It is to popularize science among Indians, and I don't want to wash anything away.

The word "Indian" was originally a general term for native Americans in Europe, and later it became popular all over the world.

In AD 1492, when the Italian Columbus sailed to America, he mistakenly thought it was India, so he called the indigenous people here "Indians" (Spanish: "indios"). Later generations discovered Columbus's mistake, but due to the popularity of this title, English and other European languages called Indians "West Indians" and real Indians "East Indians" to show the difference.

Chinese directly translates the word "West India" into "Indian" or "Indian", which avoids the trouble of confusion.

However, in the 20th century, the status of Indians in American countries improved obviously, and some government agencies or non-governmental organizations began to "correct their names". For example, Indians are often called "First Nations" in Canada.

Indian ancestors crossed the Bering Strait from southwest Asia (deserters) and arrived in America. Mongolians in Asia are related to the ancestors of Native American Indians. [3]

The Bering Strait is located at the northeast end of the Asian continent, and the other end of the Bering Strait is the northwest end of America. The Bering Strait has an average width of only 65 kilometers and its narrowest point is only 35 kilometers. There are also two small islands (Crater Manof Island and Crewdson Stan Island), which are only 4 kilometers apart. Moreover, the Bering Sea is very shallow, with an average depth of 42 meters and the deepest point of only 52 meters. As long as the sea level drops by more than 40 meters, it can be connected to the land. According to some geological studies, at some time in the Quaternary, especially in the last ice age, the world climate became cold, glaciers came, and the sea level dropped by about130 ~160m. The Bering Strait, with a water depth of only a few tens of meters, emerges from the water, thus exposing a continental bridge, connecting Northeast Asia and northwest America, and becoming a natural passage between Asia and the United States. In addition, at this time, the climate in Northeast Asia during the Ice Age was very cold and rich in glaciers, while there were no glaciers in the American continent, with a mild climate and abundant food. Mammoths, elephants, musk oxen, moose, sheep and many other animals live here. At that time, Northeast Asian hunters who hunted mammoths and deer for a living were likely to follow these animals across the Bering Strait Continental Bridge to America and become the originator of ancient American civilization. Then, as the glaciers melted and the sea level rose, the rolling waves flooded the continental bridge again, cutting off the connection between the two continents, making these outsiders indigenous to the independent American continent.

There are other theories about the time and route when Indian ancestors migrated to America. No matter which statement is correct, one thing is certain, that is, immigrants never arrive in the United States once, but arrive in batches, and then after a long period of continuous migration and promotion, they eventually spread all over the United States. The vast territory, rich resources and pleasant climate of the American continent make the ancestors of Indians live in America. With the evolution of human organisms and the development of social economy, Indians who migrated in batches established various living and social systems throughout America from north to south, creating a lot of material and cultural wealth. However, American Indians are not a unified nation. They entered the United States at different times and had different backgrounds. Influenced by geographical environment and natural conditions, they gradually formed many tribal groups with different languages, customs and cultures. [ 1]

Mongolian experts believe that Mongolians who lived by hunting took stone tools and crossed the Bering Strait or Aleutian Islands, which were still land at that time, and reached the American continent first.

Many scholars in Russia and the United States believe that Asians first arrived in America about 25,000 years ago. One possibility is that Asian hunters entered America from the Bering Strait, which was still land at that time, and the other possibility was that they arrived in America from the sea.

The ancestors of Mongols and Indians may have some kind of blood relationship.

Distribution area

North America

Despite the different environments, the ancient Indians in the western Great Plains and eastern North America had similar economic activities. In the western United States-from Oregon to northern Mexico, from the Pacific coast to the east side of the Rocky Mountains-Indians scattered with desert culture make a living by hunting and gathering fruits, but primitive agricultural techniques have been developed.

In the late Archean period, tools and techniques improved, such as slotted stone axes and hammers, and there was a trade system between tribes in different geographical areas. From 3000 BC to 2000 BC, the climate became warmer, so some Indians followed the bison grazing into saskatchewan river and Alberta, and others went further north into the Arctic tundra.

About 2000 years ago, Indians in the southwestern United States began to grow corn. 200 to 700 years is a cold period, which hinders the development of agriculture. From 700 to 1200, a village-based culture developed in the Mississippi River valley, which was characterized by progressive farming methods and complicated religious ceremonies. During this period, the aborigines scattered in the southwest, such as Anasazi, Mogolong and Hohokam, all belonged to the pre-Pueblo society. Mogolong's agricultural technology was improved by Anasazi, using rainwater to guide river water to irrigate crops; The Johokan culture in southern Arizona relies on irrigation to maintain its agricultural economy. In the first period of 1 000 BC, Pueblo culture developed the technology of building rooms with stones and made great progress in pottery making. 1300 ~ 1700 is a retrogressive Pueblo period. Many stone houses were abandoned due to the migration of residents to the east and south. The modern Pueblo period began in the late16th century, when the Spanish came to settle here. Some features of Pueblo culture and farming methods still exist today.

In the colonial era, European countries adopted different policies towards North American Indians. The Spanish assimilated the indigenous people into Christians and let them live in designated areas. The French established trade relations with the Indians. 1763, Britain announced that the area west of the Appalachian Mountains would be allocated to aborigines, valid until the end of British rule, and then adopted by the United States. 1848 after the discovery of gold in California, many whites moved westward, and a long-term land war broke out between European whites and Indians, including 1876' s Caster massacre between Sioux and Cheyenne. 1887, most Indians moved into the reservation. It was the Dawes General Distribution Act of that year that caused Indians to lose nearly 348 100 square kilometers (134400 square miles) of land. 1934 Indian Reorganization Act implemented measures to improve the lives of indigenous people. Since the 1950s, due to the new policy and social concern for civil rights, Indians have set up many organizations, which has aroused national concern about their problems.

Indian central America

More than 10,000 years ago, Indians entered Central America between Nicaragua and northern Mexico. The development of agricultural technology can be traced back to around 4500 BC. The steady development of agricultural technology led to the establishment of agricultural society about 2000 years ago. Due to the steady supply of food, small settlements have evolved into big markets, which has stimulated the growth of pottery and other works of art. The first 1000 year after A.D. was called the classical period, when the Mayan civilization rose and people were ruled by the monk class. Their most important god is Tralock, and his symbol is Jaguar, which is a common theme in existing sculptures. In later cultures, jaguars were replaced by traditional more combative eagles, and at the same time, sacrificing human beings became a common religious act. Around 1000 A.D., Tortek and Aztec Empire replaced these religious-based social forms until the Spanish invasion in 16 century. At its peak, the Aztec Empire almost controlled the whole of Central America.

The earliest immigrants can be divided into several different cultural branches according to the area where they live. One of them makes a living in the coast, desert and mountains of northwest Mexico. Another Tarasco settled in the mountains of Michoacan. Maya occupied Guatemala, Yucatan Peninsula and part of Chiapas, Mexico. The Aztecs were concentrated in the highlands of central Mexico and Mexico City today. The fifth branch is in the southern coast and highlands of Mexico. The cultural characteristics of Central American Indians are that they settle in small communities, take individual families as the basic units, and men and elders dominate. Community activities are centered on the market, and the other center is government agencies, and government officials also preside over religious ceremonies. Although Catholicism introduced by the Spanish is the main form of worship, elf worship, superstition and divination still exist.

The technology and tools of European industry were introduced to Central America with the conquest of Catholicism and Spanish, and later mineral deposits, farms and cattle became the economic centers of colonial society. The revolution of 182 1 broke the control of Europeans and formed a new Republican government. 19 10, Mexico experienced another revolution, swept away its exclusive social and economic policies, and began to recognize the political, cultural and economic contributions of Indians. In the late 20th century, Mexico's urban and rural society gave Indians a more complete and undifferentiated treatment.

India and South America

According to archaeological records, South American civilization began in BC 10000, when the first immigrants from North America and Central America arrived. They settled in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina, southern Chile, the south-central plain of the Grand Canyon and parts of the central Andes. Their group is based on blood relationship, and their class is determined by gender and age. These nomadic groups were later replaced by highly agricultural clubs. Agricultural society is located in Arawak coast and inland forest areas of Brazil and Antilles. Because they have abundant food, they can maintain a large and stable social unit. Other ethnic groups who settled in the Caribbean coast and the northern Andes developed more complex social organizations based on military and religious ceremonies and supported by agricultural technology. The indigenous civilization of South America took root and sprouted in the central Andes around 2300 BC. Since then, it has made rapid progress and developed in agriculture and science and technology for thousands of years. Around the year 1000, the kingdoms of Chimu and Tiwanaku appeared, and later the Inca Empire. It was not until the Spanish invasion in the16th century that the Inca's prosperity began to decline. Its territory extends from Peru to northern Chile, and it has developed an effective irrigation system and a complex system to control grain production, storage and distribution. The population reached 3.5 million at its peak. Its social stratum is divided into hereditary royal family, aristocrats, craftsmen and farmers. The most remarkable innovation of Inca civilization is that law replaces custom to formulate social organizations and high-level artistic products. /kloc-In the 6th century, Europeans conquered South America, completely replacing the agricultural and political habits of the Inca Empire with the Spanish way, and Catholicism also replaced the Inca religion. Inca nobles and craftsmen were brought into the colonial class system, while farmers became laborers. In underdeveloped areas, the Incas still maintain some of their own cultural traditions and maintain economic exchanges with modern industrial centers. Other South American Indians, such as Araucania, have been successfully resisting Spanish rule until the late19th century, when they were suppressed, assimilated or sent to reservations.