Goguryeo, the second year of Jianzhao (37 BC) ~ the first year of Zongzhang (668)

Goju (gōu) Li (lí) was a political power that existed in Northeastern China and the Korean Peninsula from the first century BC to the seventh century AD. Its people are mainly Haoqian and Fuyu people, and later absorbed some Mohe people, survivors of ancient Korea and Samhan people.

When Goguryeo was at its peak, its territory bordered the Sea of ??Japan in the east; it controlled the Han River basin in the south; it spanned the Liao River in the northwest; and it reached the Huifa River and Songhua River basins in the north.

Goguryeo was officially founded in the second year of Jianzhao (37 BC), and then gradually expanded, reaching its peak in the sixth century. From the eighth year of Daye (612) to the tenth year of Daye (614), it defeated the Sui army , Obtaining the huge amount of supplies carried by the Sui army.

The founder of Goguryeo was Jumong. Jumong is a member of the Buyeo royal family. The power struggle within the Buyu royal family forced Jumeng to flee south, and in the second year of Jianzhao (37 BC), he established the Goguryeo Kingdom in the south of Yongling Town, Xinbin County. In 3 AD, Goguryeo moved its capital to the "domestic city" in Ji'an City, Jilin Province today. For more than 400 years since then, the Goguryeo regime has been based here.

After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Goguryeo continued to annex surrounding border regimes and gradually became stronger. After the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, long-term wars in the Central Plains allowed Goguryeo to develop further. During this period, Goguryeo professed its vassalage to various dynasties in the Central Plains, and was hit twice by the regimes of Cao Wei and Murong Xianbei. In 427 AD, Goguryeo moved its capital again to Pyongyang. After the fall of the Han Dynasty, Liaodong County was controlled by warlike local tyrants. Goguryeo took the initiative to form an alliance with Cao Wei to attack Liaodong County. After Cao Wei captured Liaodong, Goguryeo terminated its cooperation with Cao Wei and launched troops to attack eastern Liaoning. In the fifth year of Zhengshi (244), Cao Wei counterattacked and destroyed Wandu City. King Dongchuan of Goguryeo fled to Woju. A large area of ??land east of the Liao River was included in Goguryeo's territory. During the Han Dynasty, there were four counties on the Korean peninsula, including Lelang County and Xuantu County. During the Wuhu Chaos period, Goguryeo took advantage of the chaos in the Central Plains and achieved unprecedented development by incorporating these territories that were originally ruled by the Central Plains dynasty. own territory.

After absorbing China's Huayi concepts, Goguryeo also regarded itself as Chinese in the northeastern region, and incorporated the surrounding "four barbarians" into its ruling order, connecting Mo (mò) He (hé) in the north and Turks and Khitans in the west. , invaded Baekje and Silla southward, and could mobilize hundreds of thousands of troops, so their strength must not be underestimated. In addition, the confrontation between Guanzhong and Guandong since the pre-Qin Dynasty continued into the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The Sui and Tang dynasties, as the Guanlong-based regime, have never been very effective in ruling Hebei. If Goguryeo united with the Turks and Khitan, it would be enough to affect the situation in Hebei. Therefore, the existence of Goguryeo as a sub-center in East Asia was not a scabies disease caused by the Central Plains dynasty, but a serious concern. By the time of the Sui Dynasty, Goguryeo already had 600,000 troops, so the Sui and Tang dynasties began continuous conquests against Goguryeo.

In the 18th year of Emperor Wen’s reign (598), Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty sent Han King Yang Liang to conquer Goguryeo, but he returned due to the epidemic of diseases in the army; in the 8th year of Emperor Yang’s great career in the Sui Dynasty (612), he sent Han Dynasty King Yang Liang to conquer Goguryeo. The emperor was more interested in being cute and performing arts than in commanding operations, and the Sui army returned with a disastrous defeat; in the ninth year of the Daye (613), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty made his second expedition to Goguryeo, but returned due to the rebellion of Yang Xuangan in the country; in the tenth year of the Daye (614), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty The emperor conquered Goguryeo three times, and the king of Goguryeo, Gao Yuan, asked to surrender. After the Sui army retreated, they did not come to court. Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty wanted to conquer Goguryeo again, but he died before the trip could be made and the country was destroyed.

In the 18th year of Tang Zhenguan (644), Emperor Taizong Li Shimin led Li Shiji and Li Daozong to attack Goguryeo. They conquered ten cities, relocated 70,000 people, and beheaded 40,000 people. Today, Beitangchi Village, Tangchi Town, Dashiqiao City, Liaoning Province) defeated 150,000 Goguryeo and Mohe reinforcements led by Gao Yanshou and Gao Huizhen, and beheaded more than 20,000 people (usually because many heads are difficult to count, the actual number of enemies killed is much more than the beheadings) number). Gao Yanshou and Gao Huizhen led the remaining 36,800 people to surrender to the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty also seized 50,000 horses, 10,000 cattle, and tens of thousands of pieces of armor. Unable to eliminate Goguryeo in one fell swoop, they retreated before winter.

In this battle, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty had high standards and strict requirements for himself. He believed that he had lost the battle, so he was exaggerated by some idiot fans of other dynasties. In fact, the results of this battle were brilliant, but they were not able to complete their achievements in one battle.

In the early Tang Dynasty, the Korean Peninsula was in the "pre-Three Kingdoms Era" when the three kingdoms Goguryeo, Baekje, and Silla were competing for hegemony. Goguryeo, the most powerful country, united with Baekje to attack Silla. The Silla Festival We are retreating, the situation is critical, and we are worried about the country's subjugation. So he asked for help from the Tang Dynasty, so Tang and Silla formed an alliance. Tang Taizong took this opportunity and decided to open a second battlefield, build a navy, land from behind Goguryeo, attack from the north and south, and destroy Goguryeo. Baekje was originally an ideal landing place, but at this time it allied with Goguryeo to attack Silla. So in the fifth year of Xianqing (660), Tang Gaozong inherited his father's legacy and sent general Su Dingfang to destroy Baekje. In the third year of Longshuo (663), Tang general Liu Rengui defeated the Japanese navy that rescued Baekje at the mouth of Baijiang River, and completely put an end to Baekje's restoration movement.

In the first year of Qianfeng (666), Goguryeo's powerful official Yuan Gaesumun died of illness. The three sons fought for power. The eldest son Yuan Nannan led the Tang army to attack Goguryeo. The famous Tang general Li Ji (also known as Li Shiji) presided over the armies. After two years of fighting, the Tang Dynasty finally spent 24 years to eliminate Goguryeo in the first year of Zongzhang (668). When the Tang Dynasty destroyed Goguryeo, the Communist Party captured 176 cities and 697,000 households, with five people per household, and a total registered population of 3.485 million.

First, migrate to the interior of the Central Plains. In the 19th year of Zhenguan (645), Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, the three states of Liao, Gai, and Yan, which were captured by the Tang army, were moved to the inland, with more than 70,000 people in total. In addition, 3,500 chiefs below the "Nisa" of Goguryeo were also moved to the hinterland. people". In the first year of Emperor Gaozong's reign (668), Goguryeo was destroyed and the upper class and wealthy households of the Goguryeo people were moved out. A large number of Goguryeo people were resettled in the south of Jianghuai, Jianghan area, Shanxi and Longyou areas.

Second, after the fall of Goguryeo, some Goguryeo nobles led their tribesmen south to defect to Silla. In the twenty-third year of Kaiyuan (757), the Tang Dynasty granted the area south of the Datong River in present-day Korea to Silla, and the remaining Goguryeo people returned to Silla.

Third, flee north to join the Turks and Mohe. When Goguryeo fell, some people fled north into Turkic areas. More Goguryeo people defected to areas controlled by the Mohe people. Shortly after the fall of Goguryeo, the former Goguryeo general and Mohe chief Da Zuorong established the Bohai Kingdom. Since Goguryeo and Mohe have always had a close relationship, a large number of dispersed Goguryeo survivors joined Da Zuorong, and many Goguryeo people were absorbed into the ruling structure of Balhae Kingdom.

The Tang Dynasty-Silla War (670-676 years), after the Tang Dynasty united with Silla to destroy Baekje and Goguryeo, the Tang Dynasty and Silla fought for the right to rule the hometown of Baekje and Goguryeo for seven years. war. Among them, the fighting strength of Maisho City (September 29, 675, now Yeoncheon, Gyeonggi Province): Tang Dynasty VS Silla = 20,000 VS 300,000. China's "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" records that the Tang Dynasty won, and Silla claimed that Win by yourself. After the war, the Tang Dynasty was forced to abandon the Baekje homeland under pressure from the war with Tubo in the west, but it controlled most of the Goguryeo homeland, and Silla also petitioned the Tang Dynasty and became a vassal. The Tang Dynasty also realized that it was impossible to subdue Silla with a partial division strategy. At that time, the strategic focus of the Tang Dynasty had shifted to the western front, and Tubo became its main opponent. Liu Rengui, Xue Rengui, Li Jinxing and other Eastern Expedition commanders were all transferred to the Tang Dynasty. The west was on guard against Tibet. It would be difficult for the Tang Dynasty to send its main army eastward to attack Silla. Therefore, in the face of Silla's request for apology, the Tang Dynasty was naturally willing to accept it. According to the "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" records, "Silla sent envoys to pay tribute, apologized, pardoned him, and restored King Famin of Silla to his official title. Jin Ren asked for the middle way and returned, and was granted the title of Linhai County Duke." Emperor Gaozong said with This method declared the end of the war and re-accepted Silla as a vassal state of the Tang Dynasty.

After the Tang-Luo War, the homeland of Baekje was controlled by Silla.

In the last years of Silla, the territory was divided into two countries, Taifeng and Later Baekje, which competed with Silla for hegemony. This was the "Post-Three Kingdoms Era". Wang Jian, the general of Taifeng Kingdom, seized the throne and changed Taifeng Kingdom into Koryo Kingdom. Koryo Kingdom conquered Silla and Houbaekje and unified the Korean peninsula. It was known as Wang's Koryo in history. In 993 AD, after the war with the Khitan, Wang's Goryeo finally basically controlled most of the Korean Peninsula.

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