How many times did the Mongols go west?

For the first time, Yuan Taizu Temujin led his four sons to make a personal expedition, unifying 200,000 cavalry (600,000). It took eight years before and after, because Genghis Khan's western expedition was mainly due to the destruction of the Western Liao Dynasty and then the neighboring country's flower thorn submodule (Hui people), so the time for the western expedition was eight years.

12 19, Genghis Khan personally led an army to the western expedition, and on the grounds of killing Mongolian caravans and envoys, he divided his troops to attack various cities in Huala Mozi. Shu Chi, the eldest son, attacked the lower reaches of the river and turned to the northern Aral Sea after succeeding; Chagatai and Wokuotai besieged Ortera City, and Genghis Khan and his youngest son Tuo Lei suddenly attacked the area north of the Amu Darya River, taking samar Gan (now Samarkhan) and the old shaman dynasty (now Bukhara) without thorns, and then entering the south of the Amu Darya River and the south of Hindu Kush Mountain. Although the Walamoz regime is powerful, it has not been established for a long time and its ruling foundation is unstable. In addition, its ruling group took a defensive position in the face of Mongolian invasion (waging a long-term war of attrition), which was convenient for the highly mobile Mongolian army to carry out guerrilla warfare. Although the flower thorn submodule supports 400 thousand troops, it is not as good as the Mongolian army in military discipline and training. Every time the Mongols attack a city, they slaughter it. Soon, the Mongolian army entered the new capital, samar. Shah (King) Maha (or Muhammad), the model of Hua Lazi, fled before abandoning the city. Genghis Khan sent Zhe Bie, but he didn't pursue him quickly. Maha was forced to enter Attiscun Island on the west coast of the Caspian Sea and died soon after. 122 1 year, Shu Chi, Chahetai and Wokuotai conquered the Yulong boundary pool, the old capital of the flower thorn submodule. Genghis Khan and Tuo Lei split and occupied the city of Khorasan, then defeated the army of Zazhanding (son of Maha), and he also fled to India. 1223, the Mongolian army returned to Mongolia after setting up official positions in the western regions.

The armies of Zhe Bie and northern Jiangsu are plundering all parts of Persia. 1223, they crossed the Daheling (Caucasus Mountain), defeated the combined forces of Russian King Ross and Khin Chahan in the battle of Arigi River, then marched into Ukraine, arrived at the northern shore of the Black Sea, and returned to Mongolia eastward. On his return trip, Xixia was destroyed to punish him for refusing to leave the army for the Western Expedition. Soon, Genghis Khan died in Liupanshan in 1227, and in 7 1. After Meng Jun returned to the East, Cha Zhanding returned to Persia from India in an attempt to revive. The old generals of the flower thorn submodule all give priority to it. After Wokuotai succeeded to the throne, he immediately sent (withdrew) Chuo 'er Mahan to conquer Hualamozi, which attempted to make a comeback. Zhazhanding fled from Tiaoli Temple (now Tabrizi), the capital city, and was killed by Kurds the following year. Hualamozi officially perished. Chuma Khan's army remained in Persia and attacked other countries. Completed Mongolia's first large-scale western expedition.

In this western expedition, Mongolia occupied today's Central Asia, the Caspian Sea and the northern shore of the Black Sea, and occupied the Wula River and the Volga River. Genghis Khan also occupied this land and gave it to philosophers. The Caspian Sea region, the country of the flower thorn submodule and the hometown of Qincha were sealed to the eldest son Shu Chi; The second Chagatai was sealed in the hometown of Xiliao and renamed as "Chagatai khanate"; The second son, Wokuotai, was sealed in Naiman and renamed as "Wokuotai khanate"; Tuo Lei, the fourth son, was given the title of Mongolian hometown, and was connected with Shanlin School and nan river.

The second expedition

Mongolia's second expedition to the west began in the seventh year of Taizong (1235), one year after the gold was destroyed in Wokuotai, Taizong. Wokuotai will gather the king and decide to send Wang Tongbing to all the ministries. This time on the Western Expedition, Sun Badou, the great-grandfather of Qincha Khanate, led an army of150,000 (500,000) and went to Qincha and Wolong on a large scale. Badou also took Subutai, Elda, Boelicke and Mungo as pioneers.

The route of this March was along Altai Mountain, where Mongolia annihilated Brier and Chincha and invaded Voros (Russia). Three years later, it ravaged most of the territory of Volos, including Moscow, where the Mongols slaughtered 270,000 Russians. 124 1 year, Batou soldiers were divided into three roads, with the north road invading Balier (Poland) and the west road attacking Macha, the capital of Madzar (Hungary). The south road crossed the Danube into Austria and reached Venice, Italy. The Polish and German allied forces were defeated in Linitz. Countries in northern and eastern Europe were shocked by the bravery of the Mongolian Tatar army and shouted "Yellow Disaster". All parts of Europe have formed self-help Coalition forces, with Henry II as the commander-in-chief, but the resistance in northern and central Europe is also in vain. The Mongolian army defeated the allied forces, captured and killed Henry II. Badou then captured Hungary and Russia, because most monarchs in Europe were corrupt at that time. Therefore, in the battle of eight fights to the west, Central and Eastern European countries, except some countries in the Czech Republic and Russia, fought several tough battles with Mongolia. Others were afraid that it would be easy to fall, and northern Russia fell to the ground and was incorporated into the territory of the Mongolian Empire.

Due to the huge losses of the Mongolian army in Hungary, it was impossible to continue marching. In addition, 1242, the death of Wokuotai was reported. Badou then led the army back to the east, passed through Varakia, Moldavia and other places, and arrived at Badou 'er in the lower reaches of Lihe River (Volga River) at the beginning of 1243.

The Mongolian army conquered Russia and invaded Poland, Hungary and other places, causing panic in Europe. For a time, the British were afraid to go to sea and interrupted their trade activities with the European continent; Germany was shocked and ruled the people in the conquered areas such as Chincha and Volo.

The Third Western Expedition

From 122 1 to 1222, Genghis Khan occupied eastern Persia and Khorasan in the war to eliminate the flower thorn submodule. However, due to the small proportion of Mongols in the local population at that time, they were unable to control the local people, which led to social disorder. Among them, the Khorasan region suffered the most in the war, even to the point where it could not be cleaned up. After the reign of Wokuotai, Emperor Taizong of the Yuan Dynasty, the unrest in the whole Iranian region had not subsided, and Zaran Ding Yu's restoration of northern India took place.

So General Wokuotai led the army to continue the Western Expedition and wiped out the remnants of Zalandin, the calculating end of the tartar. The riot did not subside until 1226. According to Records of the Historian and Biographies of World Conquerors, Chuomahan first went to Khorasan to suppress the rebels, resulting in chaos in Luoshan. Some places have been captured and defended with stereotyped thinking, while others have not surrendered.

So Churmahan sent Timur and Qileba to suppress it. Hacicha defeated Luoshan and fled to Sitianbao, and was suppressed by Taer, the deputy commander-in-chief of Mongolia who was guarding the northwest of Afghanistan. Wokuotai Khan appointed Timur as the governor of Khorasan and other places. 1235, Cheng Timur died, fearing that our son Kurigis would succeed to the throne. Churmahan arrived in Azerbaijan from home to the west at the end of 1230. 1240, the king of Armenia visited Wokuotai in the forest and ordered it to continue to take charge of the original place. 124 1 year, Wan'er died and Yan Na succeeded him. Finally, most of Persia was conquered, and administrative institutions were established to manage the land west of Amu Darya.

In order to expand the influence of the Tuo Lei family, conquer the Yi Sima faction south of the Caspian Sea and repay the caliph, Mungo ordered all kings and nobles to deploy two-tenths of their men to form an army, led by Xu Liewu, their half-brother, to conquer countries that have not yet surrendered. 1August, 252, afraid of not leading the vanguard of 12 thousand people. In March of the following year, he crossed the Amu Darya River, attacked Hu Yaosidan and occupied most of its areas. In May, the siege of gildea Yeku, the Panther, took two years to be conquered, and Yeku, gildea, was one of the strongholds of Ishmaine Sect.

In addition, he ordered Salina Tatar to go out for fear of losing his fans. In order to cooperate with Xu Liewu's military action, he desperately put his own army under Xu Liewu's command, and Xu Liewu had already explored the Caucasus in the Taizong dynasty. Mongo also collected 1000 China trebuchets, gunmen, crossbowmen and a large number of weapons for Xu Liewu to use.

Xu Liewu's army traveled long distances and arrived in Persia through the area north of Amu Darya. Islam, which was entrenched in the mountain city of Madeleine in Iran at that time, was also called "Murahida" by other Muslims, meaning "pagan". The Arab Abbasid dynasty, which has been established for more than 500 years, has declined, and its direct jurisdiction is limited to the capital Baghdad (now the capital of Iraq). 1256, Xu Liewu stabbed the country with wood. 1258, Baoda was captured and the last caliph was killed. 1259, the soldiers of the western expedition invaded Syria in three ways. All kinds of fire weapons in Han Dynasty played a great role in many battles. The following spring, it occupied Damascus, the capital of Syria. Nasir, the end of Syria, was captured by Mongolia. The war is not over yet, that is, the news of Mungo's death in Yuan Xianzong came, and Xuliewu retreated to Persia, leaving 20,000 soldiers, and Kitbuqa Pioneer continued to fight. 1260, Kitbuqa suggested that the Egyptian king suddenly surrender. However, they not only killed Kitbuqa's emissary, but also led troops to fight. Kitbuqa's army was defeated by mihir and Duan Tusi in Ayn Zalut, and Kitbuqa's wife, children and relatives were captured. On the other hand, Mongolian officials from all over the country were finally arrested, and the edge of Mongolia's western expedition was finally unveiled, while the general Mongolian residents who stayed in Syria retreated to the wooded areas. After the Western Expedition, Xu Liewu stayed in Persia and never returned to the East, so this fertile land of Persia fell into the hands of the Tuo Lei family.