What do lotus flowers look like when they are in full bloom? Urgent! ! ! ! ! ! ! Help me! Come on!

Lotus is a perennial shallow water herb and an excellent nectar source plant in midsummer. On the basis of natural variation, according to the petal phenomenon and differentiation degree, it can be divided into different ecological flower patterns such as single petal, semi-double petal, double petal, heavy platform and thousand differentiation. There are many kinds of flowers, bisexual, solitary, colorful, fragrant, rich in yellowish honey, and bees love to pick them; The pollen grains are spherical, with a powder thickness of 78.8μm×40.9μm and three holes and grooves. The flowering process is divided into three stages: initial flowering, full flowering and final flowering. During flowering. Deeply influenced by temperature. Due to different regions and temperature differences, flowering in low latitude and high altitude areas is earlier or longer than that in high latitude and high altitude areas.

Key words: aquatic nectar plants; Lotus evolution; Flowering habit

Lotus originated in India, also known as Lotus (Nelumbo), is a perennial aquatic herb nectar source plant of Nelumbo in Nymphaeaceae. Like sunshine, like temperature and humidity, strong adaptability, easy introduction and extensive planting. Now There are more than 0/00 species of lotus in China, which are widely distributed in the north and south of the river. According to its ecological characteristics, it can be divided into two categories: cold tolerance and non-cold tolerance. The former is distributed in subtropical zone and temperate zone, while the latter is distributed in tropical zone. There are wild or group plants in mountain ponds, reservoirs, ponds and puddles in Lingshui, Wanning, Sanya, Tongshi, Baoting, Qiongshan and Chengmai of Hainan Island. According to incomplete statistics, the planting area of the whole island has reached 65,438+856 hm2 in recent years.

1 Lotus is bright and fragrant, water stands upright, and bees love to pick it.

There are many varieties of lotus flowers, which are beautiful in color and fragrant in powder. Bisexual flowers, solitary flowers, large flowers and bisexual flowers, as well as various flower devices, such as Buddha, Yipin, Bindi, Chiba and Jasper. Flowers are red, pink, melon red, yellow, white and sprinkled with gold, which are divided into single petals, semi-double petals, double petals, double petals and thousand petals. Lotus roots are planted every spring, and Tomb-Sweeping Day leaves are like umbrellas. Blooming in midsummer, red as a graceful figure, the fragrance is far and clear. A graceful lotus flower opens early and closes late, and its petals open three times and collect two times, giving off fragrance one after another, attracting bees to fly in for pollination and fertilization, and the petals wither and wither. A bowl-sized lotus room with arched petals has 20 ~ 30 olives in it. According to the results of sampling and determination. Lotus is rich in nectar, and plants can generally secrete 36.26 ~ 43,765,438+0 mg of nectar, among which the lotus with bright color, rich powder and sweet nectar secretes more nectar. Lotus honey is light yellow in color, high in quality and palatable.

2. Flower structure, evolution characteristics and pollen morphology of lotus.

Lotus is bisexual, solitary and hermaphrodite. Flower buds germinate from the axils of underground stems and vines, and they are attached to the top of pedicels. The structure of flowers is different. From the outside to the inside, it consists of perianth (respect sheet and petals), stamens (groups), inverted conical receptacle and pistil buried in it, which expands into lotus room after flowering. There is no obvious boundary between sepals and petals, and there are excessively gorgeous petals in the middle. The number of perianth, stamen and carpel varies with varieties. An oval appendage attached to the top of the stamen is a "food body" that attracts bees to fly and pollinate. Many spherical particles (glands) are secreted on the surface, and the carpel of pistil is wrapped in sponge tissue of receptacle. Only the carpel tip and stigma are exposed on the receptacle plane. The wonderful structure of flower organs is the result of long-term adaptation of lotus to water ecological environment. The stamens of single-petaled flowers are normal, but with the natural evolution and artificial breeding of varieties, the filaments become thicker and the connective becomes wider, gradually forming small petals with long and narrow colors, and the stamens become petals (Xiang Lian, Baihualin); Semi-double flowers are flowers whose stamens are further petaled and the number of petals is increased to less than 80, such as "White Lotus", "White Cherry Lotus" and "Golden Lotus". Double flowers are red and dense, with stamens one after another, and the number of petals has soared to 80 ~ 200, such as white "Red Chiba", "Shouxing Peach" and "Baigan Leaf"; Double-platform flowers are accompanied by petalization of stamens, carpels on long oval receptacle are raised and expanded, and carpels of pistils are petaled on receptacle, which looks like double-layer flowers. A thousand-petaled flowers are petaled with the petals of male and female stamens, and the whole receptacle (lotus) is petaled. There is only one growing fleshy receptacle in the flower, which is cockscomb-shaped, and the petals naturally grow to 1000 ~ 4000, such as the "ice lotus" with red flowers. To sum up, the evolution law of lotus is: single flower, semi-double flower, single flower, single flower and thousand flowers. In order to adapt to the aquatic environment and reproduce, Hua Zun protects the buds from being unearthed and developing in the early stage, so that they can come out without touching the mud; Petals attract bees with bright colors, but also maintain a relatively constant temperature in the flower, which promotes the normal development of the robe. Even if it is rainy at low temperature (below 20.0℃), it still maintains 28.0 ~ 365,438+0.0℃ in the flower. There are spherical particles on the surface of stamen appendage (gland), which can secrete and emit a lot of fragrance and attract bees to collect powder and make honey.

The shape of lotus pollen grains is oblong and yellow, the powder size is 78.8 (74.5 ~ 83.4) μ m× 40.9 (36.5 ~ 45.3) μ m, the equatorial plane is oblong, the polar plane is 3-lobed, there are 3 holes and grooves, the groove is long, the edge is uneven, there are granular groove films, and there are short rod-shaped carvings and fine particles on the outer wall surface. Yellow semi-liquid oily substances accumulate between the inner and outer walls of mature pollen grains. When the outer wall breaks, the inner wall releases a lot of aromatic oil droplets and protozoa, attracting bees to collect powder and make honey.

Observation on Flowering Process and Rhythm of Lotus

In Hainan, from mid-April to mid-May, lotus blooms and flower buds differentiate. Flower buds usually last 15 days from the beginning to the end, which varies from region to region and variety. The flowering period of a single lotus can be divided into three stages: initial flowering (mature pistils), full flowering (mature stamens, anther dehiscence and pollen spitting) and flowering (fertilized eggs have begun to develop).

It started at about 3: 00 in the morning. At first, the outer perianth gradually relaxed, and the inner petals at the top of the bud loosened, and then micropores appeared. At about 5∶30, the orifice expanded to 2.5 ~ 3.5 cm, and closed at about 9 o'clock. After 15 ∶ 00, the flower bud is completely closed, just like an unopened flower bud. The early maturity of pistil and the large amount of mucus secreted by stigma at the early flowering stage indicate that the egg cell has matured and the stigma has the ability to accept pollen fertilization. However, in immature stamens, anthers are not cracked and buried between receptacle and perianth base. Only the anther gland is exposed at the top of the receptacle and emits a strong fragrance, which attracts bees to crawl back and forth in the flower to find pollen, and at the same time touches the pollen on the stigma for pollination. Obviously, the time interval of pistil maturity of lotus is the performance of preventing plants from selfing, which reflects the genetic heterozygosity of different varieties and is beneficial to artificial cross-pollination.

The flowering period is about 3 am, and the petals relax from outside to inside the next day, and all open at about 5: 30, and the stamens are scattered from the receptacle. At 4 o'clock, the anther cracked and vomited powder, and at 5: 30, the flowers overflowed, attracting bees to collect powder. At this time, artificial pollination and hybridization are also needed. The next day, after flowering to 10∶00, the perianth gradually closed again, and after 15∶00, the petals closed in white.

The flowers withered in the morning of the third day. With the passage of time, the flowers re-opened, the carpel stigma changed from yellowish brown to dry black, the loose pollen anthers turned dark brown and shriveled, the petal color disappeared, and the time sequence changed to 16∶00, and the petals gradually withered and fell off in the process of re-closing.

4 ~ ~ temperature is the dominant factor affecting the blooming of lotus.

Under the sunshine and illumination of Hainan Island, lotus blooms with its natural laws, regardless of the planting areas in the southeast or the north.

4. 1 flowering dynamics

The flowering dynamics in a day are mainly affected by temperature changes. At flowering stage, when the temperature rises to 265,438 0.0℃ after 8: 00 am, a small number of flowers begin to bloom, and when the temperature continues to rise to 24.0 ~ 26.0℃, the number of flowers gradually increases. When the temperature first rises to the optimum temperature of 28.0 ~ 30.0℃, the flowering peak of the day appears. However, the daily flowering time in Sanya and Lingshui is longer than that in Qiongshan and Chengmai, and the longest flowering time is 9.5h and 7.8h respectively. Due to the temperature difference, the daily flowering time in low latitude and low altitude planting areas is earlier and longer than that in high latitude and high altitude planting areas.

4.2 Temperature and Flowering Period

Lotus is very sensitive to temperature, and the time spent from the beginning to the end of a single flower changes or shortens with the increase or increase of temperature. In Sanya and Baoting, when the average temperature is 29.0℃, 30.2℃ and 30.0℃ after 10: 30, the single flowering period is 7 days, 6 days and 6 days respectively. When the average temperature is 25.4℃, 26.8℃ and 26.4% after 10: 30 every day in Qiongshan and Chengmai planting areas, the flowering period of single flower is 10 day, 8 days and 9 days respectively, and it takes about 20 ~ 25 days from flowering to fruit ripening, which is the harvest period of lotus seeds.

4.3 Temperature and flowering speed

Observing flowering, the ponds and puddles in Sanya, Wanning, Chengmai and Qiongshan did not bloom at the temperature of 20.0℃. 2 1.0 ~ 23.0 flowers are few; It only accounts for 2.4% of the total flowering number; Flowering gradually increased above 24.0℃, and increased with the increase of temperature at 25.0 ~ 30.0℃. In this period, the proportion of flowers in total flowers was 90.2% in Sanya, 92.3% in Baoting and 965,438+0.8% in Lingshui. Among them, when the temperature is 28.0 ~ 30.0℃, the lotus flowers in the ponds in the producing areas generally bloom faster and more. Therefore, the suitable temperature for lotus flowering is 24.0 ~ 30.0℃, and the optimum temperature is 28.0 ~ 30.0℃. However, with the change of time sequence and season, it is very unfavorable to open pollination of lotus due to the influence of low temperature and rainy weather.