Confucius traveled around various countries and after going to that country, he said: The dead are like a man.

Confucius traveled around the world. After going to that country, he said, "The deceased is like a man."

Confucius traveled around the world at the age of 55. Previously, Confucius was in charge of ministerial affairs in the State of Lu, and he proposed respecting the authority of the emperor, but was opposed by the scholar-bureaucrats. He was quite depressed politically. At the same time, he was very disappointed because the monarchs and ministers of the State of Lu were obsessed with sensuality.

Through the above analysis, we can judge that the place where Confucius said "the deceased is like a man who does not give up day and night" should be in the State of Lu, and in Qufu, the capital of the State of Lu at that time.

Confucius gave lectures between the Sishui River and the Zhu River in Qufu. It is said that the Confucius was old and frail, so the river should not be far away, probably Yishui (a small tributary of the Sishui River). Moreover, in the Analects of Confucius, it is said that Confucius and his disciples often went swimming in the Yishui River, so the Yishui River may be larger. However, Yishui seems not to have the emotion of "the deceased is like a husband". According to the Shui Jing annotation, Zhushui is relatively deep and large, and the possibility of Zhushui is also very high.

"Shui Jing Zhu" says: "Spring and Autumn" in the ninth year of Zhuang Gong, "Jing" book: winter, Jun Zhu. Jing Xiangfan, Fu Qian, and Du Yu all said: The Zhu River is in the north of Lucheng, and it is necessary to dredge it deeply to prepare it. To the south is Surabaya. The Master taught between Zhu and Si, now in the two rivers in the north of the city, where the Master taught his disciples.

"Shui Jing Zhu" says: The Yishui River flows from the northwest to Xiapi County and is divided into two rivers. One water flows north and southwest of the city into Si, and the other flows east of the city and bends to the south of the county. It also flows into Si. It's called Xiaoyishui.

"Qufu City Chronicles Hydrology" also says: Yi River, called Yishui in ancient times, was once named Qingyuan River and Siyi River. It is different from the Yi River in Linyi City and is also called Xiaoyi River. When Confucius traveled around the world, which country did he go to the farthest south?

Confucius started his travels from the state of Lu, and roughly visited the states of Wei, Song, Qi, Zheng, Jin, Chen, Cai, Chu and other places. The current general route is Qufu - Puyang - Changyuan - Shangqiu - Xiayi - Huaiyang - Zhoukou - Shangcai - Luoshan, and then return the same way.

So it should be the State of Chu. From the age of 55 to 68, the details are not clear. There was no lobbying, and he left when he arrived. Which countries did Confucius go to during his travels?

From the age of 55 to 68, Confucius took several of his close disciples and spent more than ten years traveling around the state of Lu. Judging from the route map marked in the "Confucius Travels Around the Countries Map" in the "Confucius Historical Atlas", Confucius traveled around the countries of Wei, Cao, Song, Zheng, Chen, Cai, and Chu at that time. It's not a small number, but most of them were small countries in the Spring and Autumn Period. Chu was considered a big country, but Confucius only reached the border of Chu. Confucius also planned to go west to the Jin Kingdom, but due to the bad current situation, he just sighed at the edge of the Yellow River, "How beautiful! The water is vast, and if the hills are not there, life will be at stake!" In the end, he did not even cross the Yellow River. Confucius traveled around the world. Which countries did he go to?

In 500 BC, Qi Jinggong and Yan Ying wanted to win over the neighboring country of Lu and the princes of the Central Plains, and resume the business of Qi Huangong, so they wrote to Lu Dinggong and made an appointment with him at the border of Qi and Lu. Have a meeting at Jiagu.

At that time, when the princes held meetings, they had to have a minister as an assistant, who was called "Xiangli". Lu Dinggong decided to let Confucius, the Sikou (chief of justice) of Lu State, take charge of this matter.

Confucius's name was Kongqiu, and he was a native of Zouyi, the state of Lu (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong). His father was a military attache of low status. Confucius' father died when he was three years old, and his mother took him to live in Qufu and raised him. It is said that he loved to learn etiquette since he was a child. Whenever he had nothing to do, he would put out small pots and dishes and imitate how adults worship heaven and ancestors.

When Confucius was young, he studied very hard. He greatly admired the Duke of Zhou who made rituals and music in the early Zhou Dynasty, and was particularly familiar with ancient rituals. At that time, he was proficient in the "six arts" that scholars should learn, namely etiquette, music, archery, driving, writing, and calculation. He works seriously. At first, he worked as a clerk in charge of warehouses, and there was never a shortage of supplies; later, he worked as a clerk in charge of animal husbandry, and the number of cattle and sheep multiplied. Before he was thirty, his reputation gradually grew.

Some people were willing to ask him to be their teacher, so he simply set up a private school and took in his students. When Meng Xizi, the great official of Lu State, was about to die, he asked his two sons Meng Yizi and Nangong Jingshu to go to Confucius to learn etiquette. Relying on the recommendation of Uncle Nangong Jing, Lu Zhaogong also asked Confucius to go to Luoyi, the capital of the Zhou Dynasty, to inspect the rituals and music of the Zhou Dynasty.

When Confucius was thirty-five years old, Lu Zhaogong was driven away by the three powerful officials of the Lu State - the Ji Sun family, the Meng Sun family, and the Shu Sun family. Confucius went to Qi State, asked to see Qi Jinggong, and discussed his political opinions with Qi Jinggong. Qi Jinggong treated him very politely and wanted to use him. However, Prime Minister Yan Ying believed that Confucius's ideas were unrealistic, so Qi Jinggong did not use him. Confucius returned to the state of Lu and continued to teach him. More and more students are studying with Confucius.

In 501 BC, Duke Dinggong of Lu appointed Confucius to be the Prime Minister of Zhongdu (today’s Wenshang County, Shandong Province). The next year, he became Sikong (the chief in charge of engineering projects), and from Sikou to Sikou. .

This time, Lu Dinggong told Confucius about his plans to go to Jiagu to form an alliance with Qi State. Confucius said: "Qi State has repeatedly invaded our borders. This time we are invited to form an alliance. We must also There are soldiers and horses on guard. I hope to bring all the commanders and horses there." Lu Dinggong agreed with Confucius's idea and sent two more generals to accompany him to Jiagu.

At the Jiagu Conference, due to Confucius' courtesy, the State of Lu achieved a diplomatic victory. After the meeting, Qi Jinggong decided to return three pieces of land in Wenyang (now southwest of Tai'an, Shandong) that had been occupied by the Lu State to the Lu State.

Li Ji, a senior official in Qi State, believed that Confucius' staying as an official in Lu State would be detrimental to Qi State, so he advised Qi Jinggong to send a troupe of female musicians to Lu Dinggong.

Qi Jinggong agreed and selected eighty singing girls and sent them to the state of Lu.

Lu Dinggong accepted this group of female musicians, eating, drinking and having fun every day, regardless of national affairs. Confucius wanted to persuade him, but he avoided Confucius.

This incident made Confucius very disappointed. Confucius' students said: "The Lord of Lu is not doing business, let's go!"

After that, Confucius left the state of Lu and traveled around the country with a group of students, hoping to find an opportunity to implement his political ideas. .

However, at that time, big countries were busy fighting for hegemony, small countries were in danger of being annexed, and the entire society was undergoing changes. Of course, no one accepted Confucius' proposal to restore the ritual and music system of the early Zhou Dynasty.

He visited Wei, Cao, Song, Zheng, Chen, Cai and Chu successively. The kings of these countries did not use him.

Once, when Confucius was in the area of ??Chen and Cai, King Zhao of Chu sent someone to invite him. The officials of Chen and Cai were afraid that Confucius would be disadvantageous to them if he arrived in Chu State, so they sent troops to intercept Confucius on the way. Confucius was besieged there and had no food. He had no food for several days. Later, Chu State sent troops to relieve him.

Confucius traveled around various countries for seven or eight years, encountered many obstacles, and became old. In the end, he returned to the state of Lu and devoted his energy to sorting out ancient cultural classics and educating students.

In his later years, Confucius also compiled several important ancient cultural classics, such as the Book of Songs, Shangshu, Spring and Autumn Annals, etc.

In 479 BC, Confucius died. After his death, his disciples continued to teach his teachings and formed a Confucian school, of which Confucius became the founder. Confucius's academic thoughts had a great influence on later generations. He is recognized as the first great thinker and educator in ancient my country. Passed away like a man

Passed away like a man! Original text The Master said in Sichuan; "The deceased ① is like this ② husband! He does not give up day and night." Comments ① The deceased: refers to the passing time. ② Si: This refers to "Chuan", that is, river water. Translation: Confucius sighed by the river; "The time that has gone and never comes back is like this river! It goes on day and night." Time is like flowing water, it can never come back; those who have gone by cannot be chased, and those who come are a pity. Fu is the modal auxiliary. Edit the explanation of this paragraph: "The deceased is like a Sifu! He does not give up day and night." From "The Analects of Confucius" Confucius looked at the mighty and turbulent river water on the river bank and said: "The deceased is like a Sifu!" ", never give up day and night", which means: everything in the past is like this rushing river, passing by non-stop regardless of day or night. Edit this section to analyze the record in the Analects of Confucius, Zihan: "The Master said on the river, "The deceased is like an old man. He does not give up day and night." The word "pass" here, the Han Confucian Notes, as well as Erya and Shuowen, should all be mentioned in the past. The word "going" can be interpreted in two ways according to ancient annotations: one means past and the other means going. According to the past interpretation, the word "pass" means to disappear; according to the interpretation of "go", the word "pass" means to move forward. There are grounds for both, but it is difficult to determine which one is correct. This requires interpretation beyond words. When Confucius was on the river bank, he must have looked up and down, then looked at the flowing water in the river, and he sighed.

The "dead" he refers to has no specific reference and can include Yongzhen. And as far as the heaven, earth and human affairs are concerned, Confucius looked up at the astronomy and thought about the sun and the moon's order and the change of day and night, which means that one day will go forward. When he looked down at the geography, and thought about the flowers blooming and trees falling, and the changes of the four seasons, he would go forward one year. One year. Heaven and earth are like this, and people born between heaven and earth are no exception. After a person is born, he grows from young to strong, from strong to old. Every day that passes is one day gone, and every year that passes is one year gone. This is true for individuals, and it is no exception for groups. In the era of the Five Emperors in Chinese history, there were no longer three emperors. In the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties, there were no longer five emperors. Confucius was born in the turbulent times of the Spring and Autumn Period. He wanted to see the grandeur of the Western Zhou Dynasty, but he could not see it. He could only dream of the Duke of Zhou. It can be seen from this that everything in nature, the human world, and the universe is all dead, and all is like the flowing water in the river. It flows day and night. Once it flows away, it will never flow back. Therefore, when Li Taibai was about to drink wine, he said: "It rushes to the sea and never returns." The ancient Greek philosopher also said: "Washing one's feet in the rapids and pumping one's feet back in again is no longer the same thing as before." From this point of view, the word "pass away" should be interpreted as "pass away". good. A sage's words contain multiple meanings. Although the Bible can be read through the text according to the annotations, it cannot stop there. It is necessary to think extensively about the hidden meanings. Zigong, the great sage of Confucius, once praised Yan Zi for hearing one and knowing ten, but he himself could only hear one and know two. We ordinary people dare not compare with Yan Zi, but we cannot know one after hearing one. We should think of Zigong. For example, when we read about the meaning of the deceased, we think that ourselves and the power and wealth outside of us are like flowing water, fleeting, so we can only sing to the wine and wonder about the geometry of life. This is the fault of hearing and knowing. The deceased here refers to all phenomena, not the ontology. Yongzhen has various situations of birth, coming and passing, but the original body neither comes nor goes, neither arises nor dies. As Su Dongpo said in Red Cliff Fu, "The dead are like this, but they have not yet passed." If you don't read the scriptures, you will know them one by one. , it is necessary to pursue the non-transforming essence from the phenomenon of migration. As long as you pursue a little information, you will be able to suddenly understand. The universe and life presented in front of you are a different state. Only then can you experience the joy of reading scriptures. Although the words and sentences of the scriptures are clear and the meaning is clear, it is still not the end. This is just knowing the academic principles. After knowing the principles, you must implement them according to the principles. If you don't practice, you will not have true knowledge. For example, if you know the principles of perishability and immortality, you must let go of those things that must perish, and do not compete with others, but seek the essence of immortality. Only by obtaining its true nature and witnessing the state of non-birth and non-destruction is true knowledge. If you are still greedy and want to compete with others for fame and gain, you cannot let it go. Strictly speaking, you have not yet mastered the scriptures. You should reflect on it and restrain all greedy and delusional thoughts immediately when they arise. This is "restraining thoughts and becoming holy." Read the scriptures. If you don’t want to be a saint, that’s it. If you want to be a saint, you should work hard in this way. Edit this paragraph sample text Full text: Zihan Ninth Zihan talks about profit, fate and benevolence. A member of the Daxiang party said: "Confucius is great. He is learned but has no reputation." When Confucius heard this, he said to his disciples: "Why should I hold on to control or shooting? I hold on to control." Confucius said: "Ma Mian is also a courtesy. Now it is pure and frugal. I bow down and bow down. It is a courtesy. Although it is contrary to the crowd, I follow the bottom. No me. Zi was afraid of Kuang and said: "Since King Wen is gone, Wen is no longer here. Heaven will lose Siwen, and the dead will not be able to be with Yu Siwen; Heaven has not lost Siwen, what will Kuang people do?" Dazai asked Yu Zi Gong said: "Master, who is a saint? How versatile he is." Zigong said: "The general who strengthens the sky and makes him a saint is also versatile." When Zi heard this, he said, "Do you know me, the great minister? I am a humble young man. Therefore, how many gentlemen are there?" Lao said, "I don't know how to do it." Confucius said, "Is it true that I am ignorant?" , It's empty, I'll knock on both ends and it'll be dry." Confucius said: "If the phoenix bird doesn't come, the river doesn't come out of the map, the Luo doesn't come out of the book, I'm dead!" Confucius saw those who were wearing clothes and those who were blind. , If you see it, you will do it even if it is rare. If you exceed it, you will definitely do it. Yan Yuan sighed and said: "Looking up makes me taller, drilling makes me stronger. Look in front of me, but suddenly I am behind. Master is always good at seducing me. He persuades me with literature and invites me with courtesy. I can't stop, and I have exhausted my talents. If there is an outstanding person, then I want to follow it, but the end is over. "Zi Lu made his disciples his ministers." Ji Xian said: "It's been a long time since I committed fraud. I have no ministers but I have ministers. Who am I to deceive and deceive heaven? Rather than die at the hands of ministers, I would rather die at the hands of two or three sons. And Even if I can't be buried in a big way, will I die on the road?" Zigong said, "Is there a beautiful jade here that I can hide in a warm container?" Confucius said, "I'll sell it. The one who is waiting for Jia." Zi wants to live in Jiuyi. Or he said: "How can it be so shabby?" Confucius said: "Where a gentleman lives, how can it be so shabby?" Confucius said: "I will defend myself against Lu, and then I will be happy and upright, and my elegant songs will be in their own place.

Confucius said: "When I go out, I serve the ministers. When I go in, I serve my father and brothers. I don't dare to be reluctant in funerals. If I'm not tired of drinking, what's the point for me?" "The Master said on the river: "The deceased is like a man who never gave up day and night. Confucius said: "I have never seen anyone who loves virtue as much as he loves sex." Confucius said: "It is like a mountain. It has not yet formed a fence. If it stops, I will stop." It's like a flat ground. Even if I cover a fence, if I advance, I will leave. Confucius said: "He who speaks without being lazy is the answer." Confucius said to Yan Yuan, "What a pity!" I see its progress, but not its end. Confucius said: "Those who are seedy but not beautiful have a husband, and those who are beautiful but not real have a husband." Confucius said: "The future generations are to be feared." How could you know that the one who came was not here? Forty or fifty years old and unknown, this is not enough to be feared. Confucius said: "How can the French language be ignored?" Change it to expensive. How can Xun say nothing to him? Make it valuable. If I say it without interpreting it, and therefore without changing it, I am no longer as good as I am. Confucius said: "The Lord is loyal and trustworthy. If your friends are not as good as yourself, don't be afraid to correct them." Confucius said: "Three armies can seize the commander, but an ordinary man cannot seize the will." Confucius said: "The wearer's robe is similar to that of a fox and a raccoon dog. What is the reason for being shameless?" If you don’t pray or beg, what’s the point of not praying. "Zi Lu recited it all his life. Confucius said: "This is the way, how can it be enough to praise it? Confucius said: "When the year is cold, you will know that the pines and cypresses will wither." Confucius said: "The wise do not be confused, the benevolent do not worry, the brave do not fear." Confucius said: "You can learn from others, but you can't learn from them; you can learn from them, but you can't establish them; you can learn from them, but you can't establish them." "The beauty of Tang Di is the opposite. Don't you think about it? This room is far away." Confucius said: "I don't think about it yet." How far away is your husband? "

The deceased is like a husband!

Original text

The Master said in Sichuan; "The deceased is like a husband! Don't give up day and night. ”

Notes

①The deceased: refers to the passing time. ②Si: This refers to "Chuan", which is the river water.

Translation

< p> Confucius sighed by the river; "The time that is gone and never comes back is like the water of this river! Day and night. ”

Time is like water, gone forever;

Those who have gone by cannot be pursued, and those who have come are a pity. Confucius traveled around the world, which countries did he travel to, and which big countries were there? ?

Confucius started his travels from the state of Lu, and roughly visited the states of Wei, Song, Qi, Zheng, Jin, Chen, Cai, Chu, and other places today. The route is Qufu - Puyang - Changyuan - Shangqiu - Xiayi - Huaiyang - Zhoukou - Shangcai - Luoshan, and then return the same way. "From the age of 55 to 68, Confucius took his. Several close disciples spent more than ten years traveling around the state of Lu. Judging from the route map marked in the "Confucius Travels Around the Countries Map" in the "Confucius Historical Atlas", Confucius traveled around the countries of Wei, Cao, Song, Zheng, Chen, Cai, and Chu at that time. It's not a small number, but most of them were small countries in the Spring and Autumn Period. Chu was considered a big country, but Confucius only reached the border of Chu. Confucius also planned to go west to the Jin Kingdom, but due to the bad current situation, he just sighed at the edge of the Yellow River, "How beautiful! The water is vast, and if the hills are not there, life will be at stake!" In the end, he did not even cross the Yellow River. Confucius traveled around the world in his later years. Which country was he in before returning to Lu?

At the earliest, Confucius’s ancestors were from the Wei state

But when Confucius’ great-grandfather moved to the Lu state

So Confucius was a native of Lu

Although Confucius traveled around the world

he did not settle in any country for a long time

In the end, he returned to Lu to retire< /p>

He was honored as the elder of the state of Lu