Excuse me, who knows the information about coral ornaments? For example, cultural legends, how to identify, constitute, historical inheritance and so on. thank you

Coral is a general term for coelenterates. In daily life, what comes from seafood is called "coral", and what is "red" is called "red coral". Corals usually include soft corals, gorgonian corals, red corals, stony corals, horny corals, corals, light-colored corals and coral reefs. Some people mistakenly refer to the soft gill (Pennatula) and the colony anemone (Zoantharian) as "corals".

Basic structure of coral

Coral body consists of two layers of germ layers: the outer cell layer is called ectoderm; The cell layer inside is called endoderm. There is a thin mesothelium between endoderm and ectoderm, and there is no cell structure. This animal has no head and trunk, no nerve center, only a diffuse nervous system. When stimulated by the outside world, the whole animal body will react. Its lifestyle is free floating or fixed in the seabed habitat. Living corals live in the ocean.

Classification of corals in coelenterates

coral

Coralline algae is the largest class of coelenterates, all marine life.

They are all hydra-type individual or group animals, and there is no jellyfish-type generation in their life history. The hydrozoa structure of coral algae is more complex than that of hydrozoa, and its body is symmetrical on two radiation lines.

Common species such as red coral (Corallium rubrum), anemone (Metridium) and sea cactus (Cavernula).

There are about 9000 species of coelenterates, which are usually divided into 3 classes, namely, about 2700 species of hydra; There are only more than 200 kinds of Scyphozoa; There are more than 6 100 species of corals.

Coral is a general term for coelenterates. In daily life, what comes from seafood is called "coral", and what is "red" is called "red coral". Corals usually include soft corals, gorgonian corals, red corals, stony corals, horny corals, corals, light-colored corals and coral reefs. Some people mistakenly refer to the soft gill (Pennatula) and the colony anemone (Zoantharian) as "corals".

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The main body of coral reefs is composed of corals. Coral is a coelenterate in the ocean. It preys on tiny plankton in the ocean, absorbs calcium and carbon dioxide in seawater during its growth, and then secretes limestone to become its living shell. Each coral is only the size of a grain of rice. They live in groups, metabolize, grow and reproduce from generation to generation, and secrete limestone and stick together. These limestones are compacted and petrified to form islands and reefs, which are called coral reefs. Because of the adhesion of corals, a large number of corals are often attached to the bottom of many coral reefs.

Coral is abiotic and belongs to Echinoderm. It also includes jellyfish, corals, soft corals, anemones and other animals. Coral is caused by many corals. Each coral has a hollow cylindrical body, the bottom is sealed, its intestinal cavity is connected with the surrounding corals, and the mouth in the center of the body is surrounded by tentacles. We usually divide corals into stony corals, octocorals and hydrozoans, which have different morphological characteristics. In addition to biological classification, we can also divide corals into two categories according to their ecological functions. Corals with symbiotic algae (namely zooxanthellae) are called reef-building corals, and those without symbiotic algae are called reef-building corals.

Ecological characteristics of stony coral

According to the ecological environment and characteristics of stony corals (Table 2), they can be divided into reef-building corals. Non-reef-building corals (or deep-water stony corals) can be divided into two categories.

Deep-water stone coral, as the name suggests, lives in the deep sea. The record of the deepest known habitat is the symmetrical Aleutian coral found in the Aleutian Trench from 6296 to 6328 meters ... The deep-water stony corals are mainly single, few, small and monotonous in color. Trawls and dredgers can collect at different depths on the seabed.

Among stony corals, shallow-water stony corals are distributed in shallow waters, generally from the water surface to the water depth of 40m, and the distribution of individual species can reach 60m. Most of them are groups. It grows in tropical waters. When they live in the water, their colors are bright and colorful, which makes the tropical seashore dazzling, so the shallow coral area has the reputation of underwater garden.

Shallow coral grows in tropical or subtropical Indo-Pacific waters and Atlantic-Caribbean seas. However, due to geographical obstacles (the isthmus of Panama was formed 6 million years ago), the shallow coral in these two waters formed two completely different flora in the evolution process.

Facts have also proved that there are significant differences in the number and species of stony corals in the two sea areas. There are 86 genera 1000 species (some people say there are 500 species and 800 species) in Indo-Pacific flora, while there are 68 species in 26 genera (or more than 50 species in 25 genera) in Atlantic-Caribbean flora.

The salinity of seawater for normal growth of shallow corals is 27 ~ 42 ‰, which requires clean water quality and hard substrate. In estuaries, it is not suitable for shallow coral growth, because continental runoff rushes into the sea, carrying a lot of terrigenous sediments. Therefore, it is futile to find shallow-water stone corals in the estuary.

Common families and genera of reef-building corals

The identification of reef-building corals is mainly based on their bone appearance, asexual reproduction mode, bone surface morphology, the number of development wheels of coral septa, the size of the septa and its attached decorative structure, and the presence or absence of axial columns. However, the classification order of modern living Lycopodiaceae and above is determined by the microstructure of bones (it needs slicing, grinding and microscopic examination). Therefore, the classification and evolution of higher-order elements in stony corals are the views of many scholars. In this paper, according to the morphological classification, zoogeography and paleontology of modern stony corals, Veron was used to modify Wells' six-radiant coral evolution system. It is known that there are 54 genera of 14 families 174 species of reef-building corals in China. Now only 4 families are introduced.

The Pocilloporidag population of 1.Cupolaceae is branched. Coral colony is sheng-shaped or fused, and the diameter of coral cup is 0.5 ~ 2mm. The colony is formed by outer tentacle buds, rarely exceeding the second diaphragm, or even degenerating into no diaphragm. Needle-shaped shaft column or none. The common species are Colpora, Filariaceae and Vespora. There are cup-shaped corals in Hainan Island, which are small in size and less than 1mm in diameter, with undeveloped septa, or degenerated into spines, or none. The axial column is not or slightly convex, and the coral skeleton is solid, which is called "sea flower" in Hainan Island. Common species are antlers, antlers and antlers. Cup coral is not found in the coastal areas of Guangdong and Guangxi.

2. The external tentacle buds of Cephalosporidae form massive, leaflike or branched groups. Coral body is sheng-shaped, generally less than 2mm in diameter and sheathed. There are thorns or grooves on the surface of ordinary bones. Axle-free columns or axle columns are small and weak. The common species of this family are Acrop- ora, Montipora and As- treopora.

2. 1 Deer is a branch, some branches are identical, and a few short branches are blocky or shell-shaped. There is a large axial coral and many radial corals at the top of branches or branchlets. Radiation corals are tubular, nose-shaped, tube-nose-shaped, lip-shaped and semi-oblique-mouth tubular. This is one of the characteristics that distinguish species. Leaf sheaths are reticulate or pseudo-ribbed, without axial columns. This genus is the dominant genus in the Indo-Pacific flora, with the largest species and quantity, and the greatest change with the environment. For example, a. humilis, a rough antler coral, has a big shell at the bottom of the colony, and its branches are short and thick in a strong wind environment; In a stable environment with small waves, the branches are fully developed and the long bamboo shoots are tall and strong. Nereis elegans is the dominant species in Indo-Pacific region.

2.2 Rosa species are lumpy, leaflike, multi-branched or shell-shaped. Coral cup is small, with a diameter less than 1mm, axiless coral body, porous wall and axiless column. The bones are reticulate and dotted with small bone spurs of different shapes. This genus is common in coral reefs, and Montipora digitata is the dominant species in the intertidal zone of reef platform. There are also common leaflike bodies, such as roses.

3. The Agaricus population consists of inner and outer tentacle buds, and the wall is a synaptic truss wall, with or without holes. The shaft column is composed of trabecula, round or long; Some are shaftless columns. The common genera of this family are Pavona and Pachyseris.

3. 1 Coral peony population consists of round and concave edge buds. It is a horizontal plate, one-sided corrugated, shell-shaped, columnar or double-sided leafy group. The diaphragm forms a ridge, connected or unconnected by a synapse. Axial column protrudes from flat trabecular bone or does not exist. The common species in this genus are cruciferous, Grifola frondosa and mutant flowers.

3.2 Phyllostachys pubescens is leaflike or unplanned, and the ridge formed by the diaphragm coral edge of leaflike group is long and parallel to the edge; Large-scale groups have different ridge lengths. P.rugosa, this is a common coral.

4. A colony or monomer of the fungus family of Corallinaceae, which has an adherent stalk in the larval stage and lives freely in the adult stage, and is disc-shaped or rectangular. Group single or multi-port roads. Close the truss wall. There are many septa, which are transparent in larval stage. Coral ribs have thorns continuously or intermittently. Small beams and columns or underdeveloped. The type of septate and backstab is an important feature of species fixation. The common genera of this family are fungi, Pteris rotundifolia, Pteridophyta, Pteridophyta, Herpolitha, Halomitra, Sandalolitha and Podabacia. Coral genus in Shi Zhi is single, disc-shaped or oval, flat or convex, which varies with the living environment of larvae. Adults have holes in their body walls. Most coral ribs degenerated into backstab, and the diaphragm was nonporous. Diaphragm edge teeth and backstab are important features of classification. Life is mostly yellow, and a few edges have a circle of rose red. Common fungi are Fusarium, Fusarium echinosporium and so on.

5. Reef-building corals are endangered animals in the ocean.

Appendices 1 and 2 of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora clearly point out that all species of Quercus belong to the second-class endangered wild animals. 1997 is the international year of coral reefs, calling on all mankind to protect coral reefs that are on the verge of serious degradation. The destruction of coral reefs is becoming more and more serious, turning the oasis in the blue desert into a real desert. According to "1997 Global Coral Reef Survey", coral reefs around the world are generally destroyed, 95% of which are caused by human factors. They called for saving coral reefs. Restoring the ecosystem destroyed by coral reefs has become a hot spot of concern, because the backbone (or framework) of modern coral reefs is reef-building corals, and the first thing to bear is the death of reef-building corals. The restoration of coral reef ecosystem means the vigorous development and growth of reef-building coral communities. Therefore, for the sake of mankind and future generations, we should consciously care for nature and protect the species that make reef corals. It is strictly forbidden to buy and sell, and through the legislation of governments at all levels, efforts are made to protect reef-building corals, so that reef-building corals will continue to develop and create greater productivity for human beings to continuously use.

Coral is composed of calcareous shells secreted by coelenterates in the ocean. This coelenterate is called coral. Coral is shaped like a branch, and its chemical composition is calcium carbonate, which is opaque or slightly transparent, fine in texture and oily. Coral is produced in warm marine areas, and there are two main producing areas: one is from Japan to Taiwan Province Province; One is the Mediterranean coast. Coral hardness is similar to lapis lazuli, and it is fragile and easy to break. It has red, pink, white and black colors, with red as the top grade and red coral as red as fire, which was called "fire tree" in ancient times. Most red corals live in the deep sea below 100 meters. It is found in the waters near Taiwan Province Province and Xiamen, China, with pink body color and small limbs. The world-famous red coral is found in the Mediterranean and Atlantic oceans. Red coral is mainly used in jewelry products (making necklaces. Rings or pins, etc. ), used for carving figures, flowers and other handicrafts. At present, the red coral seen in China market is mainly imported from Japan, which is in short supply and expensive.

Coral belongs to the class Corallina, phylum Coelenterata. They are exquisite, colorful and very beautiful. Coral is a group organism formed by the aggregation of many corals (corals) (but a few corals are single corals). Corals living in tropical and subtropical shallow seas are called reef-building corals or shallow-water corals; The other one lives in the deep sea and is a non-reef-building coral. According to their skeletal characteristics, they can be divided into stony corals and soft corals. Rock corals have the ability to secrete calcium carbonate to form hard masses, mostly reef-building corals; Soft coral does not secrete a lot of calcareous bones, but supports the body with calcareous bone needle bundles.

Coral reproduction can be divided into asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. As for the growing season, it is generally believed that the timing of releasing sperm and eggs is related to environmental factors, such as light intensity, temperature, moon ups and downs, tides and so on. There is no fixed breeding season because there are too many kinds of corals, and the breeding season of each kind is different.

medicinal material

Laiyuan

It is calcareous bone secreted by corals such as polyps and peach corals.

work efficiency

To improve your eyesight and calm your mind.

Ruling; ruling

Treat blindness, epilepsy and vomiting.

Sexual taste orientation

Tang Herbal Medicine: "Sweet in taste, flat in nature and non-toxic."

dosage

Oral administration: grinding into powder, 1-2 points. External use: grinding the final eye.

Distribution of animal and plant resources

Distributed in Taiwan Province Province and the southern coast. Location: Fujian, Taiwan Province, Guangdong and Xisha Islands.

Collection and storage of medicinal materials

Use a net to hang down to the bottom of the sea for fishing. Most of them are extracted from the residues of handicrafts and used for medicine.

Latin name

Japanese coral

job operation

Cleaning, air drying, and grinding into fine powder.

Examination certificate

From Tang Materia Medica 1 Materia Medica Yi Yan: "Coral, first-class red oil color, thin vertical stripes, lovely; Another color, such as lead, has no vertical stripes, which is the bottom. Those who use red oil as medicine. (2) Compendium: "Coral grows on the seabed, and five or seven plants form a forest, which is called coral forest. Red is the best; There are also blacks, which is not good; The blue one is also good. People used to call those people Green Lan Zhanshi. "

Identification of raw medicinal materials

A complete person is like a small tree. They are usually broken into short rods, 2-3 cm long and 3-5 mm in diameter. There are branches or small protrusions, and there are many small holes around them, red. Hard as porcelain, not easy to break. No taste. It is best to be red, heavy, crisp and strong inside and outside.

Chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine

Containing calcium carbonate, etc.

The basic body shape of coral is cylindrical or disc-shaped, which is radially symmetrical, and the center of the body is the inner cavity. The intestine plays the role of digestion and absorption. There is a mouth above the lumen, and the gap between the lumen and the mouth is called the oral passage. There are tentacles around the mouth, stinging silk sacs in the tentacles, and stinging silk cells containing venom in the sacs, which are weapons for animals to defend and prey, which is why coelenterates are also called Echinotheca.

An entry with the same name

Coral [Caprifoliaceae] [Viburnum]

Nickname: Japanese Coral Tree, france holly. Latin name: Viburnum

Distribution of origin:

South China, East China, Southwest China and other provinces. Cities in the Yangtze River valley are all cultivated; Japan, India and the Korean peninsula also have it.

Evergreen shrubs or small trees, up to 10 m. The bark is grayish brown. The lenticels are round, with opposite leaves, thick leathery, oblong or rectangular, with an acuminate or obtuse apex, wavy or obtuse serrations on the whole or near the apex, dark green shiny surface, grayish green back and rusty brown petiole. Flowering in May-June, terminal panicle with white and fragrant flowers. After 10 months, the oval drupe is mature and red.

Growing habits:

I like light, but I can also resist yin. Like warmth, cold resistance is a little poor. Like fertile and moist soil, can adapt to acidic and slightly alkaline soil; It has strong resistance to toxic gases chlorine and sulfur dioxide, has certain absorption ability to mercury and fluorine, and can also resist barren and smoke. Strong germination and pruning resistance. Transplanting resistance, fast growth, less pests and diseases.

Garden use:

Coral is green all year round, with dense branches and leaves, rich in water and strong fire resistance. After autumn, the fruit is bright red. It is widely planted as hedges and green walls in cities and gardens in the south of the Yangtze River, and also used as foundation planting or clump planting to decorate corners. Can be trimmed into big balls.

Breeding and cultivation:

General cutting propagation, but also sowing propagation. Cutting can take root after 3 weeks in rainy season, and the survival rate is 98%.

Coral is just a hydra-shaped individual, hollow and cylindrical, with the lower end attached to the surface of the object and a mouth surrounded by one or more tentacles at the top. Tentacles are used to collect food and can be stretched to a certain extent. It has specialized cells (stinging cells). When the stinging cells are stimulated, they will turn out the stinging silk sac and paralyze their prey with stinging silk. Eggs and sperm are produced by gonads on the diaphragm and discharged into seawater through the mouth. Fertilization usually occurs in seawater and sometimes in the gastric circulation cavity. Usually fertilization only occurs between eggs and sperm of different individuals. The fertilized egg develops into a floating larva, which is covered with cilia and can swim. After a few days to weeks, it is fixed on a fixed surface and develops into a hydra. It can also be propagated by budding. After the bud is formed, it is not separated from the original hydra. New buds keep forming and growing, so groups are formed. When the new hydra grows and develops, the old hydra dies, but its skeleton remains in the population. Soft corals, horny corals and blue corals live in groups. Each hydra in the population has eight tentacles, and there are eight diaphragms in the gastric circulation cavity, of which six diaphragms have cilia for introducing water into the gastric circulation cavity, and the other two diaphragms have cilia for guiding water out of the gastric circulation cavity. Bones are endoskeletons. Soft coral is widely distributed, and its skeleton is composed of calcium-containing spicules separated from each other. Some species are disc-shaped, while others have finger-like protrusions. Horny corals are abundant in tropical shallow seas, and are banded or branched in shape, with a length of up to 3 meters. Horny corals, including so-called precious corals (red corals and rose corals), can be used as jewelry. Among them, the common species is red coral in the Mediterranean. Blue corals were found on coral reefs formed by stony corals in the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, forming a block with a diameter of 2 meters. Rock coral is the most well-known and widely distributed species, living alone or in groups. Like black coral and spiny coral, the number of septa is 6 or multiple of 6, and the tentacles are simple and have no feathers. Stone coral, black coral and spiny coral are different from related anemones mainly because of their exoskeletons. From the tidal zone to the depth of 6000 meters, there are rock corals in all oceans. For species living in groups, the diameter of hydra is 1 to 3 mm. Most of the existing stone corals are light yellow, light brown or olive, depending on the algae living on the corals. But its bones are white. The largest living stone coral belongs to the genus Shigella, with a diameter of about 25 cm. The skeleton of stone coral is cup-shaped, wrapped with hydra, and its composition is almost pure calcium carbonate. Its growth rate depends on age, food supply, water temperature and species. Ring coral islands and coral reefs are formed by the bones of stone corals. The average speed of its formation is about 5 mm to 28 mm per year. Common types of stony corals include brain coral, mushroom coral, star coral and staghorn coral, all of which are named according to their shapes. Black coral and spiny coral are whiplike, feathery, tree-like or bottle-brush-like, distributed in the coastal waters of the Mediterranean Sea, the West Indies or Panama. (The pictures on the upper left and the lower right show the round-tube star coral. Coral tentacles are bright yellow and transparent, corals in full bloom are bright and beautiful, and individual body walls are not connected. And the tentacles are white and transparent, and the top is orange-red, which is very special, but the individual diameter is about 3 cm. )

Corals gather together to form a group, and their bones continue to expand, thus forming a coral reef with thousands of shapes, vitality and colors. This is how the famous Great Barrier Reef was formed.

The bones of social corals are connected, and the intestinal cavities are also connected through the small intestine system, so these social corals have many mouths, but they share a stomach. There are about 500 kinds of coral reefs that can be built. These reef-building corals live in shallow waters with a water depth of less than 50 meters and a suitable temperature of 22 to 32 degrees. If the temperature is below 18 degrees, they can't survive. So people can't see coral reefs at high latitudes. Coral tentacles grow symmetrically. According to the number of tentacles, corals can be divided into two subcategories: 6 corals and 8 corals.

Little knowledge:

Corals floating on the sea surface are dead corals, and corals on the seabed are living corals.