In order to consolidate its rule, what decisions did the Qing Dynasty make when it founded the country?

The Ming and Qing Dynasties were an important period for the consolidation and development of the Chinese nation's democratic unity.

Ming Dynasty: Emphasis on the management of minority areas

Although the Ming Dynasty was a Han government, the government attached great importance to the management and rule of minority areas.

In the ethnic minority areas in the south, the chieftain system since the Yuan Dynasty was first implemented, in which hereditary official positions were granted to the leaders of various ethnic minorities who submitted to them, and they were allowed to manage the areas under their own jurisdiction. Later, "reforming native land and returning it to local rule" was implemented, bringing the chieftain areas under the direct control of the central government, which was conducive to the development of national unity.

Ming Dynasty: All ethnic groups in China achieved true unification

In the northern, northeastern and northwest regions, the Ming government mainly set up military institutions for guarding, such as setting up capital divisions and guard posts. Consolidate the stability and unity of the country.

In addition, the Ming government also encouraged economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic minorities and the Han people, such as immigration, trade, building schools, promoting Confucianism and other measures, all of which achieved obvious results. These measures taken by the Ming government made the relationship between the border minority areas and the central dynasty increasingly closer, thus realizing the true unification of the central dynasty and the border areas.

Qing Dynasty: The unity of the Chinese nation has further stabilized and developed

The Qing Dynasty established by the Manchus was another unified dynasty established by ethnic minorities in Chinese history after the Yuan Dynasty. As the Manchu rulers took many major measures to stabilize the border areas and adopted a more tolerant and open attitude and policy towards Han culture and the cultures of various ethnic minorities, ethnic relations and ethnic integration were further developed, thus strengthening the ties between various ethnic groups. a sense of mutual recognition.

The Qing Dynasty: embodies strong national cohesion

The territory of China established and consolidated with strong national power in the early Qing Dynasty promoted the continuous increase of national cohesion. When it was invaded by foreign countries in the late Qing Dynasty, , all ethnic groups in China's regions have resisted foreign powers in order to safeguard national sovereignty and territorial integrity, which fully reflects the strong cohesion of the Chinese nation.

What are the unique features of the ethnic policies of the Qing Dynasty compared with previous dynasties?

From the time of Emperor Shunzhi, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty learned the lessons of the collapse of the Yuan Dynasty. They first affirmed the advancement of Han culture and adopted the policy of learning from the Han people, their customs and culture, reusing Han ministers, and opening up academic institutions. A series of behaviors such as taking exams, building Confucian temples, and worshiping Confucius. These actions were almost opposed by the civil and military officials of the Manchu Dynasty during the reign of Emperor Shunzhi. Even Emperor Shunzhi's biological mother did not support him. This may be the reason why Emperor Shunzhi died of depression.

But the facts proved that Emperor Shunzhi was right. Kangxi not only inherited Shunzhi's policies, but also personally went to the south of the Yangtze River to pay homage to the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum to calm the hearts of the Han people. From then on, the first-rank officials, such as the minister of the upper study room, etc., changed the history of no Han ministers and put Han ministers in important positions. For example, Zhang Tingyu lived in three dynasties and served as chief minister for more than 40 years. These practices are unprecedented.

Lifanyuan

The central agency in the Qing Dynasty that managed the affairs of Mongolian, Hui, Tibetan and other ethnic minorities. Before the Qing Dynasty, the feudal dynasties in the past dynasties only had officials in charge of the affairs of ethnic minorities and did not set up special agencies. In the first year of Chongde (1636) of the Qing Dynasty, the Mongolian Yamen was established, which was headed by Chengzheng and Shenzhen. In June of the third year, it was renamed Lifanyuan and belonged to the Ministry of Rites. In the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the ministers and ministers were replaced. In the eighteenth year, the official system was set to the same six departments, and the minister of the Lifan Yuan was also included in the discussion of politics. There are four departments: Luxun, Guest, Rouyuan, and Li Xing. During the reign of Yongzheng, the kings, dukes, and bachelors were appointed to manage the affairs of the academy. Qianlong reorganized the six departments of Qiji, Wanghui, Dianshu, Rouyuan, Laiyuan and Lixing. Before the establishment of the Prime Minister's Office for Foreign Affairs in December of the 10th year of Xianfeng (January 1861), it also handled foreign affairs with Russia. In September of the 33rd year of Guangxu (1907), it was changed to the administrative vassal department and was abolished after the Qing Dynasty.

The Lifanyuan was initially in charge of Mongolian affairs. With the establishment of the Qing government's national power, it became the central agency in charge of affairs in Mongolia, Tibet, Xinjiang and other ethnic minority areas. The Qing rulers implemented their rule over various ethnic minority areas through the Lifan Yuan and strengthened their ties with them. In the twenty-sixth year of Kangxi's reign (1697), the "Legal Regulations of the Lifanyuan" was revised, which fixed various measures for the rule of minority areas with laws and regulations. After that, it was revised four times during the Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Guangxu years.

The Six Divisions of the Lifan Yuan are responsible for government orders such as titles and salaries, tribute, boundary determination, official system, military punishment, household registration, farming and animal husbandry, taxation, inns, trade, religion, etc. There are also the General Affairs Department, the Bank Treasury, the Food and Banking Department, the Monthly Department, the Supervisory and Urgent Department, and the Manchu, Han, Mongolian, and Salary rooms to handle the daily affairs of the government office. Under the jurisdiction of the Lifan Academy, there are institutions such as the Inner Pavilion, the External Pavilion, Mongolian Studies, Tangut Studies, Tota Studies, Russian Studies, Mulan Paddock, Lama Printing Office, and Zelu Library. In addition, division officers, pen posties, etc. are assigned to be stationed in ethnic minority areas to handle specific affairs and rotate regularly.