Angola, Africa

(1) Country name: Republic of Angola.

Independence Day: 165438+ 10/01(1975).

National Day: 165438+ 10/01(1975).

National flag: rectangular, with an aspect ratio of 3: 2. The flag land consists of two parallel rectangles, red and black. In the middle of the flag is a crossed golden arc gear and a machete. There is a golden five-pointed star between the curved gear and the machete. Black is a celebration of the African continent; Red represents the blood of martyrs who fought against the colonists. The five-pointed star represents the cause of internationalism and progress, and the five corners symbolize unity, freedom, justice, democracy and progress. Gears and machetes symbolize the unity of workers, peasants and soldiers, and represent the commemoration of the peasants and soldiers who fought in the early uprising.

National emblem: round. The circular surface is light blue, and the circumference is composed of gears and patterns of Angola's main agricultural products, such as corn, cotton, coffee and green branches. The junction of Xiadang and Lvzhi is an open book, which symbolizes the important role of education and culture in national development. Above the book is the rising sun in Ran Ran, Ran Ran, symbolizing this young country; The light of the sun crosses with hoes and machetes, symbolizing internationalism and people's eternal progress; Above it is a yellow five-pointed star with the same meaning as the national flag. The yellow ribbon at the bottom says "Angola and the Republic" in Portuguese.

State dignitaries: President José Eduardo dos Santos, who has been president since September 1979.

Physical geography: It is located in southwest Africa, bordering Congo and Democratic Republic of Congo in the north, Zambia in the east and Namibia in the south. It faces the Atlantic Ocean in the west, covering an area of 654.38+0.246 square kilometers. Coastline length1650km. Most of the country is a plateau above 1000 meters above sea level, with high terrain in the east and low terrain in the west, and the Atlantic coast is a plain area. Mock in the central and western regions of Bina Plateau is 2620 meters above sea level, which is the highest point in China and the main watershed of the whole country. On the west side of the plateau, the coastal plain is high in the north and narrow in the south (240-48km), forming a cliff as high as 65,438+0,000m locally. The coastline is straight. There are many rivers with radial water systems, most of which are upstream tributaries of Congo River (Zaire River) and Zambezi River, which are rich in water power. The main rivers are Kubango River, Kuanza River, Kunene River and Kuando River. Congo River (Zaire River) in the north is the boundary river between Angola and Congo (formerly Zaire). Most of the country has a tropical grassland climate, while the south has a subtropical climate, with an annual precipitation of 750- 1, 500 mm. Forests account for about one-third of the total area, and the southern grasslands are vast.

Population: 1365438+ ten thousand (estimated by 200 1 year). There are mainly Ouwendu and Mbendu. The official language is Portuguese. Most residents speak Bantu. 49% of the residents believe in Catholicism, 13% believe in Christianity. Most other residents believe in fetishism.

Capital: Luanda

Brief History: During the Middle Ages, Angola belonged to Congo, Ndongo, Matamba and Ronda. The Portuguese colonial fleet first arrived in Angola in 1482, invaded the Kingdom of Ndongo in 1560, and established Luanda City in 1576, from which it continued to expand to the south and inland. At the Berlin Conference 1884- 1885, Angola was classified as a Portuguese colony and called Portuguese West Africa. Portugal occupied all the territory of Angola. 195 1 year, Portugal changed Angola into an "overseas province" and sent a governor to rule. After the mid-1950s, the Angolan People's Liberation Movement (MPLA), the Angolan People's Liberation Front (NPFL) and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) were established one after another. 1961February 4th, the "People's Movement for Angola" began its armed struggle. 1975 65438+ 10/0/5. The above three organizations and the Portuguese government reached the Arbour Agreement on Angola's independence. On June 65438+1October 3 1 day, three Angolan organizations and Portuguese authorities formed a transitional government. Soon, armed conflicts broke out between SPLM, ANLF and UNITA, and the transitional government disintegrated in August. On June 5438+0975,165438+1October 10, the Portuguese authorities announced that "power will be transferred to the Angolan people". On June165438+1October 1 1 day, the People's Movement of Angola announced the establishment of the People's Republic of Angola, with Agosti Newt Neto as President. 1976 "An Renyun" defeated "Anlun" troops and drove "UNITA" troops out of the city. 1In August 1992, the Angolan Parliament decided to change the country name to Angola.

Politics: The current Constitution was promulgated in 1975, 1 1, 1978, 1, 19 1. The constitution provides for a multi-party system. * * * President People's Republic of China (PRC) is elected for a term of five years and can be re-elected. The president is also the head of government and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The President has the power to promulgate or repeal laws, declare a state of war or peace, and appoint and dismiss government ministers, senior military generals, governors, attorneys general, judges of the Supreme Court, etc. The power of parliament is separate from that of the government. Courts and judges have the right to exercise judicial power independently. The Constitution also stipulates that Angola will not join any international military organization, nor will it allow foreign countries to establish military bases on its own territory. 1in August 1992, the parliament decided to change the name of the country from "People's Republic of Angola" to "Republic of Angola"; "People's Assembly" was changed to "National Assembly"; Courts at all levels have deleted the word "person".

Economy: Rich in mineral resources, rich in oil and diamonds, oil exploitation plays an important role in the national economy, followed by diamonds, iron, copper and manganese. The agricultural population accounts for about 90%, and cultivated land is rarely cultivated. The main agricultural products are coffee, sisal (both ranked second in Africa), cotton, oil palm and corn. Animal husbandry mainly focuses on raising cattle. Coastal fisheries are developed. In the past, food was more than self-sufficient, and coffee exports ranked third in the world. However, the protracted civil war has seriously hindered Angola's national economic and social development, resulting in nearly one million deaths, nearly 654.38+million disabled people, barren farmland and industrial decline. Most industries are agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery products processing, and Luanda has a large oil refinery. Oil exports rank first, followed by coffee, diamonds, iron ore, sisal, fish products and wood. Imported vehicles, machinery, raw materials, chemical products, consumer goods, etc. Angola is the second largest oil producer in sub-Saharan Africa, second only to Nigeria. Angola's oil is mainly used for export, and oil export revenue accounts for 90% of the total export. Oil production accounts for 45% of Angola's GDP, and 85% to 90% of the country's fiscal revenue comes from the oil industry.

Diplomacy: Pursuing a foreign policy of anti-imperialism, anti-colonization, peaceful coexistence and non-alignment.

Relations with China: 1983 65438+ 10/2, Angola established diplomatic relations with China.

Political overview:

After independence, Angola was in a state of civil war for a long time. Driven by Portugal, the United States and the former Soviet Union, after six rounds of negotiations, the Angolan government and UNITA signed the Bice Peace Agreement in Lisbon, Portugal, on May 199 1. After the agreement came into effect, the two sides basically observed the ceasefire. On September 29-30, 1992, Angola held its first multi-party general election. An Renyun won the parliamentary election and took the lead in the presidential election. UNITA refused to accept the election results, and Angola fell into civil war again. 1994165438+1On October 20th, the Angolan government and UNITA signed the Lusaka Peace Agreement to resume the implementation of the peace process. 1At the end of 1998, due to UNITA's refusal to implement the peace agreement, the civil war broke out again and the peace process was aborted. In April 2000, the United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution to strengthen sanctions against UNITA. On February 22, 2002, UNITA President Savimbi was killed by government forces in the battle, and the peace process took a major turn for the better. On March 13, the Angolan government stopped its military offensive. On April 4, the Angolan government and UNITA formally signed a ceasefire agreement, and President dos Santos declared the end of the civil war. In August, UNITA completed its demilitarization and 5,000 UNITA soldiers were incorporated into the Angolan Armed Forces. At the beginning of February, the Angolan President appointed former Interior Minister Nando as Prime Minister, and successively appointed many UNITA people as governors, ministers and ambassadors abroad. In the same month, the United Nations Security Council passed a resolution to completely lift the sanctions against UNITA. So far, the Angolan peace process has achieved a decisive and irreversible victory, and the long-awaited peace has really been realized. Angola has since turned a new page in history and embarked on the road of peaceful reconstruction.

Constitution: The current constitution was promulgated in1975165438+101,and has been revised four times. According to the Constitution, Angola's primary goal is to eliminate the legacy of colonialism and build a prosperous, democratic and exploitative country. Implement a multi-party system; * * * The term of office of the President of the Republic is five years, and he can be re-elected; The President is also the head of government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and has the power to promulgate or abolish laws, declare a state of war or peace, and appoint and remove government ministers, senior military generals, governors, attorneys general, judges of the Supreme Court, etc. The Constitution also stipulates that Angola will not join any international military organization and will not allow foreign countries to establish military bases on its own territory.

Parliament: Angola's National Assembly is the highest organ of state power and legislature. Functions: Amend the Constitution and approve, amend or cancel laws; To review and approve the legislative work in the NPC Standing Committee; Supervise the implementation of the Constitution and laws; Supervise the work of state and government organs; To approve the national economic plan and the national budget and supervise their implementation; Give Amnesty; Declare martial law and emergency law, and authorize the president to declare a state of war or peace. The term of office is five years, and regular meetings are held twice a year.

The current parliament was formed in June 1992 1 1 according to the results of multi-party elections. At present, among the 220 parliamentary seats, Anren Movement holds 129 seats, UNITA holds 70 seats, and the other 2 1 seats belong to another 10 political party. Current Speaker: Roberto Antonio de Almeida, a member of the Angolan People's Movement, was elected with 1996.

Government: The current Angolan government of national unity and reconciliation was established in April 1997+0 1 and reorganized again on February 5, 2002. After the reorganization, the post of prime minister was re-established, with 29 ministries and the president as the head of state and government.

The list of Prime Ministers and Ministers is as follows:

Fernando dos Santos "Nando", Prime Minister

Assistant Prime Minister Aguinaldo Jaime

Defense Minister Kundi Paihama,

Osvaldo Van-Dúnem, Minister of the Interior

Foreign Minister Joao Miranda (Jo? O Miranda),

Planning Minister Anna Diaz Luren? O, female)

Fernando Mutka, Minister of Land Management.

José de Moles, Minister of Finance

Desiderio, Minister of Oil of Da.

Joaquim Duarte David, Minister of Industry

Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development Gilberto Buta Lutukata.

Salomao Xilinbinbi, Minister of Fisheries.

Andre Brandao, Minister of Communications.

Trade Minister Victorino Horsey

Minister of Health Albertina Giulia (female)

Minister of education Antonio Britti da Silva

Minister of Culture Boaventura Cardoso

Joao Kussumua, Minister of Relief and Social Resettlement

Paulo Tijipilica, Minister of Justice

António Neto, Minister of Administration, Employment and Social Security

Minister of Information Hendrick Neto

Jorge Valentim, Minister of Hotel Tourism.

Minister of Posts and Telecommunications Lizinho Ribeiro.

Candida Silva, Minister of Family and Women Promotion (female)

Pedro van Dunem, Senior Minister.

Francisco Caneiro, Minister of Public Works.

Jose Barrica, Minister of Youth and Sports.

Jose Botho, Minister of Energy and Water Resources.

Manuel Afrino, Minister of Geology and Minerals.

Virgilio Pereira, Minister of Urban Construction and Environment.

Minister of Science and Technology joao batista (Jo? O baptista)

Amadeu Jose Mauricio, Governor of the Central Bank.

Judicial organs: Supreme Court, Military Court, Court of Appeal and People's Republic of China (PRC) General Prosecutor's Office. Military courts are under the direct leadership of the National Defense Security Committee; The Court of Appeal specializes in accepting appeal cases; The Attorney General's Office is the national legal supervision organ, which is directly led by the President. President of the Supreme Court Cristiano Andrei and Attorney General augusto dacosta Caneiro.

Political parties: A multi-party system has been implemented since 199 1, and there are 126 legal political parties in China. The main political parties are:

(1) People's freedom movement? O de Angola), referred to as MPLA, has been the ruling party since Angola's independence. 1956130,000 party member was established in February. 1990, the Third National Congress of the Angolan People's Movement decided to abandon Marxism-Leninism, change the Party into a mass party, set the strategic goal as "democratic socialism", and decided to implement a multi-party system in Angola. 1998 12, the angolan people's movement held the "fourth congress", and José Eduardo dos Santos (president) was re-elected as the party chairman. The meeting also elected a new Central Committee, and Joao Lourenco was elected General Secretary.

(2) National Independent Union (UNITA). The main opposition party was established in March 1966. The armed struggle against Portuguese colonial rule began at 1967. 1975 At the beginning of this year, the Angolan Movement, the Angolan Liberation Front and the Portuguese authorities formed a transitional government. After the civil war broke out in Angola, it moved to rural areas and jungle mountains to carry out guerrilla activities against the Angolan people's movement government. Bises peace agreement was signed with the Angolan government at 199 1. 1992 registered as a legal political party and participated in the general election of that year. The Lusaka Protocol was signed with the government. 65438+1September 1998, internal division, some senior members set up the UNITA Innovation Committee, and made public the opposition party chairman Savimbi. On February 22, 2002, Savimbi was killed by government forces. The current Chairman Isaias Samakuwa was elected in July 2003.

The more influential political parties are: FNLA, Social Democratic Party (PSD), Democratic Reform Party (PRD), National Democratic Party of Angola (PNDA), Angola Democratic Forum (FDA), Angola Democratic Progressive Alliance Party (PDP-ANA), Democratic Alliance Federation (AD-Coligacao) and Angola Youth Workers and Peasants Alliance Party (PAJOCA).

(2) In the past, the western name for Ankara, the capital of Turkey. Fine mountain wool is a famous product of Turkey, which is called Angora wool.