Is there a household registration system in America?

Japan is a country with completely free population movement, and the constitution stipulates the freedom of migration of citizens. At the same time, Japan has a household registration law, which makes detailed and strict regulations on the household registration of citizens while ensuring the free movement of citizens.

The population of Tokyo is more than120,000, accounting for110 of the total population of Japan. There are a large number of people coming in and out of Tokyo every day, and the population movement here is completely free. Japanese people are free to choose schools, and they can afford tuition as long as they have the conditions; Free job hunting, as long as the application is successful; You are free to choose your house. As long as you can afford a house or sign a rental contract, you can choose where to live.

Compared with China's household registration system, French household registration management has its strict side and is quite arbitrary. Strictly speaking, the household registration information of French people is closely related to their daily life such as medical treatment and deposit. However, France does not have any compulsory administrative measures for cross-regional population mobility. No one will stop me from taking root as long as I want to. According to statistics, there are 3 million people living in Paris, covering an area of over12,000 square kilometers, while the total population of Bali, including the suburbs, exceeds10,000.

The Indian Constitution stipulates that "all citizens have the right to move freely within Indian territory and live and settle down anywhere". When Indians leave their birthplace, as long as they find jobs in new places, their daily life and children's schooling are no different from those of locals. Moreover, according to the regulations, both slum dwellers and foreign white-collar workers can apply for a new voter card as long as they are at least 18 and have lived in the local area for more than five years, so as to be politically integrated into the local society.

According to the reporter, in a big city like New Delhi, the only difference between indigenous people and migrants lies in the economy. Generally, indigenous residents have been rooted in the city for many years, and their work and life are relatively stable. Moreover, they are blessed by their ancestors. Many people have more than one house, and they can earn a lot of money every year just by renting out their houses to migrants and foreigners.

Latin America is vast and sparsely populated, but there are many large cities with concentrated populations: Mexico City with 6,543,800 people, Buenos Aires with 6,543,800 people, Sao Paulo with 6,543,800 people and Rio de Janeiro with 6,543,800 people. Free movement of Latin American population. Since industrialization, urbanization has been very fast. At present, the urban population has exceeded 75%, close to the European level.

The household registration management is Yan Yousong.

Yang Hui: Japan has a strict household registration system, indicating everyone's identity, husband-wife relationship, father-son relationship and so on. Take the family as the unit. Children have no right to establish their own household registration independently before they are 20 years old. Once they come of age, they are completely free. However, the most commonly used household registration text in Japan is called "resident ticket", which is established on the basis of everyone's place of residence, marked with person's name, date of birth, gender, relationship with the head of household and so on. If voters or candidates register, receive compulsory education, apply for national health insurance, national annuity insurance (endowment insurance), tax registration, etc., they need to show their resident tickets first. The resident ticket in Japan moves completely with the address.

Japan has implemented a typical "household registration with people" system. There is a set of strict legal provisions for household registration. First, before moving out, citizens need to go to the local government to apply for the certificate of moving out of the residence ticket, indicating the reasons for moving out (such as school, employment, marriage, etc.). ) and planning address; After a citizen moves into a new address, he/she must register with the government of his/her new place of residence within 14 days. At this time, he/she needs to bring the proof of moving out and the national health insurance certificate. In short, no matter where anyone moves, his whereabouts are under the control of the government.

Chen Yuanchuan: Foreigners who have just arrived in France have an obvious feeling: the French attach great importance to "paper", that is, the civil registration system related to individual citizens. From the day the baby was born, it recorded its birth date, gender, parents' occupation, economic income, nationality, religious belief and other related contents. When citizens reach the age of 18 to apply for an ID card, they need to bring their birth certificate, family account book, etc. , and go to the city government or police station where he lives in person. The validity period of each ID card is 10 year.

Qian Feng: India, like many developing countries, has a civil registration system, including birth date, gender, death, marriage registration, as well as parents' occupation, income and religious beliefs, but there is no identity card and household registration book like China. From the perspective of India, the household registration management system can be described as very loose. In daily life, voter's card, work permit, driver's license, student ID card and passport are important documents to prove identity. For hundreds of millions of citizens living below the poverty line, the poverty certificate issued by the government is also equivalent to the identity certificate. However, in daily life, some Indians do not have the habit of carrying these documents with them, which often makes the police helpless.

Will all the population flow to big cities?

Yang Hui: With this question, the reporter asked Mr. Yoshida of Asahi Shimbun, and the answer was very clear and convincing. He said that since the war, especially during the period of industrial development, there has indeed been a trend of population migration to big cities in Japan, making agriculture a "ancestral agriculture." It has become a social problem for some young people in remote mountain villages to find partners. But even so, the population will not all flow to big cities. First of all, Japan implements private ownership of land. Land and mountains are the most precious property of families, and most landowners are unwilling to throw away their land and fly away. Secondly, most of the residents who move into cities are due to school, work, marriage and other reasons, otherwise it is difficult to survive in big cities with high consumption.

Especially with the improvement of national economic development level, Japan has basically eliminated the differences between urban and rural areas. The living conditions in rural areas are not worse than those in cities, even the houses are more spacious and the air is fresher. So there are many "long-distance queues" that go to work in Tokyo during the day and return to Chiba, saitama and Kanagawa at night.

Chen Yuanchuan: Actually, although foreigners come to Paris without administrative restrictions, they face some "natural factors". First of all, Paris is a bustling, crowded, noisy and lively metropolis, and this atmosphere is enough to deter many French people who like quiet. More importantly, Paris is expensive, and the same salary income may be very chic in other provinces, but it seems that it is a bit stretched in Paris. The first challenge for foreigners to come to Paris is accommodation, and the current housing in Paris is not only extremely expensive, but also the housing market is in short supply. There are often thirty or forty people who should rent a house. As a result of this problem, many people work in the urban area of Paris, but live in the suburbs and travel back and forth by subway and bus every day.

Of course, once you settle in Paris, you don't have to worry about other issues, because France's medical insurance and unemployment assistance are networked nationwide, and there is no difference between the capital and other provinces. Take social insurance as an example. The social insurance system in France is managed by the Social Insurance Management Center of the Ministry of Labor and Social Security. Every citizen has a social insurance number and enjoys all social benefits such as medical insurance, unemployment assistance, housing subsidies and medical care throughout the country. To move from one city to another, you only need to notify the original social insurance institution and transfer your personal data to the corresponding institution where your new address is located. Parents transfer jobs across provinces and cities, and their children's enrollment is not affected.

Migrant workers have flooded big cities.

Liu Hong: Because a large number of farmers from Latin America have flooded into big cities without any restrictions, although it has promoted the early development of industrialization, with the passage of time, many negative effects of "over-urbanization" have become prominent. The four cities mentioned above have all entered the ranks of the world's megacities, while the population of other cities is still at the same level. The rapid expansion of scale has caused a serious shortage of municipal infrastructure. Take Caracas, the capital of Venezuela, for example. The original design capacity of this city is to serve 4 million people. Due to the influx of farmers, the original medical, educational, transportation and other service facilities are overwhelmed. Moreover, the pressure of urban employment continues to increase, and urban poverty is increasing. At present, 65% of the poor in Latin America are urban residents.

Qian Feng: Facing the "wonderful world outside", many farmers who work in big cities such as New Delhi and Mumbai have no relatives and the capacity of big cities is limited. After hard work during the day, they either live in some corners of the city or sleep on the streets at night. Over time, it has formed an unavoidable landscape of major cities in India-slums.

According to some data, in the past 10 years, the slum population in big cities in India has been on the rise. Take the capital New Delhi as an example. Its total population exceeds120,000, but the slum population has increased from 2.24 million to 3.26 million. Known as "the largest slum group in Asia", the number of slums in Mumbai is 5.85 million.

Reasonable control and dispersion of urban population pressure

Liu Hong: The main reasons for "excessive urbanization" in Latin America are as follows: 1. Lack of experience and reasonable regulation. The spontaneous migration tide has never been regulated, and the urbanization model suitable for the national conditions has not been explored. As a result, a single mode of migration to big cities has been formed. Second, the deviation of agricultural modernization model. The large farm system formed in the history of Latin America has led to a high concentration of rural land, and the phenomenon that farmers have no land or less land is serious. Third, policy mistakes.

These factors have prompted rural residents to flow to cities. To solve this international problem, experts' suggestions are: increase agricultural investment, set up various economies in rural areas, and attract a large number of rural labor on the spot; At the same time, a well-equipped satellite city will be built to appropriately disperse the population pressure in the central city.

Qian Feng: Many Indian economic experts have pointed out that there are many restrictive factors for migrants to enter cities. First of all, the cost of migration is very high. It is not the poorest people in rural areas who enter cities, but farmers who can bear the migration costs and have a certain migration network. Moreover, there are employment opportunities in cities, and whether they can find jobs in cities is the key factor to determine whether farmers can survive in cities. However, in order to slow down the spread of "urban diseases", experts still call on the government to take more market control measures, including encouraging the development of satellite cities, strengthening infrastructure construction in large and medium-sized cities, creating more employment opportunities and diverting the employed population in megacities and rural areas.