is our main business profit. The main business profit mainly reflects the income of our main business minus costs and taxes, plus the operating profit of a main business segment, plus other business profits (other business income minus other business expenses constitutes other business profits), and then minus the subsequent period expenses (the period expenses we are talking about are operating expenses, management expenses and financial expenses), which constitutes the third part of our operating profit.

These three parts of operating profit plus investment or loss, plus loss plus subsidy income, non-operating income and previous year's profit and loss adjustment minus non-operating expenses constitute the fourth part of our total profit and loss. The total profit and loss MINUS income tax and minority shareholders' rights and interests, plus unconfirmed investment losses, constitutes the last part of net profit, and negative numbers are reflected in net losses.

What is shared above are some points that enterprises can pay attention to when looking at the balance sheet and income statement.

As a startup, you can use the monetary funds, accounts receivable (that is, your creditor's rights) and accounts payable (that is, your debt) in the first balance sheet.

The advance payment is part of the money we pay the supplier in advance. This money may not be in kind yet, but we paid this part in advance, so the advance payment is also reflected in the creditor's rights of our assets.

Accounts received in advance are included in our liabilities. Because we received the money in advance, there are many uncertainties in the transaction process, and the money may be returned later, so this form of money received in advance depends on the performance of the contract between the two parties at the end of the enterprise and whether it can be converted into our accounts receivable or monetary funds.

(2)

The above shared some points that can be noticed in the two reports. Let's share two points that can be paid attention to as a startup company in terms of cost.

First of all, share with you the problems that should be paid attention to in hospitality. First, the deduction ratio of year-end entertainment expenses is 60% of the actual amount, which means that the deduction standard can only deduct 60% of the entertainment expenses actually incurred in that year. But one condition that needs to be met is that it cannot exceed 5 ‰ of the sales revenue of that year. These two are lower principles.

Let's first look at how they are defined. Business entertainment expenses can only be included in entertainment expenses if they are related to business operation. When the enterprise reports this expense, there is an application form for hospitality in the reimbursement annex, and the relevant person in charge must sign the application form and agree to this hospitality. Hospitality expenses should be applied first and then reimbursed. Hospitality can only be classified as hospitality if it is approved by the company. This is the definition of this fee.

R&D expenses. There is a policy for the final settlement of R&D expenses: R&D expenses can be deducted by 50% on the basis of the previous standard, that is, 150% deduction. However, the deduction must first meet two conditions: filing with the tax authorities and obtaining a confirmation letter from the local science and technology authorities on the R&D project of the enterprise.

Secondly, fund management requires that R&D expenses must be earmarked, accurately accounted and managed according to the project.

In addition, some enterprises have not set up special R&D institutions, or the R&D institutions of enterprises also undertake the production and operation tasks of enterprises. Then R&D expenses should be accounted for separately from production and operation expenses. In order to accurately and reasonably calculate the R&D expenses, it is not allowed to implement the expedited deduction policy for unknown situations. For example:

The total profit of an enterprise in 20 15 is 2 million yuan, and the actual expenditure of R&D expenses for developing new products in that year is 200,000 yuan. As the tax law stipulates that R&D expenses can be deducted 150%, what is the amount of R&D expenses that can be deducted when calculating the taxable income of enterprises in 20 15?

Deductible R&D expenses before tax = 20 *150% = 300,000.

Analysis: This means that the R&D expenses actually spent by enterprises can actually be deducted by 300,000 yuan. However, our actual R&D expenses of 200,000 yuan cannot be adjusted. What needs to be reduced is that our taxable income in 20 15 years is the tax basis for calculating the income tax in 20 15 years.

The above is what we shared about how entrepreneurs look at their balance sheets, the balance sheets of both parties, the focus of hospitality during the period, and the tax policies that high-tech enterprises can enjoy on R&D expenses, that is, some conditions that must be met to enjoy the deduction.

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