What is the content of the 20 14 geography and biology exam?

Review points of biology exam in grade two of junior high school

Unit 1: Biology and

1, the same characteristics of organisms: plant nutrition: most of them make organic matter through photosynthesis; Animal nutrition: Get ready-made nutrition from outside.

2)

Take a deep breath.

3)

Discharge waste from the body.

The way animals excrete waste: sweating, exhaling and urinating.

The way plants excrete waste: fallen leaves.

4)

Respond to external stimuli. Example:

Flee quickly after discovering the enemy's harm.

A response to a stimulus.

5) Organisms can grow and reproduce.

6) All living things are made up of cells except viruses.

2、

Scope: the bottom of the atmosphere, most hydrosphere and

The surface of.

3、

Basic living conditions: nutrients, sunlight, air and water, suitable temperature and a certain living space.

4, affect the survival of living things

：

Abiotic factors: light, temperature, moisture, etc. Biological factors: other organisms that affect the life of a certain organism.

Example:

Looking for food

, is a predatory relationship. Daotianli

Competing with rice for sunshine is a competitive relationship. Division and cooperation of family members of ants and bees.

5. exploration: light pair

The influence of life

1) Ask: Will light affect it?

Life?

2) assume that light will affect

Life.

3) Make a plan: to test whether the hypothesis is correct, we need to explore it through experiments.

The experimental scheme requires that a control experiment needs to be designed, and illumination is the only variable in this inquiry experiment. Other conditions are the same.

4) Implementation plan

5) Draw a conclusion

6) Expression and communication

6, biological adaptation and the impact on the environment:

1) Example of biological adaptation to the environment: Camels in the desert have little urine.

The underground roots are much longer than the aboveground parts. In the cold ocean

, chest

A stout flag tree, etc.

2) Biological impact on the environment: Earthworms move in the soil, which can loosen the soil, and their feces increase the fertility of the soil; Sand plants such as windbreak and sand fixation belong to the biological influence environment.

7、

The concept and composition of

Concept: the unified whole formed by biology and environment in a certain area is called

.

Composition: including biological part and abiotic part. The biological part includes producers, consumers and decomposers. Abiotic parts include sunlight, water, air, temperature, etc.

8、

And food web:

The relationship between producers and consumers is mainly the relationship between eating and being eaten, thus forming.

. one

There are often many articles 3.

They often cross each other to form a food web.

Review outline of junior high school geography knowledge

1, the shape and size of the earth The earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flattened poles, with an average diameter of 637 1 meter.

2、

Belt latitude

Go up, follow the east-west direction and surround.

Once a week, called

. all

They are all round and can be called latitude circle; The length of latitude circle is long or short, the equator is the longest, it gradually shortens to the poles and finally reaches a point. The latitude represents the east and west directions.

The equator is the longest latitude, about 40 thousand kilometers long. It is equal to the distance between the two poles and divides the earth into two hemispheres. The equator is

superior

Latitude The latitude north of the equator is called north latitude, and it is customary to use "n" as the code name; The latitude south of the equator, called south latitude, is customarily represented by "S".

3. Meridians and

On the earth, the line connecting the north and south poles and intersecting the latitude perpendicular is called meridian, also known as meridian.

. All meridians are semicircular; They are all of the same length, indicating the north-south direction.

on Earth

This kind of bending is called

, from

It is divided into 1800 from east to west. 1800 in the east belongs to east longitude, and it is customary to use "e" as the code name. 1800 in the west belongs to the west longitude, and it is customary to use "w" as the code name.

Internationally, it is customary to use warp circles of 200W and 1600E to divide things.

The boundary of.

4、

Day and night alternate around the earth.

Keep spinning. It's called

The direction is from west to east. It takes about 24 hours to turn around, which is one day. In this way, the phenomenon of alternating day and night is produced.

5、

The earth revolves around the sun at the same time,

The direction is naturally from west to east, and the time for revolution is one year. Rotating orbital plane and

Always keep an included angle of 66.50. Because of the revolution of the earth, there are seasonal changes.

6. Division of five tropical regions

Suddenly, there is direct sunlight in a year, and the ground gets the most sunlight and heat, and the climate is hot all year round.

It has a tropical and temperate climate.

.

exist

In the north and south of the Antarctic circle, there are

And extreme sunlight. Polar circle is

mild

. Temperate zone in

and

Between,

And the Antarctic circle, not within a year.

As well as extreme sunlight, less sunlight and heat are obtained on the ground than in tropical areas.

Many times, the climate changes obviously in four seasons.

7. Three elements of map

、

And notes. The smaller the area drawn on the map, the more detailed the content to be represented.

The bigger it should be; Reverse selection

The smaller it is. On the map, it is usually "up north and down south, left west and right east"

8. Calculation method of ground height A certain place on the ground is higher than the ground.

The vertical distance is called altitude. The vertical distance from one place to another is called relative height.

9、

keep

The same points are connected in a line, that is,

. each

With corresponding height values. Steep slopes, etc

Dense; A gentle slope, etc.

Sparse.

10, world

The marine area accounts for 7 1%, and the land area only accounts for 29%. The mainland and its nearby islands are called the mainland. The northern hemisphere is Europe and North America. most

People are used to putting

、

Heda

The first line is Europe and the Asian continent.

. Asia and Africa

As a dividing line. North America and South America are

, called America.

It is the dividing line between North America and South America.

Mainly located in the Antarctic circle, surrounded by the ocean.

1 1. land topography people divide the terrain into five basic types: mountains, plains, plateaus, basins and hills.

The mountain area has a high altitude, generally more than 500 meters, and the ground fluctuates greatly.

Steep, some mountainous areas are distributed in strips. One of the most prominent is two huge mountain systems composed of several high mountains: one is crossing

South central

-Himalayas; The other runs through North and South America.

It consists of the Rockies, the Andes and other mountains.

The altitude of the plain is low, generally below 200 meters, and the ground is flat or undulating. It is often used to describe the "endless" elegance of the plain. The largest plain in the world belongs to South America.

.

The terrain in Europe and Africa is relatively simple, mainly plains and plateaus; The terrain in Asia is complex, with high terrain in the middle and low periphery, wide plateaus and mountains, and plains distributed around the mainland.

12, the power of terrain change, the role produced inside the earth is called

Functions, such as

Volcano, earthquake, etc. It's all earth.

The representation of the function. Volcanoes and earthquakes in the world are mostly distributed in areas with active crustal activity, mainly concentrated in the ring.

And the Mediterranean-

Area. Forces from outside the earth are called external forces, such as running water, wind, waves and glaciers.

13, weather climate weather is the atmospheric condition of a place in a short time, such as sunny, rainy, hot and cold. It is always changing. Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years, which generally changes little.

14, the temperature changes during the day, and the temperature is sometimes high and sometimes low. The highest temperature on land usually appears in the afternoon (about14); The lowest temperature appears around sunrise. In a year, the monthly average maximum temperature in most parts of the world appears in July in the northern hemisphere.

Appeared in 65438+ 10 month. The monthly average minimum temperature appears in 65438+ 10 in the northern hemisphere.

Appeared in July. The difference between the highest monthly average temperature and the lowest monthly average temperature in a place is called annual range.

15, the world temperature distribution, the world temperature gradually decreases from low latitude to polar regions; Sea and land at the same latitude

The text is different. Summer land

The temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low. Winter is the opposite. The temperature is also affected by the terrain. As the altitude increases in mountainous areas, the temperature will gradually decrease. About every increase of 100 m, the temperature will drop by 0.6℃.

16, World

The general law of distribution: there is more precipitation near the equator; Less precipitation in polar regions; South,

There is less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland on both sides, and more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland; middle latitude

There is more precipitation and less precipitation in inland areas.

17, seasonal variation of precipitation: rainy areas throughout the year: there is more precipitation near the equator, such as Singapore; No rain all year round: inland areas and polar regions, such as Egypt, have little monthly precipitation.

; Rainy areas in summer: the east coast of the mainland near 300 ~ 400 north latitude, rainy in summer and rainy in winter, such as China; Rainy areas in winter: the west coast of the mainland near 300 ~ 400 north latitude, rainy in winter and rainy in summer, such as Rome, Italy; Perennial humid area: on the west coast of the mainland at 400 ~ 600 north latitude, the area affected by the westerly wind from the ocean all the year round is humid every month.

Medium, such as

.

18, the main world

And distribution

First, tropical trunk roads

1、

Mainly distributed near the equator, it is hot and rainy all year round.

2、

Mainly distributed in the north and south sides of equatorial rainforest climate in Africa and South America. It is hot all year round, with obvious dry season and rainy season.

3、

In South and Southeast Asia

and

The most important thing. This climate is hot all year round, and a year can also be divided into dry season and rainy season, and the wind direction changes with the seasons. In the dry season, the wind blows from the land.

Ocean, drought and little rain; In the rainy season, the wind blows from the ocean to the land, and the precipitation is concentrated.

4、

Mainly distributed in

On the west coast and inland areas near the mainland, this climate

Rare, hot and dry all year round, with a large desert on the ground.

Second, the main temperate zone

1, temperate zone and

Distributed in Asia

. Summer is hot and rainy, and winter is cold and dry. The monthly average temperature is about 65438 0℃.

For the border, the north of this line is

, the south is

.

2、

Mainly located in the middle and low latitudes on the west coast of the mainland, it is most distributed along the Mediterranean coast, with hot and dry summers and mild and rainy winters.

3、

Leng Xia is mainly distributed in mid-latitude inland areas, with hot winters and great temperature changes.

Less, concentrated in summer.

4、

Located in the mid-latitude area on the west coast of the mainland,

It is the most widely distributed, mild and rainy, and the annual changes of temperature and precipitation are relatively small.

19、

Land, sunshine, water, minerals, forests, etc. What is of use value to mankind is all.

. According to the characteristics of its formation, it can be divided into two categories: one is

; A kind of right and wrong

, refers to the resources that can be regenerated or recycled in a short time; Coffey

, refers to a period in human history, exhausted resources that can no longer be produced.

20, land use types Land use types can be divided into cultivated land,

, grassland, construction land and other types.

2 1、

The temperate humid plain is flat and warm, which is suitable for developing agriculture and is the main distribution area of cultivated land in the world. The sub-frigid and humid sub-frigid zone and the hot and rainy tropical zone have retained a large area.

And rainforests. Tropical and temperate semi-arid areas have vast grassland areas, which are the largest in the world.

The main distribution area of.

22. The distribution of water resources on the earth There are three main forms of water on the earth: sea water, land water and atmospheric water. There are many forms of land water, such as glacier water, groundwater, lake water, swamp water, river water and biological water. There is a lot of water on the earth, but more than 96% is seawater. Among the fresh water resources, glaciers store the most water, and now people use a lot of fresh water resources, mainly river water and lake water (

Water) and part of groundwater.

The main ways are: saving and rational water and reducing the waste of water resources; Prevention and treatment

; Afforestation and prevention

; Desalinate seawater and expand fresh water sources.

23. The nature of the forest in the general control room includes adjusting the atmospheric composition, purifying the air, hiding moisture and increasing.

Windbreak, field protection, soil and water conservation, etc. Therefore, people call the forest "the general adjustment room of nature". There are 4 billion hectares of forest area in the world, mainly in

and

Mainly. the four seas—the whole country

Most of them are distributed in the northern hemisphere.

24. Distribution of iron, coal and oil The distribution of iron, coal and oil in the world is as follows:

1. Iron ore in the world is mainly distributed in Russia, Malaysia, China, Australia, India, Canada and the United States. These seven countries account for about 90% of the world's iron reserves.

2. Coal is mainly distributed in the northern hemisphere.

And among the countries in the world, China, the United States, Russian and other countries have the highest coal reserves in the world.

3. The distribution of world oil resources is very concentrated, and the Middle East accounts for more than half of the world oil reserves. Mainly exported to Japan, Europe and North America.

25、

The growth rate of population in the world is different, especially on all continents, and Africa is

The continent with the fastest growth rate is South America, and the population growth rate in Europe is the slowest. 2% in Europe; Asia15%; North America is10%; South America is17%;

14%; Africa is 27%.

26、

After World War II, the scale of population migration became smaller, and population migration mainly took three forms. The first type is scientific and technological migration, that is, a large number of high-quality talents flow from developing countries to developed countries. The second is the export of labor force. The basic direction of foreign labor flow is from developing countries to developed countries, from poor countries to rich oil exporting countries, and from densely populated families to sparsely populated countries. The third is internationalization.

Migration.

27. The most densely populated areas in the world are in eastern and southern Asia, Europe and eastern North America, and the densely populated areas are mainly located in the plains near the middle and low latitudes. In cold tundra, ice zone, vast cold zone.

Belt, undeveloped tropical rain forest belt, arid desert area, as well as high-lying plateau, mountainous area and sparsely populated areas.

28, population migration to cities and problems in a country.

The proportion in the total population is often one of the standards to measure the development level of a country. More than 70% of the population in developed countries in the world is

developing country

Just over 30% of the population. at present

Large-scale migration to cities mainly occurs in developing countries.

29, the race of the world, the color of white people,

Hair color is generally light, with wavy hair, high nose and thin lips.

More, they are mainly distributed in Europe, North America and

His skin is yellow or brown-black, his hair is straight and his face is flat.

Medium. They are mainly distributed in East Asia. Black people have dark skin, curly hair and thick lips.

They are mainly distributed in Africa.

In the United States.

30. Countries in the world There are more than 65,438+090 countries in the world, and the famous countries have different areas. The largest area is Russia,170,000.

. The area of China is about 9.6 million.

Ranked third. The smallest thing is

.

3 1, land within national boundaries and territorial boundaries,

, territorial waters and

, collectively referred to as territory. Argentina and Chile in South America are bounded by the Andes; The east of the United States and Canada is bounded by the center of the lake, while the west is bounded by latitude and longitude.

32. The world's buried areas are divided into 13 regions. See page 83 of volume one for the picture.

See page 85 for an overview of East Asia. East Asia is located in the east of Asia and the west of the Pacific Ocean, including China, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, Japan and other countries. Mongol

Occupy an important position. Japan is a country with developed modern industry. East Asia is the most important place in the world.

The most obvious area is that northerly winds prevail in winter and the wind is cold.

and

Blowing to the Pacific Ocean, the wind is strong, and affected by it, the climate in most areas is cold and dry. In summer, southerly winds prevail, and the wind brings abundant precipitation from the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, and the precipitation decreases from the coast to the inland, and the climate is hot. In East Asia

According to the difference of temperature and precipitation, this area is divided into temperate monsoon region and temperate monsoon region.

Area. The former has an average temperature of 65438+ 10 below 0℃ and a short rainy season. In the latter, the average temperature was above 0℃ in June 5438+10, and the rainy season was longer.

34. Population and Economy in East Asia East Asia is the main distribution area of yellow people in the world, and most of the residents are yellow people. East Asia is one of the fastest growing and most dynamic regions in the world.

35. Japanese

Characteristic Japan is one of East Asia.

, the region includes

, country,

Kyushu consists of four large islands and some small islands, with a relatively small area and dense population. Japan is mountainous and has a vast territory.

Above are mountains and hills, adjacent to each other.

about

It is the largest plain in Japan.

about

and

, is famous all over the country.

. The Japanese archipelago is located

Volcano,

In fact, there are many volcanoes.

This is one of the famous buildings.

It is also the highest mountain in Japan. Japanese

Compared with the places in the same latitude in the Asian continent, it is maritime, warmer in winter, cooler in summer and more abundant in precipitation. Most parts of the country are covered with forests, and the rivers in mountainous areas are short and urgent, with abundant water resources. but

Pity. See P90 in Volume I for the picture.

36. Japan's economy Japan's largest trade target is the United States, followed by Asia and Western Europe.

and

The two largest in Japan.

Port. The trade between Japan and China has developed greatly. Commodities imported from China include clothing, oil, coal, cotton,

And vegetables. Commodities exported to China include steel, electronic products and other industrial products.

Mainly distributed in

and

A narrow strip along the coast. Where is the capital Tokyo?

In the south,

Northwest coast. Japan

The nearby waters are world-famous fishing grounds. Japan's fishing capacity often ranks first in the world. at present

Our output is self-sufficient. But vegetables and fruits still need to be imported.

37. For southeast asia map, see Volume I, page 94. Southeast Asia is located in Southeast Asia, including

and

Two major parts.

The south is long and narrow, extending to the equator, called

. Countries in Southeast Asia, except

be

Outside, everything else is.

Country or

. The largest area is Indonesia. The territory consists of more than13,000 islands, making it the largest archipelago in the world.

Go home. It is the country with the most volcanic activity in the world. Therefore, it is called "the country of volcanoes".

South and

Most of them are located near the equator and belong to

. Indo-China Peninsula and northern Philippine Islands belong to

.

38. Residents and Economy Indonesia is the most populous country in Southeast Asia, with more than half of its population distributed in

. Southeast Asia is the most concentrated area of Chinese and overseas Chinese, and most of their ancestors are residents of China, Guangdong and Fujian. Southeast Asia is the most important place in the world.

Palm oil,

Bananas and other tropical areas.

The largest producing area of products is mostly inhabited by residents of various countries.

Mainly in food. Tin and oil are the most important minerals in Southeast Asia. Singapore has "

"I said.

39. For the map of South Asia, see Volume I, P 108. South Asia is Buddhism and

The birthplace of. There are towering Himalayas in northern South Asia. This part is called "

"。 Central plain by

and

Alluvial is the main agricultural area and densely populated area in South Asia.

Most of them are

Occupy. The precipitation in South Asia is affected by the monsoon, and it is prevalent from June to September every year.

For the rainy season. From June 65438 to May of the following year, the northwest monsoon prevailed, which was a dry season.

40, India, India

Very wide, it's Asia.

The largest country. India's main

For rice and wheat,

There are cotton, tea,

Wait a minute. The main minerals in India are coal, iron and manganese. Mainly distributed in

Northeast China. capital

be rich in

It is an important textile industry center in India.

. be

One of the most populous cities.

Located on the west coast, it is the largest in India.

It is also the center of cotton textile industry.

4 1, Central Asia is located in Central Asia.

Central, deep in Asia. The terrain is dominated by hills and plains. Most rivers in Central Asia are inland rivers. The west is close to the largest inland lake in the world-

. Pastures in south-central Asia are the third largest cotton-producing base in the world, second only to China and the United States.

Known as the "platinum country" because of its abundant cotton.

Mainly fine wool sheep and lamb skin sheep. At the same time, mining, metallurgy and military industries are also quite developed.

42. West Asia and

West Asia and

Located at the junction of Asia, Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, the geographical position is very important.

lake surface

It is -400 meters, which is the lowest point on the land surface in the world. Most areas belong to

. The highest temperature record in the world appeared in

Aziziye (57.8℃). Generally, precipitation is scarce. Only the Mediterranean coast is typical.

.

43、

It is the largest desert in the world. From the Atlantic coast in the west to the east

By the sea, starting from the Mediterranean coast in the north and arriving in the south.

Tropical grassland accounts for about 1/4 of Africa. There is high temperature and little rain all the year round, plants are scarce, and there is rich oil under the desert.

44、

and

West Asia and North Africa are multi-ethnic areas, mainly for

. Be widely used

These countries are called "

"。 West Asia is

, Christianity and

about

about

This city is called

Holy city.

Islam, Christianity,

Regard it as a holy city.

45. Kuwait and North Africa, the world's largest oil producers, are the regions that produce and export the most oil. Xi Yi

Taking this as the center, a huge oil belt has been formed.

, Iran,

Iraq is a major oil producer in West Asia. Oil reserves account for about 1/2 of the world's total oil reserves, and production accounts for about 1/4 of the total output. The oil produced is mainly exported to western Europe, the United States, Japan and other countries and regions.

national

Reserves account for 3/4 of the world.

46、

Date palm is the representative plant of oasis agriculture.

47. Pakistan is located

To the west, it belongs to Europe, Asia and Africa.

. Develop drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation technology.

48. Egypt is located in northeast Africa and within Asia.

It is also the territory of Egypt. More than 90% of the whole territory is desert, and cultivated land, population and cities are mainly concentrated in narrow strips.

Coastal plains and coastal estuary delta areas.

With a total length of more than 6,600 kilometers, it is the longest river in the world, originating from the eastern plateau of Africa.