One China could study in the United States, but she wanted to be naturalized, so she gave up. Who is this man?

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brief introduction

Qian Xuesen (1911.12.1~ till now) is a famous physicist in China and a world-famous rocket expert. Born in Shanghai and Hangzhou, Zhejiang, he is known as the "father of Chinese missiles".

1934 graduated from department of mechanical engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and 1934 studied at MIT and California Institute of Technology.

1935 went to the United States to study aviation engineering and aerodynamics. 1938 received a doctorate from California Institute of Technology. Later, he studied in the United States as a lecturer, associate professor, professor, director of supersonic laboratory and director of Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center, engaged in rocket research.

1950, we began to strive for the return to the motherland. At that time, kimble, a senior general of the US Navy, said, "Qian Xuesen is worth five divisions wherever he goes. I would rather kill him in America than let him leave. " Therefore, Qian Xuesen was persecuted by the American government and lost his freedom. 1955 It took five years to return to the motherland.

1955 10 after breaking through various obstacles and returning to China, he joined the China * * * production party on 1959. He used to be the director of the Institute of Mechanics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, the deputy director of the Seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry and the deputy director of the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense. He is currently the honorary chairman of China Association for Science and Technology.

Qian Xuesen put forward an extremely important implementation plan for the development of rocket and missile technology in China. From April 65438 to April 0958, he served as a technical leader in the development of rockets, missiles and spacecraft for a long time, making great contributions to the development of rockets, missiles and aerospace in China. Qian Xuesen used to be vice chairman of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, member of the Department of Mathematics and Physics of China Academy of Sciences, honorary chairman of China Aerospace Society and chairman of China Association for Science and Technology.

all one's life

1, early years

Qian Xuesen19 1 1 February11was born in Shanghai. In his early years, he studied in the middle school attached to Beijing Normal University and Shanghai Jiaotong University. 1934 Summer vacation, graduated from Jiaotong University and was admitted to Tsinghua University to study abroad at public expense.

1One day in August, 935, Qian Xuesen left the motherland from Shanghai on a ship of the American Postal Company. The muddy waves of Huangpu River rolled and looked at the gradually blurred Shanghai City. Qian Xuesen silently said: "Goodbye, motherland. Now that you're in power, you're in a mess. I went to the United States to study technology and will come back one day to help you revive. "

Qian Xuesen went to the United States to enter the aviation department of MIT, and his academic performance has always been among the best. He had to practice in a factory to study engineering, but at that time, the American aviation factory discriminated against China people, so a year later he began to study aviation engineering theory, that is, applied mechanics. He transferred to California Institute of Technology.

Qian Xuesen came here with admiration. Because, located in the aviation department of California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, a suburb of Los Angeles, there is a famous aerodynamics professor von Carmen, who is Hungarian.

In the early 1930s, aviation science was still in its infancy. Von Carmen was a top figure in this field at that time, and was later known as "the father of supersonic flight". 1970, there was a crater on the moon named after him.

Von Carmen looked at the serious and short young man carefully. He asked several questions for Qian Xuesen to answer, and Qian Xuesen answered all his questions after a little thought. Von Carmen secretly praised: This China man is witty and full of wisdom. He accepted the student happily. At the beginning of 1945, Qian Xuesen became a member of the air force scientific advisory group headed by von Carmen. After Germany surrendered, he went to Europe with the investigation team of the regiment to inspect aviation and rocket technology. 1947 At the beginning of this year, 36-year-old Qian Xuesen became a full professor at MIT. During the monitoring period, apart from teaching, he still did not give up academic research. 1953 published "Take-off from Earth Satellite Orbit", which laid the foundation of small thrust flight mechanics. 1954 published "Engineering Cybernetics". 1955 when saying goodbye to von Carmen before returning to China, von Carmen said excitedly, "You have surpassed me academically now!"

Qian Xuesen became a graduate student of Guggenheim Aviation Laboratory led by von Carmen. This laboratory later became the cradle of American rocket technology, and Qian Xuesen was one of the first three members to conduct rocket technology research here. 1929 to 1934 studied in department of mechanical engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University. After graduation, I applied for studying in Tsinghua University at public expense. After entering the school, I worked as an intern at Hangzhou Jianqiao Airport. 1935 to 1939 studied in the department of aeronautical engineering of MIT and obtained a master's degree. 1936- 1939 studied in the department of aeronautics and mathematics of California Institute of Technology, USA, and obtained a doctorate. 1939- 1943, researcher, Department of Aeronautics, California Institute of Technology. 1943 to 1945 was an assistant professor in the department of aeronautics, California Institute of Technology (1940 to 1945 was a communication researcher in Chengdu Institute of Aeronautics, Sichuan). 1945- 1946, associate professor, Department of Aviation, California Institute of Technology. 1946- 1949, associate professor and professor of aerodynamics, Department of Aeronautics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1949- 1955, Director and Professor of Jet Propulsion Center of California Institute of Technology. Married Jiang Ying on 1947.

1955 returned to China. 1955 to 1964, director and researcher of the Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and director of the Fifth Institute of the Ministry of National Defense. 1965 to 1970 served as deputy minister of the seventh Ministry of Machinery Industry. 1970 to 1982 served as deputy director of the science and technology Committee of the commission of science, technology and industry for national defense and vice chairman of the China association for science and technology. He has served as the first and second director of China Automation Society, honorary president of China Aerospace Society, China theoretical and applied mechanics Society and China Systems Engineering Society, executive director of the Presidium of China Academy of Sciences, and member of the Department of Mathematics and Physics. 1986 to 199 1 May, served as the chairman of the third National Committee of China Association for Science and Technology. 1991may was elected honorary chairman of China association for science and technology at the fourth national congress. 1April, 1992, was appointed honorary chairman of the Presidium of China Academy of Sciences. /kloc-0 was elected as an academician of China Academy of Engineering in June, 1994.

Qian Xuesen is an alternate member of the 9th to 12th CPC Central Committee and vice chairman of the 6th, 7th and 8th CPPCC National Committee.

Qian Xuesen is a pioneer and outstanding representative of China's space science and technology. He is known as "the father of China's space flight", "the father of China's missiles" and "the king of rockets". During my study and research in the United States, I cooperated with others to complete the summary and preliminary analysis of long-range rockets, laying the theoretical foundation for surface-to-surface missiles and sounding rockets. The hypersonic flow theory put forward by others laid the foundation for the development of aerodynamics. At the beginning of 1956, the Opinions on Establishing China's National Defense Aviation Industry was reported to the Central Committee and the State Council. In the same year, according to his suggestion, the State Council and the Central Military Commission established the Aviation Industry Committee, the leading body of missile and aviation research, and was appointed as a member. From 65438 to 0956, he was appointed to set up the first rocket and missile research institute in China, the Fifth Research Institute of the Ministry of National Defense, and served as the first president. He presided over the completion of the plan of "establishing jet and rocket technology", participated in the development of short-range missiles, medium-and short-range missiles and China's first artificial earth satellite, directly led the "two-bomb combination" test of medium-and short-range missiles carrying atomic bombs, participated in the formulation of the "two-bomb combination" test of short-range missiles carrying atomic bombs in China, participated in the formulation of the development plan of China's first interstellar aviation, and developed and established engineering cybernetics and systematics. He has made pioneering contributions in the fields of aerodynamics, aviation engineering, jet propulsion, engineering cybernetics, physical mechanics and other technical sciences. He is the founder and advocate of the theoretical and applied research of modern mechanics and system engineering in China.

In his early years, he did pioneering work in many fields of applied mechanics and rocket and missile technology. Many theories put forward by independent research and cooperation with von Carmen have laid the foundation for the development of applied mechanics, aviation engineering and rocket and missile technology. After returning to China, he served as the technical director of rocket, missile and satellite development for a long time, and made outstanding contributions to the establishment and development of China's missile and space industry. Creative research has been made in many theoretical fields, such as engineering cybernetics, systems engineering and systems science, thinking science and humanities, Marxist philosophy and so on, and great contributions have been made. 1956 won the first prize of Natural Science Award of China Academy of Sciences; 1985 won the national special prize for scientific and technological progress; 199 1 was awarded the honorary title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" and the first-class English Model Medal by the State Council and the Central Military Commission. Academician of China Academy of Sciences

1957 won the first prize of natural science of China Academy of Sciences. 1979 won the outstanding alumni award of California Institute of Technology. 1985 won the national special prize for scientific and technological progress. 1989 was awarded "Rockwell Medal", "World-class Science and Technology and Engineering Celebrity" and honorary member of International Polytechnic. 199 1 year 10 was awarded the honorary title of "National Outstanding Contribution Scientist" and the first-class hero model medal by the State Council and the Central Military Commission. 1995 65438+ 10 won the "1994 ho leung ho lee foundation Excellence Award" in October. 1999, the Central Committee, the State Council and the Central Military Commission decided to award him the "Two Bombs and One Satellite Meritorious Medal". June 5438 +2006 10 won the "50 highest honor awards for China's space industry: two bombs and one satellite".

He is the author of Engineering Cybernetics, On System Engineering, Introduction to Interstellar Navigation, etc.

The study and research work are very tense. Qian Xuesen works more than ten hours a day, studies for half a day, discusses for half a day, and continues to struggle at night. Three years later, he got a doctorate with excellent results, stayed in school to teach and became von Carmen's right-hand man. During this period, he not only mastered the basic knowledge of aerodynamics, but also stood at the forefront of this science. From 65438 to 0939, he studied the aviation structure and made a breakthrough in just one year.

In the second year of California Institute of Technology, Qian Xuesen met his classmate F.J. Marin, who studied rocket technology. Introduced by Marina, Qian Xuesen participated in the Marxism-Leninism study group of California Institute of Technology at that time, and met Weinbaum, secretary of the group and assistant researcher of chemical physics. In the group, Qian Xuesen studied Engels' anti-Turin theory with everyone; Current affairs are often discussed at the weekly meeting. 1938 In the winter, after the outbreak of World War II, this group was dissolved.

In view of the outstanding achievements of Qian Xuesen's research work and the needs of American wartime military scientific research, he was able to participate in the secret work. From 65438 to 0944, the U.S. military commissioned Professor von Carmen as the head and Marina as the deputy to study long-range rockets. Qian Xuesen was in charge of the theoretical group, and invited Lin Jiaqiao and Qian Weichang to conduct ballistic analysis, combustion chamber heat conduction and combustion theory research. At the same time, Qian Xuesen also served as the technical consultant of air jet Company. 1945 was also hired as a member of the scientific advisory panel by the US Air Force. During this period, he gained valuable experience in the scientific research of modern mechanics and jet propulsion and became an outstanding scientist with high reputation at that time.

At the end of World War II, the US Air Force highly praised Qian Xuesen's "great contribution" to the victory of the war. Milton Viorst, an American columnist, believes that Qian Xuesen has always been "a key figure in making a long-term plan to transform the US Air Force from a propeller plane into a jet plane and eventually into an unmanned spacecraft traveling in space" and "a bright star in the galaxy of scientists who helped the United States become a world-class military power."

1946 In the summer, Qian Xuesen left California Institute of Technology and went to MIT as an associate professor to teach graduate students majoring in aerodynamics. 1947 At the beginning of this year, 36-year-old Qian Xuesen became a tenured professor at MIT. In the summer of the same year, Qian Xuesen asked for leave to visit relatives in China. In September, he married Jiang Ying (now a professor at the Central Conservatory of Music). Jiang Ying, the third daughter of Jiang Baili, a famous military theorist in early China, was a soprano, and received a good music education in Vienna and Berlin.

From 1935 to 1955, Qian Xuesen lived in the United States for 20 years. During this period, he made brilliant academic achievements, enjoyed generous treatment in life and had convenient conditions at work. However, he is always attached to the motherland where he was born and raised. In his letter to his father, he lamented more than once, "When will the tourism career end?" .

Step 2 Return to China

"I have always believed that I will be able to return to my motherland. Today, I finally came back! " This is the first time that Qian Xuesen, a famous scientist and rocket expert in China, set foot on the voyage of returning home under the care of Premier Zhou Enlai on September 1955.1October 1955 arrived in Hong Kong and1October 8+0955 arrived in Guangzhou. He returned to China with his wife and two young children.

1In August, 935, Qian Xuesen went to the United States to study and study aviation engineering and aerodynamics as a public student. Before returning to China, he was the director of the California Institute of Technology Supersonic Laboratory and the director of the Guggenheim Jet Propulsion Research Center. Qian Xuesen 1935 went to study in the United States. 10 years later, he became a first-class rocket expert at that time. It is famous for its amazing rocket theory that "a rocket with a speed of 10,000 kilometers per hour has become possible". During World War II, Professor Von Carmen of California Institute of Technology and his tutor participated in the research and development of missile nuclear weapons, which was the top secret Manhattan project of the United States at that time. He was one of the few rare talents in the United States.

When the news of People's Republic of China (PRC)'s birth reached the United States, Qian Xuesen and his wife, Jiang Ying, could not restrain their inner joy and discussed returning to China to serve the motherland as soon as possible. At this time, the United States, led by McCarthy, conducted a comprehensive investigation on the producers of * * *, and set off a hysterical frenzy in the United States that drove employees to be loyal to the US government. Qian Xuesen's certificate to participate in confidential research was suddenly revoked by the US military department because he was suspected of being a producer of * * * and refused to expose his friends. This made him very angry. Qian Xuesen asked to return to China on this ground. However, Qian Xuesen never imagined that his long-cherished wish to return to China turned out to be a disaster! "He knows all the core secrets of the U.S. missile program," said the U.S. undersecretary of the Navy. One Qian Xuesen is worth five marine divisions. I'd rather shoot this guy than let him go back to Red China! "

Since then, the political persecution of him by the United States has followed. Immigration raided his home and detained him in Temina Island for 65,438+04 days. He was not released until he received a huge bail of $65,438+$5,000 from California Institute of Technology. Later, the customs confiscated his luggage, including 800 kilograms of books and notebooks. They insisted that there were confidential materials in it. In fact, Qian Xuesen had handed them over for inspection before packing them. After reviewing all his materials again, the American prosecutor proved that he was aboveboard.

The news that Qian Xuesen was persecuted in the United States soon spread to China, and New China was shocked! Friends in domestic scientific and technological circles support Qian Xuesen through various channels. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is extremely concerned about Qian Xuesen's situation in the United States, and the China government publicly issued a statement condemning the US government for imprisoning Qian Xuesen against his will.

Zhou Enlai seized the opportunity to start the Sino-US negotiations.

When Qian Xuesen's request to return to China was unreasonably blocked by the United States, China also detained a group of Americans, including American nationals detained by the China administration in violation of China laws and American soldiers detained by the China administration in violation of China's airspace. The U.S. government is eager to get back these Americans detained by me, but it is unwilling to have direct contact with China.

1954 in April, the United States, Britain, China, the Soviet Union and France held an international conference in Geneva to discuss the settlement of the Korean issue and restore peace in zhina. Zhou Enlai, head of the China delegation attending the meeting, thought that a group of overseas students and scientists in China were detained in the United States, so he instructed that since the Americans asked British diplomats to dredge relations with us, we should seize this opportunity and open up new channels of contact.

On June 5th, Wang Bingnan, Secretary-General of the China delegation, held a preliminary discussion with US representative and Deputy Secretary of State Johnson on the nationals of the two countries. The United States submitted to China a list of overseas Chinese and some American soldiers detained by China, asking China to give them a chance to return home. In order to show China's sincerity, Zhou Enlai instructed Wang Bingnan to make generous concessions in the third meeting between China and the United States on June 15, and demanded that the United States stop detaining Qian Xuesen and other China students studying in the United States.

However, China's just request was unreasonably rejected by the United States. On July 2 1 day, the Geneva meeting closed. In order not to interrupt communication channels, Zhou Enlai instructed Wang Bingnan and the United States to hold consular talks in Geneva from July 22nd. To further demonstrate China's sincerity in the Sino-US negotiations, China released four detained American pilots.

On July 25th, 1955, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of China set up a steering group for Sino-US talks, which was directly led by Zhou Enlai. 1 In August, the Sino-US talks were upgraded from the consular level to the ambassadorial level.

Wang Bingnan flashed Qian Xuesen's letter.

China's high-profile attitude is ultimately to let Qian Xuesen and other scientists studying in the United States return to China as soon as possible. But on this key issue, Americans cheated. Despite more than 65,438+00 contacts between China and the United States, American representative Johnson insisted that China could not give the real reason why Qian Xuesen wanted to return to China.

Just as Premier Zhou Enlai was anxious about this, Chen Shutong, then vice chairman of the National People's Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC), received a letter from the other side of the ocean. He opened it and signed it "Qian Xuesen". He couldn't help feeling a shock. He finished reading the letter quickly. The content of the letter was originally to ask the motherland government to help him return to China.

This letter was written by Qian Xuesen on a small cigarette paper and sent to his relatives in Belgium at that time, and sent to Vice Chairman Chen Shutong. For such an unusual overseas letter, Chen Shutong knew its weight and gave it to Premier Zhou the same day. "This is really great, and it can completely refute the lies of the US government!" Premier Zhou Enlai immediately made careful arrangements, instructed the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to give this letter to Wang Bingnan, who was holding ambassadorial talks between China and the United States, and instructed Wang Bingnan: "This letter is very valuable. This is irrefutable evidence that the American authorities are still preventing China citizens from returning to China. You should use this letter to expose their lies in the negotiations. "

At the beginning of August 1 China-US ambassadorial talks, Wang Bingnan took the lead in saying to Johnson: "Mr. Ambassador, before we start the discussion, I have been ordered to inform you of the following news: On July 3 1 China decided to release1American pilots including Arnold Wei in advance according to China legal procedures, and they have already arrived in. I hope that this measure taken by the China government will have a positive impact on our talks. " When it comes to Qian Xuesen's return to China, Johnson still repeats the same old tune: "There is no evidence that Qian Xuesen will return to China, and the US government cannot force orders!" Therefore, Wang Bingnan flashed Qian Xuesen's letter to Chen Shutong, and confidently retorted: "Since the American government issued an announcement as early as April 1955, allowing scholars studying in the United States to travel freely, why did Dr. Qian Xuesen, a scientist from China, write to the China government for help in June? Obviously, the request of China scholars to return to China is still blocked. " Johnson was speechless before the facts. The American government had to approve Qian Xuesen's request to return to China. 1On August 4, 955, Qian Xuesen received a notice from the US Immigration Bureau allowing him to return to China.

1955 September 17, Qian Xuesen's dream of returning to China has come true! On this day, Qian Xuesen, with his wife Jiang Ying and a pair of young children, finally boarded the ship "President Cleveland" and embarked on the journey of returning to the motherland.

Due to Qian Xuesen's return to China, China's missiles and atomic bombs were launched at least 20 years earlier.